Lib.     Agrfc,  Dept. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


Class 


LAWNS  AND  GARDENS 


HOW  TO  PLANT  AND  BEAUTIFY  THE   HOME  LOT 
THE  PLEASURE  GROUND  AND  GARDEN 


BY 

N.  JONSSON-ROSE 


WITH   NUMEROUS  PLANS  AND  ILLUSTRATIONS 
BY  THE   AUTHOR 


G.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS 

NEW  YORK  LONDON 

27  WEST  TWENTY-THIRD  STREET  24  BEDFORD  STREET,  STRAND 

i%  Knickerbocker  f  rcss 
1897 


Agric. 


f  ^ 

t2%'  -*-j^. 


COPYRIGHT,  1896 

BY 
G.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS 


TEbe  Imicfeerbocfeer  presa,  flew  U?orft 


CONTENTS. 


PART  I. 

CHAPTER   I. 

ON  THE  STUDY  OF  NATURAL  SCENERY      .....         3 

CHAPTER  II. 
IMPLEMENTS  ..........       35 

CHAPTER  III. 
THE  PLAN ...       48 

CHAPTER  IV. 
GRADING .63 

CHAPTER  V. 
DRIVES  AND  WALKS 72 

CHAPTER  VI. 

GROUPING  AND  MASSING  OF  TREES  AND  SHRUBS      ...       79 

CHAPTER  VII. 
DETACHED  GROUPS  AND  SPECIMEN  PLANTS        ....       90 

CHAPTER  VIII. 
ON  THE  PROPER  USE  OF  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS  95 

iii 


206457 


iv  Contents 

PAGE 

CHAPTER  IX. 
THE  LAWN   . 105 

CHAPTER    X. 

ROCKS  AND  WATER      .  ...     115 

CHAPTER  XI. 
FLOWER-BEDS  AND   BORDERS        .....  .125 

CHAPTER    XII. 
HEDGES         .  .  .  .  -     133 

CHAPTER  XIII. 
BUILDINGS  AND  ENCLOSURES        .....  .     137 

CHAPTER   XIV. 
ON  THE  EMBELLISHMENT  OF  THE  DWELLING-HOUSE          .         .     144 

CHAPTER  XV. 

THE  ORCHARD  AND  KITCHEN-GARDEN       ...  .     149 

CHAPTER  XVI. 
AFTER-TREATMENT       .........     156 

PART  II. 

CHAPTER  I. 

DECIDUOUS  TREES         ....  .         .  .     165 

CHAPTER   II. 
CONIFEROUS  TREES       .  •     *85 

CHAPTER  III. 
FLOWERING  TREES  ......     201 


Contents 


CHAPTER  IV. 


ORNAMENTAL  SHRUBS . 


217 


CHAPTER  V. 


CREEPERS  AND  VINES  . 


251 


CHAPTER  VI. 


HERBACEOUS  PLANTS   . 


264 


INDEX  OF  COMMON  NAMES 


391 


INDEX  OF  BOTANICAL  NAMES 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


FIG.  PACK 

"  HAWTHORN  ON  OUTSKIRTS  OF  A  WOOD  "    .....      Frontispiece 

1  MOUNTAIN  RIVULET 4 

2  IVIED  TREES  ON  THE  OUTSKIRTS  OF  A  WOOD 15 

3  UNDERGROWTH  IN  OAK-\VOOD       .........  17 

4  A  WOODLAND  SCENE      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .21 

5  LOWLAND  RIVER  :  MEADOW  AND  WOODS 24 

6  BROOK            25 

7  ERODED  ROCKS,  FORMING  A  SMALL  ROCKERY  ON  THE  SHORES  OF  A  RIVER  .  27 

8  TEMPLE 32 

9  COMPASS        .............  36 

10  How  TO  MEASURE  A  SMALL  PLOT  OF  LAND  BY  MEANS  OF  COMPASS      .        .  37 

n  How  TO  STAKE  OUT  A  WALK  BY  MEANS  OF  COMPASS 38 

12  WATER-LEVEI 39 

13  LEVELLING     .         .    • 40 

14  How  TO  PLACE  GRADE  STAKES  BY  MEANS  OF  WATER-LEVEL        .        .        .41 

15  How  TO  PLACE  GRADE  STAKES  BY  MEANS  OF  Two  BORNING-RODS  AND 

A  MEASURING-ROD    ...........  43 

16  THE  GARDEN-LINE 44 

17  TURF-IRON 46 

18  EDGING-IRONS 46 

19  CAST-IRON  RAMMER 47 

20  WORKING   PLAN  SHOWING   How  TO  STAKE  OUT  DRIVES  AND  MODE  OF 

PLANTING.     N.  JONSSON  ROSE,  Architect 50 

21  THREE  SMALL  SUBURBAN  GARDENS.     N.  J.  ROSE 51 

22  SMALL  CITY  GARDEN 53 

23  CITY  GARDEN        ............  53 

24  PRIVATE  SUBURBAN  GARDEN 54 

25  SUBURBAN  VILLA  GARDEN.     N.  J.  ROSE 55 

26  GROUNDS  OF  A  SUBURBAN  RESIDENCE.     N.  J.  ROSE 57 

27  HOME  GROUNDS  OF  A  COUNTRY  RESIDENCE.     N.  J.  ROSE     .         .         .         -59 

28  How  TO  UTILIZE  SOIL  EXCAVATED  FROM  A  DRIVE  FOR  SLIGHT  VARIATIONS 

OF  THE  GROUND        ...........  64 

29  SHOWING  How  TO  FORM  GENTLE  UNDULATIONS  OF  THE  GROUND         .        .  64 

30  How  TO  IMPROVE  AND  MODIFY  Low  GROUND 65 

31  OLD  GRAVEL  PIT  TRANSFORMED  INTO  A  SMALL  ORNAMENTAL  WATER,  WITH 

SLOPING  SHORES       ...........  65 

vii 


Illustrations 

FIG.  PAGE 

32  METHOD  OF  MODIFYING  STEEP  SHORES       .        .        .        .        .        . .       .  66 

33  How  TO  MAKE  A  WALK  ON  SLOPING  GROUND     .     .  .        .*-....  66 

34  METHOD  OF  PLACING  GRADE  STAKES .67 

35  DRAINS  OF  ROUND  TILE  AND  STONE  DRAINS 69 

36  CURVED  ROAD  ROUNDING  A  SHRUBBERY      .......  73 

37  WALK  LAID  TO  THE  TOP  OF  A  HILL.     How  TO  AVOID  STEEP  GRADES        .  74 

38  GRADING  THE  SIDES  OF  A  SUNKEN  ROAD     .......  75 

39  GAUGE  USED  IN  ROAD-MAKING 76 

40  SHELL  WALK  ON  Low  GROUND   .........  77 

41  DRAINED  WALK  OR  DRIVE  ON  Low  GROUND 77 

42  SIMPLE  GRAVEL  PATH 77 

43  LARGE  DRIVE  WITH  SURFACE  DRAINAGE 78 

44  NATURAL  GROUP  OF  OAKS So 

45  COMPOSITE  GROUP  OF  TREES  AND  SHRUBS  SHOWING  PICTURESQUE  SKY-LINE  81 

46  MIXED  PLANTATION  OF  DECIDUOUS  TREES  AND  EVERGREENS      ...  82 

47  SCREEN  PLANTING 83 

48  RHODODENDRON  DAURICUM  AS  UNDERGROWTH  IN  A  WOOD        ...  85 

49  GROUP  AND  SPECIMEN  SHRUBS  NEAR  A  WALK 86 

50  FINE  PLANTING,  SHOWING  EFFECT  OF  LIGHT  AND  SHADE   ....  90 

51  WEEPING  BIRCH  AS  A  SPECIMEN  TREE 91 

52  BOLD  GROUPING  OF  TREES.     LOMBARDY  POPULAR  AND  PINE.      ROYAL 

GARDENS,  KEW       ...........  94 

53  TYPICAL  WOODLAND  FLOWERS — THE  WOOD  ANEMONE  (A.  syhestHs)         .  97 

54  PRIMROSE  GROWING  IN  OLD  PASTURE 99 

55  TYPICAL  RIPARIAN  VEGETATION — GREEN  HELLEBORE  ( Veratrum  viridc]     .  103 

56  DWARF  MULLEIN  (Ramondia  Pyrenaica).     A  TYPICAL  ROCK  PLANT    .         .  104 

57  A.  METHOD  OF  CUTTING  AND  ROLLING  SODS.     B.  SECTION  OF  THE  EDGE 

OF  A  LAWN,  SODDED       ..........  107 

58  SECTION  OF  A  TERRACE.     A.  SODS.     B.  SEEDED  GROUND.     C.  WALK       .  108 

59  LAWN  WITH  ROUNDED  SURFACE in 

60  LAWN  FORMING  A  SHALLOW  DELL 112 

61  UNDULATED  LAWN 112 

62  CROCUS,  GROWING  IN  THE  GRASS 113 

63  ROCKY  SUMMIT  OF  A  KNOLL .116 

64  SANDSTONE  ROCKS  PROTRUDING  THROUGH  A  HILLSIDE        .        .        .        .117 

65  SECTION  OF  A  SUNKEN  WALK  WITH  ROCKY  SIDES 117 

66  SMALL  ROCKERY  AGAINST  A  WALL 118 

67  ROCKY  BANK  OF  A  RIVULET ,  118 

68  SEC']  ION  OF  A  ROCKERY 119 

69  POND-LIKE  CISTERN  WITH  FOUNTAIN 121 

70  SECTION  OF  SMALL  ARTIFICIAL  STREAM  WITH  CONCRETE  BOTTOM  ;  ROCKY 

BANKS 122 

71  SAME  AS  70  ;  WITH  GRASSY  BANKS       .......  122 

72  LAKE  AND  WATERSIDE  PLANTING,  RED  MAPLES  AND  OAKS         .        .        .123 

73  SECTION  OF  ARTIFICIAL  WATER  WITH  CONCRETE  BOTTOM,  ROCKY  BANKS, 

AND  FOUNTAIN        ......".....  124 

74  FLOWER-BEDS      .         .         .         .        .         .         .         •         .         •         •  '31 

75  WELL-KEPT  HEDGE  ;  FORMAL  LINES  BROKEN  BY  FINE  PLANTING        .        .134 


UUustrations  ix 

FIG.  PAGE 

76  RUSTIC  SHELTER  ;  EFFICIENT  WHEN  COVERED  WITH  CREEPERS  AND  VINES  .  138 

77  WOODEN  BRIDGE        ...........  139 

78  STONE  BRIDGE 140 

79  IRON  FENCE  AND  GATES 141 

80  STONE  ENCLOSURE  AND  GATEWAY  ;  PILLARS  COVERED  WITH  TRUMPET- 

CREEPER  ( Tecoma  radicans)      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .142 

81  RUSTIC  FENCE 143 

82  PORCH  COVERED  WITH  JAPANESE  HONEYSUCKLE  (Lonicera  Halleand)         ,     147 

83  PLAN  OF  KITCHEN-GARDEN 154 

84  GROUP  OF  TREES  AND  SHRUBS  SHOWING  ONE-SIDED  DEVELOPMENT  TO  BE 

RECTIFIED  BY  AFTER-PLANTING      .        .        .        .        .         .        .        .158 

85  TARTARIAN  MAPLE  (Acer  Tartaricuni)       ........     169 

86  PERSIMMON  (Diospyris  Virginica) 171 

87  SASSAFRAS  LAUREL  (Sassafras  officinale) 172 

88  NETTLE-TREE  (Celtis  occidentalis)         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .     173 

89  CAUCASIAN  WALNUT  (Pterocaria  Caticasicd)         .         .         .         .         .         .176 

90  PiN-OAK  (Quercus  palustris)        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .177 

91  CUT- LEAVED  BEECH  (Fagus  sylvatica  laciniata} 179 

92  WEEPING-BEECH  (Fagus  sylvaiica  penduld) 181 

93  WEEPING-WILLOW  (Salix  Babylonicd) 183 

94  AUSTRIAN  PINE  (Pinus  A  ustriaca} 187 

95  WHITE  PINE  (Pinus  Strobus) 188 

96  DWARF  PINE  (Pinus  Mtighus)    .........     189 

97  CEPHALONIAN  SILVER  FIR  (Abies  Cephalonica) 190 

98  WHITE  SILVER  FIR  (Abies  concolor) 191 

99  NORDMANN'S  SILVER  FIR  (Abies  Nordmanniana) 192 

100  LAWSON'S  CEDAR  (Chanuzcyparis  Lawsoniana)    ......     196 

101  GIANT  ARBOR- VIT^  (Thuya gigan tea) .198 

102  CHINESE  MAGNOLIA  (Magnolia  conspicua)   .......     203 

103  LOCUST  (Robinia  pseudacacia)      .........     206 

104  NARROW-LEAVED  THORN  (Cratagus  spathulata) 211 

105  FLOWERING  DOGWOOD  (Cornus  Florida) 214 

1 06  BRANCH  OF  SILVER  BELL  TREE  (Halesia  tetraplera) 215 

107  PAULOWNIA  (Paulownia  Imperialist)    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .216 

108  TREE  PEONY  (Pceonia  Moutan}   .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .219 

109  ROSE  ACACIA  (Robinia  hispidd).     (SEE  PAGE  206)       .....     226 
no  THREE-LOBED  SPIREA  (Spirea  trilobatd)       .         .         .         .         .         .         .     227 

1 1 1  ROSE  BRAMBLE  (Rubtis  deliciosus) 230 

112  BLACK  HAW  (Viburnum prunifolium) 238 

113  SOFT-LEAVED  AZALEA  (Azalea  mollis) 243 

114  CHINESE  LILAC  (Syringa  Chinensis) 247 

115  FRINGE  TREE  (Chionanthus  Virginica)        .......  248 

116  LARGE-FLOWERED  CLEMATIS  (Clematis  carulea patens)         ....  253 

117  CHINESE  WISTARIA  (  Wistaria  Sinensis)      .......  257 

118  PRAIRIE  ROSE  (Rosa  setigerd) 258 

1 19  PASQUE-FLOWER  (Anemone pulsatilld)  GROWING  IN  STONY  SOIL  ON  A  HILL- 

SIDE        .............     265 

120  JAPANESE  WIND-FLOWER  (Anemone  Japonica) 266 


x  Illustrations 

FIG.  PAGE 

121  LESSER  CELANDINE  (Ranunculus  Ficaria)   .         .  r-.         .         .         .         .  270 

122  CHRISTMAS  ROSE  (Helleborus  nigcr  altifolius)     .         .         .         .         .         .271 

123  CANADIAN  COLUMBINE  (Aquilegia  Canadensis)  GROWING  IN  A  ROCKY  WOOD  273 

124  COMMON  LARKSPUR  (Delphinium  exaltatuni)        .         .         .         .         .         .  275 

125  MAY  APPLE  (Podophyllum  peltatuni)    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  278 

126  WATER  PLANTS . "               .         .        .         .  279 

127  LOTUS  (Nelwnbium  species  urn) 280 

128  ORIENTAL  POPPY  (Papaver  orientalis  bracteatum) 282 

129  DUTCHMAN'S  BREECHES  (Dicentra  Cucullaria)  GROWING  IN  A  NATURAL 

POSITION         ............  285 

130  DAME'S  VIOLET  (Hesperis  matronalis)  AS  NATURALIZED  IN  A  WOOD    .         .  287 

131  CANDYTUFT  (Iberis  umbellata)     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         ;         .  290 

132  ( Viola  cucullata) 293 

133  MAIDEN  PINK  (Dianthm  delloides) 295 

134  WILD  PINK  (Silene  Pennsylvania)  GROWING  NATURALLY  IN  THE  CREVICES 

OF  ROCKS 297 

135  HOLLYHOCK  (Althcca  rosca)         .........  300 

136  BLADDER  KETMIA  (Hibiscus  Trionum)       .......  301 

137  COMMON  CRANESBILL  (Geranium  maculatum)      ......  303 

138  GOAT'S-BEARD  (Spircea  Aruncus)          ........  309 

139  SHINING  CINQUEFOIL  (Potentilla  nitida) 310 

140  BURSER'S  SAXIFRAGE  (Saxifraga  Burseriana)      .         .         .         .         .         .311 

141  BLUE  BONNETS  (Scabiosa  siiccica} 320 

142  ALPINE  ASTOR  {Aster  alpinus)     .........  324 

143  TURBINATE  ASTER  {Aster  turbinellus)           .......  324 

144  GAILLARDIA 327 

145  PALE  BELL-FLOWER  (Campanula  lactiflora) 331 

146  DWARF  CARPATIAN  BELL-FLOWER  (Campanula  Carpatica  turbinata pallida}  332 

147  SHOOTING-STAR  (Dodecatheon  Meadia) 337 

148  ALP  VIOLET  (Cyclamen  Europenm} .  338 

149  WATER  VIOLET  (Hottonia  palustris)    ....                  ...  339 

150  FOXGLOVE  (Digitalis  purpurea)  .........  342 

151  BEARDED  PENTSTEMON  (Pentstemon  barbatus  Torreyii}        ....  343 

152  BLUE  COWSLIP  (Pulmonaria  angustifolia} 347 

153  SPOTTED  NEMOPHILA  (Nemophila  maculate)        .         .         .         .         .         .  350 

154  Moss  PINK  (Phlox  subulata) 350 

155  PHLOX  (Phlox  Drummondi) 351 

156  BLUE  WINDFLOWER  (Ceniiana pneumonanthf)     ......  354 

157  ARROWHEAD  (Sagittaria  sagitti folia)  ........  360 

158  FRINGED  ORCHIS  (Habenaria  fanbriatd)      .......  362 

159  MOCCASIN  FLOWER  (Cypripedium pubescens)        ......  362 

160  PEERLESS  NARCISSUS  (Narcissus  incomparalnlis)      '    ."       .         .         .         .  363 

161  POET'S  NARCISSUS  (Narcissus  poeticus) 364 

162  SNOWDROPS  (Galanthus  nivalis) 365 

163  GERMAN  IRIS  (Iris  Germanicd) 366 

164  WHITE  WOOD  LILY  (Trillium  grandijlorum)      .         .         .         .         .         -37° 

165  FALSE   SOLOMON'S    SEAL  (Smilacina    racemosa)   GROWING   IN    A   ROCKY 

RAVINE  .                                                            37* 


Uilustrations 


XI 


166  PANTHER  LILY  (Li Hum  pardalinuni]  . 

167  CHECKER  LILY  (Fritillaria  Meleagris) 

168  WOOD  TULIP  (  Tulipa  sylvestris) 

169  WILD  HYACINTH  (Sdlla  nutans] 

170  ADAM'S  NEEDLE  (  Yucca  filamentosci}   . 

171  ZEBRA  GRASS  (Enlalia  Japonica  zebrina) 

172  FLOWERING  FERN  (Osmunda  cinnamomea) 


374 
375 
376 
378 
382 
384 
389 


PART  I. 

PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE  OF  LANDSCAPE  ART. 


ON  THE  STUDY  OF  NATURAL  SCENERY. 

N  the  practice  of  the  art  of  landscape  gardening, 
which  chiefly  aims  to  create  natural  scenery 
by  natural  means  and  methods,  or  to  restore 
the  original  beauty  in  places  where  it  has 
been  destroyed  through  some  cause  or  other, 
a  thorough  study  of  nature  is  imperative.  The  landscape 
gardener,  in  the  higher  realms  of  his  art,  should  attempt  no 
artificial  effects ;  all  the  products  of  his  thoughts  and  labor 
must  appear  to  have  sprung  from  the  bosom  of  nature  itself 
without  effort  or  external  interference.  The  plants  used 
should  be  of  sufficiently  sturdy  kinds  to  root  and  spread 
under  natural  conditions  without  constant  aid  and  culture, 
and  all  the  elements  introduced  must  be  of  so  harmonious  a 
character  as  not  to  interfere  with  individual  development, 
or  to  cause  disturbance  in  the  whole,  through  such  develop- 
ment. Naturally,  this  requires  an  intimate  knowledge,  not 
only  of  every  herb  and  tree  used,  but  also  an  insight  into 
the  secret  methods  of  nature,  which  cannot  be  taught  by 
books, — the  artist  must  sit  down  humbly  at  the  knees  of 
Mother  Nature  and  learn.  It  is  not  so  much  grandeur  as 

3 


4  <S>n  tbe  Stu&E  ot  IRatural  Scenery. 

beauty  that  comes  within  the  province  of  his  work,  not  so 
much  creation  as  adaptation  that  is  essential  in  his  design. 
Nature  in  every  instance  must  furnish  the  canvas  which  he 
is  to  paint  upon,  and  only  in  a  superficial  way  can  that 
canvas  be  prepared  to  receive  the  colors — grass,  flowers,  and 
ligneous  vegetation. 

In  studying  nature,  it  is  well  to  remember  that  everything 
natural  is  not  necessarily  beautiful.  In  the  untrodden  paths 
of  the  primitive  forest,  death,  desolation,  monotony,  and  a 
depressing  gloom  are  often  the  more  characteristic  features. 


FIQ.   1.— MOUNTAIN    RIVULET. 


It  is  not  always  the  extremely  picturesque  and  rural  that  is 
desirable  in  landscape  art — this  is  generally  the  result  of 
accident  or  interference  of  some  kind.  The  beautiful  scenes 
spread  about  in  the  wilderness,  the  little  effusions  wherein 
the  heart  of  nature  touches  that  of  man,  the  luxury  of  form 
and  color  on  the  sides  of  a  ravine,  the  world  of  flowers  in 
the  crevices  of  cliffs  and  rocks,  the  tiny  mountain  rill 
gurgling  over  a  pebbly  bottom — these  are  a  few  of  the 
models  with  which  the  landscape  gardener  can  afford  to  be 
content. 

It  is  evident  that  nowhere  in  the  world  a  wholly  natural 


tbe  Stu&s  of  IRatural  Scenery  5 

scenery  exists ;  even  in  the  high  Alps  the  mountaineer  builds 
his  dingy  cottage  and  surrounds  it  with  degrading  associa- 
tions ;  there  are  hardly  any  primitive  forests  left,  and  if 
there  were  they  would  not  be  wholly  "  natural."  In  the 
Northern  hemisphere,  at  least,  everything  has  changed,  cen- 
tury after  century.  Forests  have  been  destroyed  and 
regenerated ;  culture  has  reclaimed  vast  tracts  of  land  only 
to  be  conquered  by  nature  in  its  turn.  But  the  world  is 
not  the  less  beautiful  because  of  this  struggle.  Even  man 
in  his  most  destructive  work  has  done  much  to  create 
diversity  in  the  scenery,  when  tempted  by  gain  or  forced 
by  circumstances  to  destroy  the  existing  vegetation  and 
to  open  endless  forests  for  fields  of  grain  or  patches  of 
garden  land.  The  result  of  this  destruction  is  by  no  means 
an  unmixed  evil,  as  many  would  have  us  to  believe.  The 
beautiful  reaches  of  open  land ;  wide  prospects  of  grassy 
fields,  dotted  over  with  scattered  trees  and  bordered  by 
copse  and  wood,  forming  the  smiling  landscapes  of  many 
northern  countries,  are  essentially  the  result  of  man's  inter- 
ference. His  axe  opened  the  murky  woods  and  let  air  into 
the  lungs  of  nature ;  some  of  the  most  beautiful  plants  that 
at  best  led  a  precarious  existence  in  the  forest  darkness 
spread  and  developed  in  the  opened  woodlands.  The 
weaker  and  more  tender  vegetation  got  a  chance,  not  only 
to  exist,  but  to  increase  rapidly,  painting  hill  and  dale  in 
glorious  colors.  Nature  quickly  rehabilitated  herself  after 
such  destruction  when  left  alone ;  a  new  beauty  sprang  up 
over  the  perishing  world  of  giant  trees,  youthful  and  vigor- 
ous forms  took  the  place  of  the  old  gloomy  hosts  of  the 
forest. 


6  <S>n  tbe  Stufc£  of  IFlatural  Scenery. 

But  the  beautiful  variety  brought  about  by  the  culti- 
vation of  the  soil  is  on  the  other  hand  easily  lost,  especially 
in  fertile  countries  where  every  trace  of  original  nature 
is  destroyed,  as  witness  many  parts  of  continental  Europe. 
Dreary  hedgerows,  closely  divided  fields  with  a  few  straight 
rows  of  trees  here  and  there,  is  all  the  variety  to  be 
seen.  Such  a  monotony  lacks  the  dignity  in  which  the 
monotony  of  nature  is  always  clothed.  Pity  a  country 
where  this  has  become  a  reality ;  where  there  are  no  sunny 
meadows  stretching  far  away  to  the  horizon,  no  woods 
except  those  planted  in  squares  and  rows  and  cultivated  like 
a  field  of  grain ;  where  there  is  no  wilderness  with  wood- 
land flowers,  where  there  are  no  streams,  no  springs,  no 
woodland  rivulets  gushing  forth  from  the  bosom  of  the 
earth.  . 

Knowing  how  the  natural  beauty  of  so  many  coun- 
tries has  been  hopelessly  destroyed,  all  thinking  people 
ought  to  work  for  the  preservation  of  as  much  natural 
scenery  as  possible ;  for  a  country  that  has  lost  all  this,  has 
lost  more  than  the  value  of  miles  on  miles  of  fertile  acres, 
more  than  any  riches  can  ever  redeem. 

In  other  places  man  has  changed  the  face  of  the  earth  in 
a  better  and  opposite  way  by  means  of  building  and 
planting.  The  prairies  of  this  country  will  some  day  be 
quite  different  from  what  they  are  now ;  they  are  different 
to-day  from  what  they  were  some  years  ago.  Now,  woods 
and  groves  and  orchards  lend  variety  and  beauty  to  the  vast 
plains  in  many  parts  of  the  West. 

Planting  of  this  kind,  as  has  been  amply  demonstrated, 
will  also  tend  to  regulate  the  climatic  conditions,  making 


tbe  Stut>£  of  1Flatui*al  Scenery  7 

rains  more  frequent  and  the  violence  of  storms  and  cyclones 
less  severe. 

But  leaving  these  meditations,  let  us  make  a  hasty  survey 
of  the  great  panorama  of  nature,  as  it  unfolds  before  us, 
scene  after  scene  in  ever-changing  succession.  Let  us  take 
a  walk  through  fields  and  woods,  along  the  winding 
rivers,  up  to  the  alpine  world  where  the  mossy  rock-plants 
are  even  greater  in  their  beauty  than  the  towering  and 
frowning  cliffs  in  their  immensity.  We  will  observe  how 
the  little  seedling  roots  in  the  fissure  of  a  rock  and  gradually 
forms  a  leafy  mat  covered  with  flowers ;  how  the  various 
kinds  of  trees  and  herbs  seek  different  positions  and  there 
make  their  homes ;  how  the  rivulets  are  born  and  grow ; 
the  natural  positions  of  lakes,  and  cliffs,  and  many  other 
things  that  will  help  us  to  make  the  garden  beautiful. 

We  know  the  primary  causes  of  the  diversity  of  the 
surface  of  the  earth ;  how  hills  and  mountains  have  been 
lifted  up  through  volcanic  forces,  how  the  broken  sides  of 
the  rocks  were  afterwards  rounded  and  polished  by  the 
action  of  glaciers  and,  more  slowly  but  in  a  no  less 
marked  manner,  through  constant  changes  of  temperature 
and  moisture.  We  know  how  the  alluvial  soil  along  streams 
and  rivers  has  been  formed,  by  means  of  successive  sedi- 
mentary deposits,  and  how  even  now  the  ground  is  slowly 
changing,  as  if  the  great  landscape-gardener,  Nature,  took 
pleasure  in  constantly  creating  new  and  startling  effects. 

It  will  not  be  necessary  to  attempt  explanations  of  sub- 
jects so  foreign  to  this  work,  but  merely  to  observe  what 
actually  exists  as  beautiful  objects  and  nothing  more. 

Commencing  by  the  seaside,  we  find  even  there  many 


8  ©n  tbe  Stut>£  ot  IRatural  Scenery. 

things  available  for  our  purpose.  We  note  the  form  of  the 
shore ;  here  extending  into  low  promontories ;  there  forming 
sheltered  coves  and  bays.  The  shore  is  sometimes  rocky  and 
precipitous,  with^bowlders  scattered  along  the  base  of  the 
cliffs,  but  more  often  even  and  gradually  sloping,  covered 
with  dazzling  white  sand.  The  masses  of  seaweeds  washed 
ashore  form  little  furrows  and  beds  bordering  the  high- water 
mark,  and  give  nutriment  to  many  curious  forms  of  vege- 
table life.  The  sea  rocket  forms  dense  masses  of  glisten- 
ing, fleshy  leaves,  almost  covered  with  delicate  pink  flowers, 
sea  holly  grows  in  the  pure  sand,  the  spiny-edged,  milky 
white  leaves  form  quite  effective  foliage,  well  in  harmony 
with  the  surroundings.  Coarse  grasses  of  a  glaucous  color 
border  the  higher  parts  of  the  shore.  As  a  rule  the  vege- 
tation is  of  a  peculiar  silvery  gray  color,  generally  dwarf 
and  tufted,  often  forming  mats  of  leaves  and  bright  flowers. 
A  common  plant  on  sandy,  level  shores  is  the  sea  pink,  one 
of  the  neatest  of  all  flowering  plants  ;  its  tufted  masses  of 
narrow,  bright  green  leaves  and  rosy-red  flowers  cover  the 
ground  as  far  as  the  eye  can  see.  In  other  places  we  find 
bright  patches  of  wild  thyme  with  purple  flowers,  and 
golden  immortelle  weaves  over  the  sand  a  carpet  of  silvery 
foliage  and  yellow  flowers.  Among  the  woody  plants 
peculiar  to  sea-shores,  stunted  and  gnarled  pines  are  com- 
mon and  characteristic,  as  are  also,  in  some  parts  of  Europe, 
tainarix,  and  sea  buckthorn.  When  the  shore  is  rocky, 
many  kinds  of  rock  roses,  crowbemes,  and  other  plants 
form  a  scant  covering  to  the  weather-beaten  cliffs. 

Sometimes  dunes  of  ever-shifting  sand  extend  far  inland ; 
almost  destitute  of  vegetation  they  bury  trees  and  shrubs 


<§>n  tbe  Stufc£  of  IRatural  Scenery  9 

and  even  buildings  under  their  masses.  The  sea-shore  has 
no  vegetation  on  the  margin  of  the  water,  as  have  most 
lakes,  owing  to  the  changing  tides  and  the  salty  nature  of 
the  water.  When  low  and  watery  ground  extends  far 
inland  from  the  sea,  it  gives  rise  to  salt  marshes — desolate 
wastes  of  coarse  grass,  rushes  and  reeds,  enlivened  here  and 
there  by  isolated  and  scattered  clumps  of  sea  lavender  and 
marshmallows  with  showy  flowers. 

Many  really  beautiful  plants  may  be  naturalized  on 
sandy  shores,  and  very  delightful  natural  gardens  can  be 
made  in  such  places  by  these  means.  Bulbous  plants  such  as 
narcissi,  squills,  and  some  Klies  will  do  well  on  the  higher 
parts  of  the  sandy  beach.  On  sloping  banks,  sand 
clover,  furze  and  broom  and  other  kinds  of  cytisus  may 
be  used  to  form  dense  masses  of  leaves  and  flowers.  Many 
maritime  plants  are  insignificant  as  individuals,  but  when 
they  appear  in  great  numbers  they  form  an  important 
feature  of  the  seaside  landscape. 

Fens  and  marshes  are  rich  and  varied  in  many  ways. 
Zig-zag  channels  of  transparent  water  make  bewildering 
mazes  among  the  tall  grass.  Clumps  of  birch  and  willow 
are  common  on  the  higher  ground,  accompanied  by  low 
bushes  of  sweet  gale,  and  other  shrubs.  To  the  casual 
observer  these  watery  tracts  of  land  are  void  of  interest 
and  beaiity,  but  in  the  interior  they  are  rich  in  animal  and 
vegetable  life  and  have  a  charm  of  their  own.  Gayly-col- 
ored  birds  build  their  nests  on  the  slender  reeds,  and  fill 
the  mornings  with  their  carols ;  butterflies  hover  from 
flower  to  flower ;  water  trefoil,  marsh  marigold,  and  golden 
senecio  line  the  winding,  sharp-edged  channels,  and  on  the 


io  <s>n  tbe  Stubs  of  matural  Scenery 

grassy  banks  masses   of  blue   violets  and   other  flowers 
appear  in  spring. 

The  meadow  is  still  more  interesting,  and  there  we  may 
learn  how  many  of  oiir  most  beautiful  ornamental  plants 
should  be  grown.  Meadows  are  low  grassy  lands  on  the 
shores  of  rivers  and  lakes ;  they  form  the  bottom-lands  of 
many,  both  lowland  and  alpine,  valleys,  and  are  very  rich 
in  soft  grasses  and  flowering  plants.  The  lowland  meadow, 
especially  in  southern  countries,  is  simply  a  form  of  a 
marsh  on  somewhat  higher  ground,  with  almost  as  coarse 
and  robust  a  vegetation.  In  the  far  North  and  in  high  alti- 
tudes, the  meadow  takes  on  a  more  and  more  refined  and 
pleasing  appearance,  the  grass  becomes  softer  and  more  dense 
as  we  ascend  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  the  flowers  become 
smaller,  more  numerous,  and  of  exquisite  forms  and  colors, 
until  close  to  the  everlasting  snow  we  meet  a  scene 
beautiful  beyond  description,  where  the  flowers  are  in- 
tensely colored  and  much  larger,  and  the  plants  smaller 
than  those  of  the  lowland  meadow.  Some  of  the  most 
attractive  flowers  cultivated  in  gardens  were  originally 
meadow  plants.  Globe  flowers,  daffodils,  gentians,'  lilies 
shining  like  fires  in  the  distance,  purple  orchis,  wide 
stretches  of  meadow  cress,  and  saxifrage  lend  interest  and 
color  to  the  scenery.  Many  grow  in  almost  dry  positions, 
others  in  places  where  the  soil  is  steeped  in  water.  The 
level  surface  is  broken  and  relieved  by  light  groves  of  birch 
and  alder,  forming  little  islands  in  this  sea  of  grass  and 
flowers,  or  lining  the  shores  of  the  winding  streams.  In 
alpine  regions,  these  meadow  landscapes  are  often  closed  in 
by  steep  cliffs,  the  sides  of  which  are  clothed  with  rock 


®n  tbe  Stubs  of  IRatural  Scenery  u 

plants,  or,  if  less'  steep,  covered  by  woods  of  spruce  or  pine. 
Farther  down,  the  meadow  gradually  rises  into  undulating 
fields,  or  disappears  among  deciduous  woods. 

The  meadow,  as  seen  ya  alpine  regions,  is  the  best  model 
for  a  lawn  on  modej^tely  rich  ground,  and  by  proper  means 
it  can  be  reproduced  in  the  garden.  The  lawn,  void  of 
all  vegetation  except  grass,  when  well  cared  for,  is  beauti- 
ful ;  still  it  is  desirable  to  make  it  as  natural  as  possible 
in  many  places.  Meadow  saffron  and  crocus,  harebells, 
primroses,  daisies,  daffodils,  and  lilies  are  a  few  among 
the  numerous  plants  that  may  be  used  for  this  purpose. 
.  i  Far  inland,  formed  by  the  growth  of  mosses  and  the 
decay  of  vegetable  matter  in  marshy  ground,  the  peat  bogs, 
peculiar  to  some  countries,  in  many  respects  resemble  a 
marsh  or  meadow.  The  soil  here  is  black  and  watery,  and 
the  flora  is  wholly  different.  The  vegetation  is  scanty,  con- 
sisting of  sharp,  grayish  grasses,  cottongrass,  sweet  gale, 
hagberry,  alder,  and  birch.  The  trees  are  few,  and  scat- 
tered on  the  higher  knolls  that  formed  the  islands  long  ago, 
when  the  bog  was  a  lake.  In  many  places  there  are  still 
black  pools  of  water  with  the  innumerable  flowers  of  the 
water  anemone  and  the  wild  calla  growing  in  the  shallow 
water  near  the  margin.  Here  is  also  found  the  large  spear- 
wort,  some  senecios  with  bright  golden -yellow  flowers,  and 
the  marsh  marigold,  which,  grows  in  all  moist  ground.  On 
higher,  but  moist  ground,  the  sundews  (Droserd)  are  numer- 
ous, and  the  bird's-eye  primrose  forms  tufts  of  small,  mealy 
leaves  among  the  grass .  and,  in  summer,  paints  the  whole 
expanse  with  bright  rosy-red  flowers.  Scattered  in  irregular 
and  loose  masses,  the.  blue  windflower  or  gentian,  is  seen 


12  ©n  tbe  Stufcs  of  natural  Scenery* 

later  in  summer  among  the  grass.  The  Grass  of  Parnassus, 
with  chaste  and  beautiful  flowers  of  a  snowy  whiteness,  and 
numerous  other  things,  make  this  dreary  waste  as  beautiful 
and  interesting  as  life  and  only  life  can  make  it. 

Dwarf  shrubs  of  the  heath  family  are  here  common,  in 
fact,  they  make  one  of  the  redeeming  features  of  the  often 
desolate  scene.  The  blueberries  and  cranberries,  and,  some- 
times, purple  heather  and  cross-leaved  heath,  are  found  in 
large  patches  on  the  higher  ground  among  the  bog-plants. 
In  America  the  white  alder  (Clethrd),  various  vacciniums, 
and  sheep  laurel  partake  of  the  nature  of  bog-plants,  as 
do  also,  among  the  herbaceous  vegetation,  veratrum,  some 
lilies,  orchids,  and  pitcher-plants. 

In  parks  and  gardens  such  plants  can  be  successfully 
grown  in  places  where  the  land  is  naturally  low,  or  in  moist 
places  in  rockeries.  Bog-plants  are  veiy  numerous  and 
beautiful ;  few  weeds  thrive  in  a  peaty  soil.  Mosses  abound, 
and  the  greatest  attraction  in  bogs  with  arborescent  vege- 
tation are  the  rich  masses  and  great  variety  of  ferns,  some 
small  and  only  remarkable  because  of  their  great  number ; 
others  tall  and  stately  with  the  most  exquisitely  divided 
foliage. 

Open,  grassy  fields  on  high  ground  are  chiefly  a  result 
of  cultivation,  although  in  the  course  of  time  they  may 
have  been  reclaimed  by  nature.  If  surrounded  by  woods 
and  left  uncultivated  they  soon  become  a  part  of  the  wood. 
Grassy  fields  and  pastures  give  an  impression  of  peace  and 
quiet.  Like  the  meadow,  they  are  rich  in  flowers  through- 
out the  season.  On  open  hillsides,  blue  asters,  purple 
gerardias,  and  golden  rods  are  plentiful  in  summer  and 


®n  tbe  Stufcs  of  IRatural  Scenery  13 

autumn.  Cone  flowers  and  coreopsis  are  more  addicted  to 
level  ground.  Bluets,  germander  speedwell,  bird-grass  and 
milkwort,  lilies,  harebells,  field  scabious,  and  larkspur  are 
common  plants  of  dry,  grassy  fields.  Open  to  the  sun,  with 
broad  prospects  to  all  points  of  the  compass,  and  perhaps 
a  few  groves  here  and  there,  the  fields  wear  a  cheerful  ex- 
pression, exhilarating  to  the  mind  of  the  beholder.  Here 
everything  combines  to  make  a  pleasing  impression ;  the 
purity  of  air  and  sky,  the  fragrance  and  color  of  the  flowers, 
the  wind  moving  the  grass  in  long  shining  billows,  and  the 
effects  of  light  and  shade,  as  the  clouds  come  and  go. 

The  prairies  of  the  West  are,  on  the  other  hand,  too  ex- 
tensive and  monotonous  ;  one  feels  exceedingly  small  and 
lonely  in  those  grassy  deserts,  and  the  scanty  clumps  of 
cottonwood  and  willows  along  a  distant,  winding  river,  is  a 
welcome  sight  indeed.  Much  of  the  charm  of  open  fields 
is  due  to  the  presence  of  birds  and  animals,  browsing  sheep 
and  cattle,  or  other  signs  of  animal  life. 

The  fields  of  southern  latitudes  generally  become  infested 
with  coarse  and  weed-like  plants,  such  as  the  large  and  showry 
sun-flowers,  the  giant  cow  parsnips,  large  milkweeds,  poke- 
berries,  and  thorn  apples — and  in  dry  steppes  and  prairies 
the  ground  is  covered  with  grayish  wormwood,  prickly 
pears,  and  similar  plants. 

The  fields  of  the  extreme  North,  with  their  fine,  tufted 
grasses  and  delicate  flowers,  are  by  far  the  most  beautiful. 
Here  the  white  and  yellow  daisies  are  found  in  thousands. 
Scarlet  poppies,  blue  cornflowers,  and  white  chamomiles 
crowd  together  as  if  conscious  of  the  beautiful  combination 
they  make,  where  they  cluster  along  the  side  of  the  little 


14  <§>n  tbe  Stubs  of  matural  Scenery* 

rivulet  and  weave  their  masses  of  color  into  the  most  ex- 
quisite patterns  along  the  roadside. 

This  reminds  me  that  the  roadside  itself  is  one  of  the 
most  charming  natural  gardens  that  can  be  found  anywhere. 
When  a  road  is  old  and  the  sods  along  its  sides  become 
solid,  the  coarser  weeds  disappear,  and  such  neat  flowers  as 
the  mouse  ear,  wild  thyme,  field  stone  crop,  golden  bed- 
straw,  St.  John's-wort,  harebells,  blue  buttons,  meadow 
saxifrage,  broad-leaved  plantain,  and  drop  wort  take  their 
place.  Here  we  may  learn  how  to  plant  the  borders  of 
drives  and  walks  in  a  pleasing  manner.  But,  unfortunately, 
every  roadside  is  by  no  means  a  proper  subject  for  this 
study. 

The  heath  is  a  form  of  an  open,  generally  barren  field ; 
when  overgrown  in  parts  with  juniper  and  pine  it  is  a 
moorland.  Ling  and  cross-leaved  heath,  many  species  of 
vaccinium  and  dwarf  junipers  cover  the  surface  with  a 
low  and  dense  growth,  relieved  in  places  by  patches  of 
furze,  golden-yellow  in  summer.  When  the  heather  blooms 
late  in  summer,  the  heath  is  one  mass  of  purple  blossoms. 
At  other  seasons  it  is  of  a  dull  brownish  green  or  brighter 
during  times  of  rain.  Many  delicate  herbaceous  plants 
find  a  shelter  here,  such  as  the  exceedingly  beautiful  pasque- 
flower, hieracium,  mountain  tobacco  or  arnica,  and  a  num- 
ber of  ferns,  especially  large  masses  of  bracken.  Graceful 
groups  and  single  specimens  of  weeping  birch  are  generally 
scattered  here  and  there,  and  the  tree-like  juniper  often 
encroaches  upon  the  territory  of  the  heath.  Scenery  of  this 
kind  can  be  introduced  with  good  effects  on  barren  hillsides 
and  in  places  where  the  soil  is  too  thin  for  a  close  growth 


®n  tbe  Stufcs  of  Natural  Scenery  15 

of  grass,  but,  at  the  same  time,  it  may  be  made  much  more 
varied  in  a  garden,  than  it  is  in  nature,  where  the  endless 
length  of  the  heath  tends  to  monotony. 

The  scenery  of  the  open  field  has  by  no  means  any  sharp 
boundaries.  There  is  a  place  where  woodlands  and  fields 
meet  and  mingle.  The  meadows  stretch  far  into  the  heart 
of  the  forest;  groves,  copses,  masses  of  trees  and  shrubs 


FIQ.  2.— IVIED  TREES  ON   THE  OUTSKIRTS  OF   A  WOOD. 

• 

lend  more  or  less  variety  to  the  open  field,  and  even  the 
most  desolate  marshes  are  not  absolutely  void  of  arbor- 
escent vegetation. 

In  southern  latitudes,  marshes  ar.e  transformed  into 
impenetrable  swamps  by  means  of  a  dense  growth  of  trees 
such  as  bald  cypress,  magnolias  and  gum  trees.  These 
swamps  are  beautiful  and  interesting  in  their  own  mysteri- 
ous way,  but  they  are  gloomy  and  depressing  to  the  mind. 
Trunk  by  trunk  in  unbroken  numbers  the  giants  of  the 
swamps  tower  a  hundred  feet  high,  or  more,  their  roots  form- 
ing curious  pillars  all  around  making  progress  exceedingly 
difficult.  Ferns  are  common  in  the  deep  shades  below,  and 
graceful  climbers  weave  the  mass  into  impenetrable  barriers, 
putting  forth  their  blossoms  high  .up  among  -the  giant 


16  ©n  tbe  Stubs  of  Natural  Scenery. 

crowns  of  the  trees,  and  forming  beautiful  drapery  of 
foliage.  The  silence  is  depressing,  even  the  birds  are  silent, 
and  only  the  hammering  of  the  woodpecker  is  heard  now 
and  again.  In  this  wilderness,  so  utterly  beyond  reproduc- 
tion by  artificial  means,  and,  withal,  so  undesirable,  we  can 
only  observe  the  beautiful  association  of  trees  and  climbers 
which  may  be  of  some  use,  but  in  our  northern  woodlands 
this  association  is  much  more  beautiful  and  applicable  to 
gardening. 

When  low,  watery  places  in  tbe  North  are  overgrown 
by  a  woody  vegetation  some  of  the  most  charming  natural 
scenery  is  the  result.  The  deciduous  trees  are  more  merci- 
ful to  the  vegetation  below.  Here  we  find  a  wealth  of  form 
and  color ;  masses  of  delicate-leaved  ferns,  swamp  honey- 
suckle with  showy  blossoms,  andromedas  with  white,  bell- 
like  flowers,  white  alder,  stemless  lady's-slipper,  dwarf 
cornel,  and  purple  violets  in  more  open  and  sunny  positions; 
here  jack-in-the-pulpit  speaks  to  his  congregation  of  meadow 
beauties  and  purple  phlox.  Meadow-sweets,  farkleberry, 
virgin's  bower  and  like  plants  are  very  numerous  on  the 
border  of  swampy  woods. 

The  beauty  of  deciduous  woods  on  higher  ground  is 
enhanced  by  many  familiar  flowers.  Under  the  spreading 
branches  of  the  oak  a  great  variety  of  tender  and  delicate 
plants  find  a  home,  and,  in  spring  and  early  summer,  clothe 
the  surface  of  the  ground  with  a  carpet  of  flowers.  If 
the  woods  are  open  and  rocky,  brambles  and  arrow  wood 
are  found  in  abundance.  The  maiden-hair  fern  grows  in 
clumps  at  the  base  of  rocks,  or  finds  a  snug  place  of  refuge 
between  the  roots  of  some  tall  forest  tree.  Eagle  ferns 


<S>n  tbe  Stufc£  of  IRatural  Scenery.  17 

form  larger  and  bolder  masses,  the  leaf  stalks  rising  singly 
from  the  ground,  supporting  a  blade  a  couple  of  feet  wide 
and  about  twice  as  long.  In  springtime,  under  birch  and 
shad  bush,  before  the  snow  departs,  the  trailing  arbutus 
peeps  shyly  out  among  the  masses  of  fallen  leaves.  Later, 


FIQ.  3.— UNDERGROWTH  IN   OAK-WOOD. 


come  anemone  and  dwarf  meadow  rue,  wake  robins  and 
dog-tooth  violets.  In  stony  ravines,  Solomon's  seal,  bane- 
berry  and  ferns  make  the  most  charming  effect  in  this 
beautiful  natural  garden.  Wherever  a  little  stream  trickles 
down  a  stony  hillside  in  open  woods,  there  the  diadem 
flower  (Tiarelld)  makes  a  border  of  delicate  leaves  and 


1 8  ®n  tbe  Stufcp  of  IRatural  Scenery 

holds  up  little  spires  of  white  blossoms.  In  the  West 
shooting-stars  are  common  in  rich  woods,  and  farther 
North,  twin-flowers,  babes-in-the-wood  (^Polygala pauciflord) 
yellow  wood-violets,  and  others  too  numerous  to  mention, 
make  a  beautiful  display  in  early  summer.  Above  all  in 
many  respects,  lilies  and  moccasin-flowers  and  numerous 
kinds  of  terrestrial  orchids,  form  admirable  groups  of  flowers 
with  which  no  formal  groups  in  our  gardens  can  compare. 
European  woods  are  not  less  rich :  the  blue  anemone,  the 
yellow  anemone,  lily-of-the-valley,  fumitory,  woodruff, 
Turk's  cap  lily,  oxlips  and  cowslips,  spotted  orchid,  night 
violet  and  bellflowers,  are  only  a  few  of  the  treasures  found 
there.  The  flowering  shrubs  of  deciduous  woods,  especially 
in  mountain  regions,  are  very  numerous ;  mock  orange,  the 
various  kinds  of  viburnum  and  meadow-sweets,  are  perhaps 
not  less  attractive  than  the  herbaceous  plants  among  which 
they  grow.  The  glory  of  American  woods,  mountain  laurel, 
azaleas  and  rhododendrons,  make  the  wilderness  of  our 
mountainous  and  rocky  woods  richer  and  more  beautiful 
than  any  garden  or  park  has  ever  been  up  to  the  present 
time.  Farther  south  a  new  and  peculiar  feature  is  intro- 
duced in  the  form  of  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs,  such  as 
hollies  of  many  species,  with  shining  green  foliage  and 
brightly  colored  fruits  in  winter.  As  a  rule,  the  flowering 
shrubs  and  trees  prefer  the  outskirts  of  woods  and  thickets. 
Not  so  the  evergreens ;  they  thrive  best  in  a  moderate  shade 
where  they  are  somewhat  sheltered  from  the  rays  of  the  sun 
in  winter.  Climbers  are  plentiful  in  most  woods,  and,  gen- 
erally, they  grow  in  half-open  positions,  twining  about  the 
branches  of  shrubs  and  trees  in  copses  and  thickets,  of 


<S>n  tbe  Stufcs  of  IRatural  Scenery.  19 

which  they  form  a  striking  feature.  In  Europe,  the  ivy  is 
found  in  all  countries  and  in  every  imaginable  position, 
growing  over  stones  and  rocks  in  sunny  places,  on  trunks  of 
elm  and  other  trees  in  mixed  woods,  or  covering  the  ground 
farther  north,  a  beautiful  symbol  of  enduring  faith.  With 
us  the  Virginian  creeper,  grape-vines,  green  briar,  and  vari- 
ous forms  of  clematis  are  most  common  and  noteworthy. 
Growing  everywhere  over  dead  trees,  on  the  face  of  rocks, 
climbing  to  the  crowns  of  the  tallest  trees  and  falling  in 
graceful  drapery  from  the  branches,  they  add  a  beauty  and 
a  luxury  to  the  scenery  which  it  would  be  well  to  imitate 
in  many  a  garden. 

As  to  the  trees  themselves,  they  are  almost  as  varied  in 
form  and  character  as  the  lesser  vegetation.  In  most  de- 
ciduous woods  they  mingle  in  a  familiar  manner  :  birch  and 
maple,  beech  and  chestnut,  lindens  and  hickories,  many 
species  of  oak  and  numerous  flowering  trees,  such  as  halesias, 
cherries,  and  flowering  dogwood,  are  familiar  objects  in 
American  woods.  In  many  parts  of  Europe,  one  species 
very  often  forms  the  main  body  of  deciduous  woods,  as 
birch  or  beech.  Beautiful  in  spring,  when  the  tender 
leaves  unfold,  and  still  more  so  in  the  fall,  when  the  autumn 
colors  dazzle  the  eye  with  the  most  vivid  shades  of  gold 
and  scarlet;  imposing  in  summer  or  winter,  with  massive 
trunks  or  widely  branching  crowns,  the  deciduous  trees  form 
a  most  important  part  of  the  natural  scenery  in  temperate 
countries. 

Now  and  then  the  hemlock  and  the  white  cedar  become 
familiar  objects  in  mixed,  deciduous  woods,  and  add  a 
charm  of  their  own  to  the  scenery.  But  there  is  a  line 


20  <S>n  tbe  Stufc£  of  IRaturai  Scenery. 

where  the  coniferous  evergreen  trees  take  hold  in  earnest  and 
the  deciduous  trees  become  more  and  more  rare.  Hemlock, 
spruce  and  pine  are  mixed  for  a  time,  but  at  last  endless 
forests,  in  which  one  kind  predominates,  stretch  their 
awful  silence  far  and  wide.  Here  in  the  holy  of  holies  of 
nature  the  surface  is  clean,  as  if  trimmed  by  a  careful  hand, 
and  sprinkled  over  with  fallen  cones  and  needles,  forming  a 
deep  and  even  covering.  Herbaceous  plants  are  scarce  ex- 
cept where  a  fallen  tree  has  made  an  opening,  or  where  a 
ravine  or  a  river  with  grassy  banks  admits  sufficient  light 
for  shrubs  and  flowers.  Among  the  flowers  common  in 
somewhat  open  pine  woods,  the  hepatica  is  perhaps  the  most 
familiar.  Twinflowers  (Linnea  borealis),  a  minute  trailing 
plant,  rattlesnake  plantain  and  the  fragrant  night  violet 
are  not  uncommon,  and  shade-loving  ferns  are  plentiful  in 
rocky  places. 

Some  species  of  pine  form  vast  forests  on  low  and  watery 
ground,  such  as  our  own  white  pine.  Pine-forests  are  most 
common  in  northern  latitudes,  where  they  cover  whole 
provinces ;  mountain,  plain  and  valley  alike,  for  miles  and 
miles;  but  they  form  special  features  of  mountainous  re- 
gions. 

Extensive  pine-barrens  form  a  peculiar  feature  of  many 
southern  States — wide  sandy  plains  covered  with  a  more  or 
less  dense  growth  of  yellow  pine,  black  and  willow-leaved 
oak,  sometimes  intermixed  with  hummocks  of  deciduous 
woods  of  hickory,  oak  and  maple.  Delicate  herbaceous 
plants  abound  in  the  light  sandy  soil  among  tufted  masses 
of  heath-like  shrubs,  sand  myrtles  and  vacciniums.  Here 
the  lupine,  with  its  fingered  leaves  and  long  racemes  of  blue 


<§>n  tbe  Stubs  ot  Natural  Scenery 


21 


flowers,  is  seen  in  perfect  beauty.  The  birds-foot  violet 
covers  the  ground,  not  closely,  but  as  if  thinly  sown  over 
the  surface.  Where  the  ground  is  low  and  watery,  abound- 
ing in  pools  of  brownish  water,  bladderworts  cover  the  sur- 
face with  their  clusters  of  uniquely  formed  flowers,  and  on 
water  margins  broad  bushes  of  andromeda  are  the  most 
common  plants. 

Besides  pine,  most  coniferous  trees — spruces,  firs,  and  larch 
— form  extensive  forests  of  one  species  alone.     Cedars  and 


FIQ.   4.— A   WOODLAND   SCENE. 


arbor- vitse  grow  on  undulated  and  rocky  ground;  aggre- 
gating in  smaller  and  larger,  picturesque  groups,  divided  by 
open  sunny  glades,  they  seldom  form  a  close  and  continu- 
ous growth,  as  do  pines  and  firs.  In  the  open  and  sunny 
evergreen  woods  formed  by  juniper  and  cedar,  a  rich 
herbaceous  growth  covers  the  ground,  and  among  rocks  in 
deep  gullies  and  ravines,  rare  and  beautiful  rock-plants  grow 


22  <§>n  tbe  Stufc£  of  Natural  Scenery 

and  flower  under  the  most  favorable  conditions;  columbine, 
four-leaved  silkweed,  stonecrop,  and  saxifrage  are  among 
the  most  common  of  these.  Annual  climbers,  Virginian 
creeper  and  green  smilax,  are  often  found  in  the  company 
of  red  cedar  and  arbor- vitae,  forming  garlands  of  bright 
green  leaves  in  the  dark  crowns  of  the  evergreens. 

The  woodland  is  perhaps  the  most  interesting  of  all 
landscapes,  as  it  embraces  all  other  scenery ;  open  glades 
and  vistas,  broad  meadows  and  bogs,  winding  streams  and 
lakes  mirroring  the  beauty  of  leaf  and  flower. 

A  body  of  water,  whether  it  be  a  river,  a  spring,  or  lake, 
has  an  infinite  charm ;  it  lends  beauty  to  nature  in  a 
thousand  ways ;  as  sparkling  pearls  of  dew  on  the  grass,  as 
rhime-crystals  on  the  frozen  boughs — wonderful  embroidery, 
coming  and  going  like  a  dream, — or  as  a  mist  rising  over 
the  still  valley  of  early  summer  mornings. 

Springs  are  clear,  transparent  bodies  of  water,  the  main 
sources  of  brooks  and  rivers ;  they  are  found  in  low  valleys 
as  well  as  in  high  mountain  regions,  but  more  often  in 
hilly  and  undulated  countries,  as  on  grassy  hillsides,  where 
the  overflow  forms  small  streams  and  rivulets  bordered 
by  forget-me-not  and  similar  flowers.  If  a  spring  happens 
to  be  on  a  high  mountain  side,  it  may  be  the  source 
of  a  considerable  water  system.  In  its  higher  course 
the  infant  stream  forms  innumerable  cascades,  creeping 
in  and  out  among  bowlders  and  rocks,  welling  forth 
through  every  little  opening  and  precipitating  itself  over 
cliffs  and  ledges,  or  leaping  gently  from  terrace  to  terrace, 
forming  smooth  sheets  of  water  here  and  there  bordered  by 
velvety  alpine  meadows.  Along  its  course,  the  mountain 


tbe  Stubs  of  IRatural  Scenery  23 

flowers  grow  rarer  and  larger  than  higher  up  among  the  hill- 
sides; ferns  grow  out  of  the  moist  crevices  of  the  mossy 
rocks.  As  the  stream  grows  in  strength  it  forms  sand  and 
gravel,  erodes  rocks  and  tumbles  the  remains  about  in  con- 
fused masses — rockeries  in  which  most  alpine  flowers  delight 
to  grow.  As  the  river  descends,  cascades  and  rapids  grow 
larger  through  the  increased  mass  of  water  gathered  from 
other  mountain  rivulets  that  join  here  and  there,  perhaps 
merely  formed  by  a  fall  of  rain,  or  by  melting  snow  during 
the  approach  of  spring  and  summer.  Soon  the  alpine 
meadows  become  larger,  the  river  widens  into  clear  lakes  ; 
birch  and  willow  and  mountain  ash  are  more  common  than 
higher  up,  where  there  are  only  spruce  and  larch.  Below 
these  mountain  lakes  a  fall  or  rapid  is  inevitable.  It  may 
be  an  immense  ledge  of  rock  that  has  dammed  up  the  river 
and  thus  formed  the  lake,  or  a  series  of  rocks  and  ledges 
cemented  together  with  sediment. 

More  often  the  water  undermines  the  rocks,  carries  away 
the  sand  and  gravel,  and  forms  deep  winding  ravines,  where 
a  rich  and  varied  vegetation  takes  root  on  the  steep  sides. 
In  such  ravines,  through  which  the  never  silent  mountain 
river  flows  slowly  and  meditatingly,  an  innumerable  host 
of  the  choicest  of  flowers  grows  in  the  light  shade  of  birch, 
aspen  and  mountain  ash.  The  trees  lean  over,  here  almost 
horizontally,  there  rising  on  bent  and  picturesque  trunks 
into  a  more  upright  position.  Here  a  bridge  of  foliage 
and  flowers  has  been  formed  across  the  stream  as  a  climber 
has  grown  to  the  utmost  limb  of  a  leaning  tree,  and  twin- 
ing its  stem  among  the  trees  on  the  other  side,  forms  gar- 
land after  garland.  If  you  want  to  study  the  loveliest 


24  <S>n  tbe  Stufcy  of  IRatural  Scenery 

scenery  of  nature,  here  it  is,  in  these  sequestered  valleys 
among  the  mountains,  with  rocks,  water,  and  vegetation 
woven  into  a  harmonious  whole. 

But  the  river  cannot  stay  ;  an  irresistible  force  is  draw- 
ing it  along ;  it  grows  larger  and  larger,  forms  mighty  cata- 
racts, and  at  last  reaches  the  deep  valleys  and  plains  but 
little  above  the  sea.  Now  it  flows  slowly  and  majestically, 
a  picture  of  strength  and  peace,  winding  in  and  out  in  a 
hundred  ways,  rounding  a  low  promontory,  bending  along 
a  steep  bank,  watering  fertile  meadows  and  islands  rich  in 


FIQ.  5.- LOWLAND  RIVER  J  MEADOW  AND  WOODS. 

vegetable  and  animal  life.  It  is  difficult  to  decide  which 
is  the  more  beautiful,  the  little  purling  stream  with  its 
grassy  and  stony  bed,  or  the  mighty  river  on  the  shores  of 
which  groves  and  meadows  mingle  together ;  the  cascade 
of  the  rivulet  near  its  source,  or  the  irresistible  cataract 
throwing  itself  with  a  deafening  roar  into  the  deep ;  the 
mountain  spring  or  the  lake  in  the  valley,  for  each  is  beau- 
tiful in  its  own  way. 

The  vegetation  of  the  riverside  is  generally  exception- 
ally beautiful  and  interesting,  perhaps  because  there  the 


tbe  Stufcs  of  Natural  Scenery  25 

conditions  of  growth  and  development  are  so  generous. 
On  the  river  shore  the  iris — the  Flor  de  Luce  of  old — is 
found  in  its  highest  beauty.  Here  the  vermilion  cardinal- 
flower  luxuriates  among  the  grass ;  forget-me-nots,  butter- 
cups and  ox-eye  daisies  grow  in  harmony  among  meadow- 
sweets and  other  familiar  flowers ;  many  forms  of  marsh 
plants  are  generally  found  in  moist  places  on  the  shores  of 
lakes  and  rivers.  Where  the  water  forms  deep,  shallow 
bays  we  find  the  water  lily,  and  nearer  the  shore,  water 
violet,  arrowhead,  and  water  anemone ;  the  first  two 


FIG.  6.-BROOK. 


growing  singly,  the  last  one  forming  carpets  of  floating 
leaves  and  pretty,  white,  yellow-eyed  flowers.  '  Alders, 
birch,  and  willows  are  the  most  familiar  trees  on  the  shores 
of  lowland  rivers  and  lakes.  When  a  river  has  reached  the 
level  of  the  sea,  it  becomes  subject  to  tidal  changes,  and 
unless  the  shores  are  covered  with  pebbles  and  sand,  they 
are  often  slimy  and  unsightly.  Here  again  the  wToody 
vegetation  becomes  scarcer  and  assumes  the  grayish  tint 
peculiar  to  maritime  plants ;  but  very  often  the  shores  and 
deltas  of  the  river  form  moist,  velvety  meadows,  which 


26  <S>n  tbe  Stufc£  of  Natural  Scenery. 

abound   in   a   beautiful   herbaceous   flora,  devoid   of  the 
coarseness  common  to  so  many  marsh-plants. 

Cliffs  and  rocks  form  part  of  some  of  the  most  impressive 
natural  scenery.  As  we  know,  they  are  not  confined  to 
high  mountain  regions,  but  occur  even  on  plains  and  sea- 
shores ;  lifting  bold,  bare  masses  above  the  surface  of  the 
ground ;  jutting  forth  from  broken  and  steep  hillsides,  or 
forming  the  sides  of  gullies  and  ravines  on  the  shores  of 
running  water.  They  often  assume  strange  and  grotesque 
shapes,  or  a  vivid  coloring,  as  the  sandstone  formations  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  Even  on  level  plains,  beautiful 
rock  scenery  is  not  uncommon  along  streams  and  rivers. 
In  our  northern  woods  rocks  are  very  common ;  they  form 
the  main  body  of  the  soil,  and  protruding  here  and  there 
show  a  grooved  and  polished  surface,  on  which  mighty 
isolated  blocks  and  bowlders  still  remain,  adding  greatly  to 
the  picturesque  beauty  of  the  undulating  ground,  so  rich  in 
vegetation  and  so  varied  in  the  character  of  its  surface.  In 
higher  mountain  ranges,  rocks  become  more  and  more  evi- 
dent, full  of  crevices,  moss-grown  and  rounded  by  time  and 
supporting  the  rarest  and  most  beautiful  flowers.  Where 
running  water  slowly  and  steadily  undermines  a  rocky 
shore,  bowlder  after  bowlder  piles,  one  above  the  other ; 
sediment  of  all  kinds  collects  among  the  stones,  creepers 
and  vines  and  small  flowering  shrubs  take  root  in  the 
moist,  rich  soil  collected  in  the  cavities ;  tender  herbaceous 
plants  spring  up  in  the  crevices,  where  they  find  nutriment 
enough  for  subsistence,  but  where  no  coarser  weeds  can 
exist ;  and  so  we  have  a  natural  rockery  on  the  river  shore 
still  washed  by  the  water  or  left  high  and  dry  on  a  sandy 


©n  tbe  Stufc£  of  IRatural  Scenery  27 

beach,  with  the  perpendicular  cliffs  for  a  background,  and 
no  longer  in  danger  of  destruction.  Often  these  cliffs  are 
covered  with  ivy  and  other  climbers,  and  in  every  fissure 
stonecrops,  saxifrage,  and  other  rock  plants  find  a  place 
sooner  or  later.  When  this  phenomenon  takes  place  in 
higher  altitudes,  the  flora  is  of  a  different  and  less  robust 
type.  True  alpine  plants  are  confined  to  high  mountain 
regions,  but  many  delicate  and  truly  beautiful  rock  plants 
are  common  in  most  countries.  Sandstone  rocks  support  a 


FIG.  7.— ERODED  ROCKS,  FORMING  A  SMALL  ROCKERY  ON  THE  SHORES  OF  A  RIVER. 

greater  and  more  varied  vegetation  than  any  other  kind. 
They  are  also  seen  in  a  great  diversity  of  forms,  as  they  are 
easily  acted  upon  by  heat  and  moisture,  or  turned  and 
polished  by  heavy  sandstorms.  Limestone  is  also  liable  to 
erosion  in  a  greater  or  less  degree ;  the  surface  becomes  more 
polished,  and  undermined  rocks  are  seldom  ground  to  gravel, 
but  remain  as  stones  and  bowlders  in  the  streams  and  rivers 
by  which  they  are  undermined.  Here  also  we  find  numerous 
rock  plants,  often  of  a  different  type.  But  nearly  all  rocks, 
even  ,the  solid  granite  and  trap,  form  cracks  and  fissures  in 


28  ©n  tbe  Stu&s  of  Natural  Scenery, 

which  plants  lodge,  and  grow,  and  blossom.  High  up,  just 
below  the  everlasting  snow,  we  find  the  sunny  slopes  gayly 
decked  with  innumerable,  brightly  colored,  or  sometimes 
pure  white  flowers. 

Isolated  blocks  in  rocky  woods  often  afford  shelter  and 
protection  for  a  very  diverse  flora  of  vines,  creepers,  and 
herbaceous  plants,  under  whose  masses  they  jut  forth  gray, 
mossy  corners.  They  are  often  split  and  broken  by  the 
action  of  frost  on  water  collecting  in  the  fissures.  In  the 
wide  openings  the  bramble  plants  its  little  seed,  and  soon 
grows  up  to  cover  the  whole  mass  with  its  wealth  of  leaves 
and  flowers ;  or  a  grapevine  may  have  been  introduced  in 
some  way  or  other,  and  in  that  case  the  effect  is  very  pic- 
turesque and  beautiful. 

Here  and  there,  these  erratic  blocks  are  so  numerous 
as  to  completely  cover  the  surface,  and  if  the  ground  is  low 
they  soon  become  imbedded  in  a  tufted  growth  of  ling  and 
grass.  Rocks  and  water  in  combination  form  the  most 
picturesque  and  beautiful  scenery,  not  only  in  the  manner 
already  pointed  out,  but  in  many  other  ways;  here,  tre- 
mendous precipices,  there,  grottos  and  caves  in  which  a 
peculiar  flora  of  mosses  and  filmy  ferns  finds  an  ideal 
home,  growing  in  tufted  masses  in  deep  shady  crevices  and 
continually  covered  with  dew. 

So  everywhere,  from  the  deep  dungeons  of  the  cavern  to 
the  bright  cliffs  bathing  in  light  and  sunshine,  the  rocks 
support  an  innumerable  host  of  flowers  of  delicate  forms 
and  colors,  and  beautiful  enough  to  interest  the  most 
indifferent. 

No  landscape  of  one  character  is  separated  abruptly  and 


<§>n  tbe  Stubs  of  IRatural  Scenery  29 

distinctly  from  that  of  another ;  the  transformation  is 
gradual,  we  go  from  one  scene  to  another  without  knowing 
until  the  difference  suddenly  strikes  us.  Meadow  and 
woodland,  field  and  forest,  are  all  woven  into  one  pattern 
without  any  strong  boundaries,  except  where  man  comes 
in;  but  even  there,  the  waving  fields  of  corn  and  the  blue 
smoke  from  the  farmer's  chimney  have  their  beauty,  and 
fit  into  the  natural  setting  as  perfectly  as  the  gossamers' 
airy  castles,  or  the  weaver-bird's  nest.  The  stone  bridge 
over  the  creek,  mossy  and  ivied,  bordered  by  graceful 
birches  and  bushy  willows,  fits  admirably  into  the 
scenery;  the  tall,  distant  church  spire,  rising  above  a 
mass  of  foliage,  adds  decidedly  to  the  beauty  of  the 
landscape. 

It  would  be  of  no  use  to  go  into  further  details.  I  have 
simply  endeavored  to  show  how  and  where  to  study  the 
natural  landscape.  In  every  imaginable  place  there  is 
something  to  learn ;  even  in  the  most  desolate  and  monoto- 
nous wilderness  there  are  scattered  scenes  of  rare  and  per- 
fect beauty.  In  the  open  woodland,  in  the  mountain  valley, 
by  lake  and  river,  the  landscape-gardener,  whether  amateur 
or  professional,  must  learn  the  greatest  secret  of  his  art ; 
and  he  should  always  remember  that  no  copying  of  the 
outward  form  alone  will  give  the  living  impression  of 
nature.  Although  this  is  considered  the  humblest  of  the 
beautiful  arts,  it  is  the  one  that  speaks  the  most  natural 
language  to  the  heart  and  imagination ;  it  is  capable  of  the 
most  useful  and  universal  influence  upon  the  moral  devel- 
opment of  a  country ;  it  is  conducive  to  health  and  happi- 
ness and  purity  of  mind  and  body. 


30  ©n  tbe  Stubs  of  Natural  Scenery 

To  make  the  garden  what  it  ought  to  be  the  designer 
must  have  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  different  things  that 
go  to  form  a  landscape.  The  nature,  habit,  and  habitat  of 
every  species  used,  must  be  well  understood  in  order  to 
ensure  success  in  planting.  In  the  natural  part  of  a  park 
or  garden,  the  plant  should  be  able  to  develop  without  cul- 
ture or  attention,  and  the  attention  given  should  be  for  the 
sake  of  regulating  the  growth  in  certain  cases  only.  Know- 
ing the  materials  used,  it  will  be  comparatively  easy  to 
arrange  everything  correctly,  to  give  every  species  the 
natural  position,  where  it  will  thrive  best,  and  plant  it  in 
the  right  proportion. 

The  details  of  the  constructive  work  are  of  no  less  im- 
portance. Roads  and  lawns  and  natural  scenery,  to  be 
lasting  and  satisfactory,  must  be  made  in  the  best  possible 
manner.  The  natural  scenery  especially,  in  order  not  to 
become  a  mere  collection  of  plants,  without  character  and 
expression,  must  be  formed  by  an  artist's  hand  and  under 
the  scrutiny  of  an  artist's  eye,  yet  with  the  careful  detail 
of  the  experienced,  practical  gardener  to  ensure  life  and 
health  and  permanency. 

The  care  of  already  existing  natural  scenery  is  of  no  less 
importance,  and  the  gardener  intrusted  with  its  care 
should  have  a  keen  perception  of  the  beautiful  in  nature, 
in  addition  to  his  ability  in  formal  gardening.  The  thin- 
ning of  crowded  shrubberies,  the  removal  of  trees  that  may 
have  become  too  large  for  the  place  they  occupy,  and  work 
of  a  like  nature,  should  be  promptly  attended  to.  As  a 
rule,  it  is  best  to  plant  trees  and  shrubs  at  a  considerable 
distance  from  one  another  so  as  to  prevent  all  crowding ; 


<§>n  tbe  Stubs  of  IRatural  Scenery  31 

the  outlines  of  a  plantation  will  be  so  much  more  graceful 
and  much  work  and  expense  will  be  saved.  Even  the 
herbaceous  vegetation,  or  shrubs  used  as  an  undergrowth 
in  woods  and  thickets,  are  apt  to  spread  beyond  their 
proper  limit. 

Of  late  years  wild  gardening  has  been  much  recom- 
mended, and  it  has  been  claimed  that  anybody,  by  sowing  a 
mixture  of  flower  seeds  in  the  garden,  would  obtain  the 
most  charming  results.  So  far  from  this  being  the  case,  most 
people  who  attempt  it  without  any  adequate  knowledge 
succeed  only  in  making  a  desert  of  weeds ;  going  to  work 
blindly  as  they  do  without  knowing  the  nature  or  char- 
acter of  the  plants  introduced  in  this  manner.  Woodland 
scenery  is  not  difficult  to  produce,  but  the  plants  should 
be  comparatively  few  in  number  and  of  a  similar  nature. 
Wind-flowers,  anemone-flowered  rue,  purple  phlox,  oxlips 
cowslips,  and  orchids,  as  well  as  many  species  of  bulbous 
plants,  are  especially  adapted  for  this  purpose,  and  with 
these  the  effect  will  be  beautiful.  But  if  a  number  of 
plants  are  used  without  discrimination,  especially  those 
easily  propagated  by  seeds,  we  only  succeed  in  making  the 
weediest  of  weedy  spots — in  fact,  an  anarchy  in  nature 
without  law  and  order.  Although  the  scenery  as  repre- 
sented in  nature  is  the  foundation  of  the  modern  park  and 
garden,  it  must  be  remembered  that  there  are  artificial 
additions  which  add  greatly  to  its  variety  and  beauty. 
The  roads  and  walks  are  necessary  for  communications 
between  the  different  parts,  shelters  are  convenient  for 
protection  from  rain  and  sunshine,  and  bridges  are  needed 
to  carry  us  across  streams  and  rivulets.*  By  contrast  also, 


32  ®n  tbe  Stu&s  of  Natural  Scenery. 

a  temple  on  the  top  of  a  knoll,  or  a  rural  cottage  in  the 

outskirts  of  a  wood  or  shrubbery,  relieves  and  heightens 

the  beauty  of  the  landscape. 

The  surrounding  country  should  always  be  taken  into 

consideration  when  planning  a  garden,  and,  as  much  as 

possible,  garden  and  sur- 
roundings should  be 
in  harmony  with  each 
other,  but  at  the  same 
time  all  unsightly  ob- 
FIQ.  S.-T.EMPLE.  jects  must  be  hidden 

from  within  by  means  of  plantations.  It  would  be  a  mis- 
take to  hem  in  a  seaside  cottage  on  a  bare  coast  by  too 
luxurious  a  vegetation,  unless  the  whole  coast  could  be 
changed  into  more  or  less  rich  scenery.  So  also  in  the 
mountains  and  on  the  plains,  there  is  a  special  class  of 
vegetation  in  harmony  with  each. 

In  suburban  towns,  laid  out  on  a  uniform  plan,  in  one 
continuous  stretch  of  lawn  with  groups  of  trees  and  shrubs, 
garden  walls  and  hedges  here  and  there  are  out  of  place. 
But  where  it  is  desirable  to  ensure  privacy  or  protection, 
the  plan  of  enclosing  a  garden  by  screens  of  some  kind 
is  not  a  bad  one,  as  it  admits*  of  the  culture  of  rarer 
flowers,  and  the  grounds  within  can  be  made  one  har- 
monious whole  without  the  necessity  of  outside  help,  ex- 
cept by  an  opening  here  and  there  in  the  shrubbery  for 
some  particularly  interesting  view.  Hedges  and  garden 
walls  are  therefore  not  to  be  wholly  despised,  and  it  will 
be  shown  in  a  subsequent  chapter  how  they  may  be  used 
without  obstructing  or  interfering  with  the  scenery  in  any 


®n  tbe  Stubs  of  IFlatural  Scenery  33 

way.  In  cold  and  windy  countries,  open  to  every  blast, 
they  are  not  only  desirable  but  necessary  for  the  protection 
of  the  plants  within,  from  the  killing  effect  of  sandstorms 
and  high,  frosty  winds. 

In  small  lots  around  suburban  cottages  much  cannot  be 
done  in  the  way  of  natural  effects,  but  there  is  always  some 
corner  where  rare  and  beautiful  woodland  plants  may  be 
allowed  to  run  wild  among  the  shrubs  and  grass.  The 
choicest  of  flowering  shrubs  and  herbaceous  plants,  the 
smallest  and  most  ornamental  species  of  shade  trees,  and 
the  most  velvety  grass  should  be  chosen  for  these  little 
home  grounds.  Creepers  and  vines  can  be  employed  in 
many  ways  to  brighten  the  cottages,  and  unsightly  objects 
should  be  hidden  by  means  of  evergreen  trees.  In  very 
small  gardens  large  trees  are  out  of  place,  and  buildings, 
with  the  possible  exception  of  a  rustic  pavilion  or  shelter, 
should  be  excluded.  There  are,  however,  grounds  hardly 
large  enough  for  one  good-sized  oak  to  live  on,  yet  capable 
of  being  converted  into  the  most  charming  garden  spots. 
There  is  a  special  class  of  flowers  adapted  for  just  such 
gardens,  a  class  of  plants  that  has  developed  with  gardening 
since  the  earliest  days  of  horticulture,  and  which  are  no- 
where to  be  found  in  nature.  Among  these  are  the  many 
varieties  of  the  rose,  the  hollyhock,  peonies,  poppies, 
phlox,  dahlias,  and  the  double  forms  of  annual  and 
biennial  plants — the  border  and  cottage  plants  of  old. 
They  are  floriferous  and  effective  from  an  ornamental  point 
of  view,  and  should  be  employed  where  vivid  and  striking 
colors  are  desirable. 

By  observing  and  analyzing  what  is  really  beautiful  in 


34  ©n  tbe  Stubs  of  IRatural  Scenery. 

nature,  the  gardener,  besides  cultivating  his  taste,  will  lay 
up  a  store  of  knowledge  which  it  is  difficult  to  find  in  any 
other  way.  And  this  knowledge  will  be  needed  by  the 
future  landscape  gardener.  Already  now,  such  costly  dis- 
play as  the  gorgeous,  and  in  its  way  effective,  carpet 
bedding,  is  passing  away,  and  it  must  be  admitted,  that  it 
never  excited  any  true  and  enthusiastic  admiration.  Ob- 
serve, on  the  other  hand,  with  what  genuine  pleasure 
everybody,  rich  and  poor,  rambles  among  the  wild  flowers 
of  field  and  wood,  and  it  is  easily  seen  what  gardening 
must  become  before  it  will  be  sincerely  appreciated.  It  is 
the  simple  and  unaffected  that  is  admired  in  art  as  in 
nature.  But  aside  from  this  study  of  natural  scenery, 
there  is  much  to  be  learned  from  the  gardens  and  gardening 
of  the  present  time.  The  parks  of  the  larger  American 
cities  are  fine  models  in  many  respects,  but  as  to  the  smaller 
gardens  we  must  necessarily  learn  of  other  countries,  for  it 
is  a  well-known  fact — and  a  cause  for  regret — that  America 
with  all  its  wealth  has  no  villa  or  cottage  gardens  worth 
mentioning. 

May  we  not  hope  that  this  will  be  different  some  day, 
and  that  our  suburbs  will  not  always  have  so  many 
uncared  for,  weed-grown  lots  littered  with  empty  tin  cans,, 
badly  kept  "  yards,"  and  impassable  roads. 


II. 

IMPLEMENTS. 

HE  instruments  used  in  surveying  and  levelling 
ordinary  places  are  few  and  simple,  such  as 
tape-line,  compass,  and  water-level. 

The  tape-line  is  made  in  lengths  of  fifty  or 
a  hundred  feet  and  can  be  wound  up  in  a 
circular  leather  case  when  not  in  use.  It  is  made  of  steel 
or  linen  with  steel  wires  to  prevent  stretching,  and  divided 
into  feet,  tenths  of  feet,  or  inches  and  quarter  inches.  The 
tape-line  can  be  used  for  measuring  plots  of  ground  when 
no  other  instrument  is  convenient,  the  angles  being  taken 
in  a  simple  manner  by  setting  off  given  lengths  on  the  line, 
thus  3,  4,  and  5  feet  will  give  an  angle  of  45°.  If  we 
desire  to  find  out  the  distance  between  a  given  base-line 
and  some  interesting  object,  such  as  a  tree,  a  flower-bed,  or 
shrubbery,  the  tape-line  must  be  held  at  right  angles  to  the 
base-line,  or,  in  other  words,  the  shortest  distance  between 
two  parallel  lines  should  always  be  measured.  It  is  also 
important  to  hold  the  line  horizontally  above  the  surface 
when  measuring  distances  on  broken  or  undulating  ground. 
Curves  of  walks  and  drives,  outlines  of  shrubberies  and 

35 


36  implements. 

other  plantations  may  be  located  by  this  simple  means  as 
correctly  as  if  a  compass  or  transit  were  used. 

The  compass  is  used  for  measuring  angles.     It  consists 
of  a  horizontal  plate  with  two  vertical  arms  provided  with 

iv    hair-sights,  and  a  circular  box 
with  a  graduated  edge    and  a 
magnetic  needle  hanging  on   a 
fine  point  in  the  centre.     The 
blue  end  of  the  needle  always 
turns  due  north,   or  as  nearly  so  as 
necessary  for   all   practical    purposes. 

By  means  of  a  capstan  screw  the  varia- 
nce ^-COMPASS.    tion  of  the  needle  can  be  get  off>     The 

instrument  is  attached  to  a  ball- joint  and  socket  for  a  sim- 
ple stake  or  "  Jacob's  staff."  It  can  also  be  used  with  a 
tripod  for  more  exact  measurements.  When  in  use  it  is 
placed  above  a  given  station,  as  A  in  Fig.  10  ;  the  joint 
upon  which  the  needle  is  hung  should  be  precisely  above 
that  station.  Adjusting  the  instrument  in  a  level  and  ver- 
tical position,  we  point  the  arms  in  the  direction  of  B, 
where  a  flagstaff  has  been  placed  previously,  and  bring 
the  hair-sights  to  bear  on  the  staff.  Now  it  is  easy  to 
count  the  number  of  degrees  between  the  blue  point  of 
the  needle  and  the  line  indicated  by  the  direction  of  the 
two  arms  of  the  compass.  The  angle  is  noted  in  the  field- 
book,  we  measure  the  distance  from  A  to  B  with  a  tape-line, 
and  shift  the  instrument  to  B  and  proceed  in  the  same 
manner  there.  More  often  the  instrument  is  placed  only 
on  every  other  station,  and  the  length  and  degree  of  the  two 
lines  are  taken  from  that  point,  as  B  and  E  in  Fig.  10.  A 


•(Implements. 


37 


whole  plot  of  land  may  also  be  measured  from  one  central 
point  in  the  manner  shown  in  Fig.  11,  the  length  of  the 
diagonal  lines  being  measured  with  a  tape-line  and  the 
angles  noted  on  a  rough  outline  drawing  in  the  field-book, 
afterwards  to  be  drawn  to  a  scale  with  the  help  of  compass 
and  protractor. 


FIQ.  10.— HOW  TO  MEASURE  A  SMALL  PLOT  OF  LAND  BY  MEANS  OF  COMPASS. 

The  compass  is  also  used  in  fixing  curved  stakes  for 
walks  and  drives  as  seen  in  Fig.  11.  In  this  case  the  angles 
and  the  length  of  the  diagonal  lines  must  be  plainly  marked 
on  the  working  drawing,  and  some  central  point  should  be 
properly  located,  as  the  station  A  in  the  diagram  which  is 


38  Umplements* 

ten  feet  from  the  corner  of  the  building.  The  compass 
being  adjusted  the  needle  points  as  usual  due  north,  we 
fix  the  needle  with  the  capstan  pinion  and  set  the  arms  of 
the  compass  to  60°,  stake  out  the  line,  and  measure  the 
distance,  IS'  6"  to  #,  where  a  stake  is  driven  in,  and  so  on 
until  the  curve  is  fully  marked.  Any  object  may  be  located 
in  the  same  manner,  such  as  shrubs  and  trees,  flower-beds, 
the  outlines  of  hills  and  rockeries,  and  so  forth. 


;®     „-— h— ._../  ®  & 

3&  ,~~~      M V. _2L__        '*>'     "/  v   ^ 

x^^  ^-'^  ~^--^       iro'    "    . 

-  ><"          ^  L        /xXx^ 

x     /N.          v     ?-    >^'  /   '          \     vv 


/     / 


X* 


^  ?/////////////j\ 

••  I  & « o . 


FIQ.  11.— HOW  TO  STAKE  OUT  A  WALK  BY  MEANS  OF  COMPASS. 

A  staff-head  is  an  octagonal  prism  of  brass  with  a 
socket  for  the  Jacob's  staff.  Each  side  has  a  narrow  longi- 
tudinal opening  by  means  of  which  angles  of  45°  and  90° 
can  be  staked  out  on  the  ground  ;  the  staff  with  the  instru- 
ment being  placed  vertically  on  the  spot  where  the  lines  are 
to  cross,  stakes  are  placed  exactly  in  the  same  manner  as 
by  means  of  the  compass.  The  flagstaff s  are  simply  square 
or  octagonal  strips  of  wood,  six  or  eight  feet  long  and 


•ffmplements.  39 

about  an  inch  in  diameter,  pointed  at  one  end  to  admit  of 
insertion  in  the  ground.  If  they  are  used  to  locate  long 
straight  lines  or  at  a  great  distance,  a  piece  of  white  or  red 
cloth  is  put  on  the  top ;  they  will  be  best  seen  if  painted 
red  and  white  alternately.  It  is  clear  that  when  a  line  has 
to  be  staked  out  on  the  ground  the  operator  needs  an 
assistant  to  place  the  staff  in  the  right  position;  he  is 
directed  to  the  right  or  left  as  the  case  may  be  by  motions 
of  the  hand. 

The  water-level  is  a  handy  instrument  for  placing  grade 
stakes  and   for  levelling  small          g  U 

plots  of  land.     It  consists  of  a         A  rl 

simple  tube  of  brass  or  zinc  with          | '"  jj 1||| 

two  vertical  arms  in  which  glass 
tubes  have  been  placed.  In  filling  the 
instrument  the  water  rises  to  the  same 
level  in  the  two  glass  tubes  and  it  needs 
therefore  no  adjustment.  Now  supposing 
we  desire  to  measure  the  grade  and  alti-  FIQ.  ^.-WATER-LEVEL. 
tude  of  the  knoll  represented  in  Figure  13,  we  first  stake 
out  the  line  A-B,  putting  stakes  in  the  places  indicated  by 
the  figures.  Placing  the  instrument  at  A,  the  assistant 
holds  a  levelling  rod  in  the  first  station  (1),  we  now  sight 
along  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the  two  tubes  and 
read  the  height  in  feet  and  inches  on  the  levelling  rod. 
This  done  the  assistant  goes  to  the  second  station,  the 
height  of  which  is  read  and  noted  in  the  same  manner. 
The  instrument  is  then  shifted  to  B,  and  after  reading  the 
height  of  the  two  stations  2  and  3,  the  instrument  is  again 
shifted  to  c,  and  so  on.  The  field-notes  are  taken  in  the 


40  "(Implements. 

following  manner.  In  the  first  column  the  number  of  each 
station  is  noted ;  in  the  second,  the  distance  between  the 
stations  in  feet  and  inches ;  in  the  third  under  foresights, 
the  heights  in  feet  and  tenths  of  feet  in  the  direction  of  B 
(see  Figure  13);  in  the  fourth,  the  height  of  the  instru- 


FIQ.   13.— LEVELLING. 


ment  above  the  "datum-line,"  a  line  that  can  be  fixed  at 
random,  10  or  100  feet  below  the  surface ;  in  the  fifth,  the 
actual  height  above  the  datum-line ;  in  the  sixth  under  back- 
sights the  height  of  the  stations  in  the  direction  of  A. 


Height  of 

Actual 

Stations. 

Distance. 

Foresights. 

instr.  above 
datum-line. 

height  above 
datum  line. 

Backsights. 

Remarks. 

1 

17W 

1000' 

7'00" 

2 

18' 

2'00" 

2300" 

1500' 

8'00" 

3 

22' 

I'OO" 

2900" 

22  00" 

7'00" 

4 

28' 

300" 

2700" 

2600" 

I'OO" 

5 

15' 

10  00' 

1900" 

17'CO" 

2'00" 

6 

20' 

6'00" 

1300' 

133'00" 

2200" 

—  3'00" 

2500" 

It  is  necessary  to  note  the  "  foresights  "  and  "  backsights  " 
only,  in  the  field-notes,  the  rest  is  calculated  afterwards  as 
follows.  Supposing  the  datum-line  to  be  fixed  at  10  and 
the  backsight  to  station  1,  is  7  feet,  these  sums  added  to- 
gether give  the  height  of  the  instrument  at  A,  or  17  feet. 


•(Implements, 


The  foresight  to  station  2  is  2  feet,  that  is  2  feet  less  than 
17,  or  15  feet,  which  is  the  actual  height  of  station  2. 
The  instrument  having  been  shifted  to  B,  the  backsight  to 
station  2  is  8  feet,  namely  8  feet  higher  than  the  actual 
height  of  that  station,  or  23  feet,  which  is  the  height  of 
the  instrument  in  the  new  position.  The  foresight  to  sta- 
tion 3  is  1  foot,  that  is  1  foot  less  than  the  height  of  the 
instrument ;  the  actual  height  of  station  3  is  therefore  22 
feet.  All  the  rest  is  calculated  in  the  same  manner. 
Finally,  foresights  and  backsights  are  summed  up;  if 
the  sum  of  the  foresights  is  larger  than  that  of  the  back- 
sights, the  last  station  is  so  much  below  the  first  one,  and 


S^fci-J-f* 


FIQ.  14.— HOW  TO  PLACE  GRADE  STAKES  BY  MEANS  OF  WATER-LEVEL. 

vice  versa.  In  the  present  example,  station  6  is  3  feet 
higher  than  station  1.  All  the  readings  are  here  supposed 
to  be  in  even  feet,  something  never  occurring  in  actual 
practice,  but  it  makes  the  example  easier  to  comprehend. 
Very  often  the  whole  line  can  be  levelled  from  one  point, 
and  this  greatly  simplifies  the  matter. 

The  water-level  is  also  used  in  fixing  grade  stakes. 
Supposing  the  continuous  line  in  Figure  14  to  represent  the 
rugged  surface  of  an  ill-made  road,  and  the  dotted  line  the 
suggested  improvement.  A  is  a  plane  of  reference  or 
"  bench  mark,"  and  all  stakes  are  placed  so  much  higher  or 
lower  than  this  mark  as  the  dotted  line  indicates.  Placing 


42  "(Implements. 

the  level  at  B  and  the  levelling  rod  at  A  we  take  the  read- 
ings of  that  point :  8  feet.  Stake  1,  when  driven  in  to  a 
sufficient  depth,  should  be  1  foot  3  tenths  lower ;  the  read- 
ings at  that  point  will  therefore  be  :  1'  7"  +  8'  =  9'  7". 
Stake  2.  18  feet  distant,  is  7  tenths  higher;  the  readings 
will  be  9  feet,  and  so  on  in  proportion. 

The  levelling  rod  is  simply  a  square  stake,  about  ten  feet 
high,  divided  into  feet,  each  foot  being  subdivided  into 
tenths  and  hundreds.  The  main  divisions  are  painted  red 
and  white  alternately.  While  the  levelling  is  being  done, 
the  rodman  is  directed  to  hold  a  lead  pencil  in  a  horizontal 
position  across  the  rod,  moving  it  up  and  down  slowly 
until  the  exact  place  is  found.  A  more  complete  levelling 
rod  is  provided  with  a  round  target  which  slides  up  and 
down.  The  surface  of  the  target  is  divided  into  four  equal 
sections  painted  alternately  white  and  red;  there  is  an 
opening  in  the  centre  to  admit  of  reading  the  number  of 
feet  and  inches  indicated. 

The  Y-level  is  quite  an  expensive  instrument  used  for  the 
same  purpose,  and  in  the  same  manner  as  the  water-level, 
being  of  course  more  exact  and  more  useful  for  important 
work.  It  consists  of  a  telescope  with  a  tube  of  brass  or 
gun-metal,  and  lenses  provided  with  a  hair-cross  of  spider's 
webs,  allowing  very  accurate  observations.  It  is  levelled 
with  the  aid  of  two  air-bubbles  in  glass  tubes,  and  by  means 
of  screws  acting  upon  a  pivot,  placed  loosely  in  the  socket. 
A  tripod  is  always  used  in  connection  with  this  instrument. 
It  requires  a  very  careful  adjustment  and  cannot  be  used  in 
a  satisfactory  manner  without  some  practice.  The  theodo- 
lite combines  the  qualities  of  the  compass  and  the  Y-level. 


•(Implements.  43 

It  is  expensive,  but  where  it  can  be  had  no  other  instru- 
ment is  necessary. 

A  measuring  rod  ten  or  fifteen  feet  long  is  handy  for 
practical  work ;  it  should  be  divided  into  feet  and  inches. 
In  laying  out  walks  and  drives,  flower-beds  and  borders,  it 
is  used  for  measuring  distances,  as  the  width  of  a  drive  or 
the  space  between  shrubs  and  other  plants.  Borning-rods 1 
sometimes  take  the  place  of  more  exact  instruments  in 
every-day  practice.  They  are  simple  stakes  five  feet  long ; 
one  of  the  three  generally  used  together  is  somewhat  longer 
than  the  others,  with  a  sight-hole  at  the  upper  end.  To 
the  other  two  short  cross-pieces  may  be  attached  at  the 


A                                                            ra. 

f-t'  -  ;•" 

•5. 

/  ^                                  i 

1  •  -    r-  -^--r~~::~~ 

^^^^^^^2^^^^^/^^^^?^^<^^^^^^^ 

—         vT*"                                 Htkra 

/^/////////////^//^^ 

FIG.  15.— HOW  TO  PLACE  GRADE  STAKES   BY  MEANS  OF  TWO  BORNING-RODS  AND 
MEASURING  ROD. 

upper  ends,  at  exact  right  angles.  Grade  stakes  for  a  grad- 
ually inclined  plane  may  be  placed  by  this  means  in  the 
following  manner :  drive  a  stake  at  each  end,  one  to  mark 
the  highest,  the  other  the  lowest  part  of  the  slope ;  let  one 
man  hold  a  rod  vertically  on  one  of  the  stakes,  remain  at 
the  other  end  and  direct  a  third  man  with  another  rod  to 
drive  grade  stakes  in  a  straight  line  between  the  two  end 
stakes  to  the  proper  level.  When,  in  looking  through  the 
sight-hole,  the  tops  of  the  two  rods  are  on  the  same  plane, 
the  stake  is  properly  placed.  Proceed  in  the  same  manner 

1  A  horticultural  term. 


44  Implements. 

with  the  rest.  Figure  15  shows  a  nice  method  of  placing 
grade  stakes  for  an  undulated  surface.  A,  A/  are  two  rods  of 
equal  length  pushed  into  the  soil  to  the  same  depth  and 
standing  five  feet  above  the  surface.  B  is  a  measuring  rod 
with  a  sliding  cross-piece  for  a  sight  or  target.  Supposing 
the  desired  height  of  the  stake  at  B  to  be  2  feet  above  the 
shaded  line,  the  cross-piece  is  placed  at  3  feet  on  the  meas- 
uring rod  and  the  stake  is  driven  in  until  the  cross-piece 
and  the  tops  of  the  two  rods  are  on  the  same  plane,  the 
measuring  rod,  as  a  matter  of  course,  being  held  vertically 
on  the  top  of  the  stake.  In  like  manner  any  number  of 
grade  stakes  may  be  placed.  A  straight-edge,  a  plain 
board  of  seasoned  wood  six  inches  wide  and  ten  or  fifteen 
feet  long,  is  sometimes  used  in  combination  with  a  carpen- 
ter's level  and  plumb-line  for  determining  the  rise  of  steep 
hillsides ;  and  in  practical  work,  in  road -making,  construc- 
tion of  bridges  and  other  rustic  structures,  its  use  and  pur- 
pose are  too  evident  to  need  any  explanation. 

The  garden  line  is  of  great  practical  use  in  road-  and  lawn- 
making,  hedge-planting,  and  drainage  work, 
in  laying  out  and  planting  beds  and  borders  in 
the  vegetable  garden  and  other  parts,  where 
straight  and  formal  lines  are  required.  A 
plaited  hempen  cord  about  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  in  diameter  and  a  hundred  feet  long 
makes  a  neat  and  durable  garden  line.  One 

FIQ.  16.— THE  QAR-  .      . 

DEN  LINE.        end  is  attached  to  a  reel,  on  which  it  is  rolled 
up  when  not  in  use,  and  the  other  to  a  plain  iron  pin. 

The  spade  is  the  most  useful  implement  for  working 
and  preparing  the  soil,  and  although  much  work  is  now 


•{Implements*  45 

done  with  the  plough  and  subsoiler,  these  implements  can- 
not in  any  way  compare  in  usefulness  with  the  spade.  In 
planting  large  grounds  the  soil  can  be  worked  tolerably 
well  by  these  means,  but  for  all  more  important  work  the 
spade  is  still  used.  Spades  should  be  made  of  the  best 
steel ;  they  must  be  light  and  strong,  with  smoothly  fin- 
ished handles,  and  sharp  blades  that  will  remain  clean  and 
polished  when  in  use.  Spades  of  the  best  American  manu- 
facture are  generally  satisfactory.  Shovels  are  used  as  ad- 
juncts to  the  spade  in  digging  and  shifting  loose  materials 
and  in  surface  grading  of  lawns.  Those  with  long,  smooth 
handles  and  comparatively  small  steel  blades  turned  up  at 
the  sides,  are  the  best  for  our  purpose.  Forks  with  flat 
prongs  are  handy  for  digging  beds  and  borders,  in  pre- 
paring the  vegetable  garden  for  planting,  or  for  digging  in 
open  shrubberies.  Forks  of  light  and  strong  make  with 
spade  handle  and  four  or  five  elastic  steel  prongs  are  the 
best.  Trowels  are  small  tools  for  planting  herbaceous 
plants  and  bulbs  in  rockeries  and  flower-beds.  The  blade 
is  hollowed  and  pointed,  made  of- a  thin  piece  of  steel  about 
eight  inches  long  joined  to  a  short  wooden  handle  five 
inches  long.  The  pickaxe  is  employed  in  rough  construction 
work  for  loosening  soil,  removing  stones,  digging  trenches 
for  drains,  and  in  making  cuts  and  excavations  for  drives 
and  walks.  For  this  purpose  crowbars  are  also  occasionally 
needed.  The  grubbing-axe  is  a  similar  tool,  but  has  one  end 
flattened  into  an  axe-like  edge.  It  is  chiefly  used  in  clearing 
land,  and  also  in  digging  where  many  roots  of  trees  are 
encountered.  Besides  this,  where  clearing  is  necessary, 
axes  and  brush  hooks  are  required. 


46 


implements. 


Steel  rakes,  with  from  six  to  fifteen  more  or  less  closely 
set  teeth,  are  used  in  all  surface  finishing  and  for  breaking 
up  and  levelling  spaded  soil.  A  rake  eighteen  inches  wide, 
with  fourteen  strong  steel  teeth,  is  the  best  for  ordinary  use. 
The  handle  should  be  long  and  of  light,  strong  material. 
Wooden  rakes  are  chiefly  used  in  cleaning  lawns  of  leaves 
and  other  rubbish. 

A  sod-iron  is  the  most  handy  and  expedient  tool  for 
cutting  grass-turfs,  for  edging  lawns,  for  terraces  and  sloping 
surfaces.    It  consists  of  a  heart-        | 
shaped  steel   blade,  very  thin, 
with  a  sharp-cutting  edge.     It 
is  attached  to  a  long  handle  in 
the  same  manner  as  a  scuffle- 
hoe.   In  cutting  sods,  strips  are 
first  marked  out  in  the  lawn  or 
pasture  by  means  of  a  spade 
or  verge-cutter.   The  verge-cut- 
ter or  edging  iron  is  further 
used    in    cutting   clean    the 
edges  of  a  lawn  after  sod- 
ding.     It  is  a  simple   steel        FIG.  IS.-EDQINQ  IRONS. 

FIQ.17— TURF      ,-,-,.,  111  in  -i 

IRON.  blade  with  a  rounded  edge,  attached  to  a  straight 
wooden  handle  about  five  feet  long.  Another  kind  con- 
sists of  a  thin  circular  plate  with  a  very  sharp  edge,  and 
revolving  on  a  steel  axle  fastened  in  a  fork  attached  to  a 
straight  handle. 

The  mallet  consists  of  a  rectangular  piece  of  wood  about 
eight  inches  long,  six  inches  broad  and  four  inches  thick, 
and  a  short  handle  ten  inches  or  a  foot  long.  It  is  used  in 


"(Implements, 


47 


sodding  for  beating  down  the  turf  to  the  proper  level. 
The  sod-knife  is  handy  for  joining  the  edges  of  the  separate 
turfs,  and  also  for  cutting  off  any  unduly  thick  portion  of 
the  sod. 

The  turf -beater  is  used  after  all  the  sods  have  been 
placed  in  position  to  beat  down  and  level  the  whole  sur- 
face. It  is  simply  a  piece  of  wood,  fourteen  inches  long, 
ten  inches  wide  and  three  inches  thick,  supplied  with  a 
shovel  handle. 

A  rammer  is  made  of  cast-iron,  about  eight  inches  square, 
with  a  socket'  for  an  upright  handle  four  feet  long.     It  is 
used  for  ramming  down  soil  firmly,  and  in 
road-making  for  beating  down  the  filling 
materials. 

The  roller  is  a  cylinder  of  cast-iron  at- 
tached to  an  axle,  on  which  it  revolves, 
fastened  to  a  handle  with  a  balance  weight. 
A  roller  for  hand  power  may  weigh  from 
250  to  350  pounds. 

Among  other  implements  are :  wheel- 
barrows, for  shifting  soil  at  short  distances ; 
scoops  for  horse  power ;  carts, 
ploughs,  subsoilers,  harrows  and 
pulverizers,  and  horse-power  or 
steam  rollers  for  extensive  work ; 
a  simple  crane  for  hoisting  stone  and  other  heavy  material, 
and  specially  constructed  carts  for  the  removal  and  plant- 
ing of  large  trees. 


FIQ.  19.— CAST-IRON  RAMMER. 


III. 

THE  PLAN. 

EFORE  beginning  the  work  of  improving  the 
home  lot,  some  definite  plan  of  grading  and 
planting  should  be  adopted.  The  system  of 
drives  and  walks  must  be  determined  upon, 
the  character  of  the  soil  and  surface  noted,  and  all  unsightly 
objects  removed. 

Be  the  grounds  ever  so  small,  steps  should  be  taken  to 
improve  them  in  the  best  possible  manner,  and  it  is  always 
prudent  to  ask  the  advice  of  a  professional  landscape 
gardener.  There  should  be  no  hesitancy  in  investing  a  fair 
amount  for  the  improvement  of  the  home  surroundings, 
and  all  investment  of  this  kind  will  raise  the  value  of  the 
property  far  above  the  actual  cost. 

If  the  place  is  large  and  the  ground  greatly  undulated,  a 
topographic  survey  of  the  whole  will  be  of  great  service  in 
designing  and  laying  out  the  garden.  This  is  especially 
necessary  if  the  landscape  architect  employed  has  no  oppor- 
tunity to  supervise  the  work  personally,  but  must  convey 
all  the  necessary  information  in  an  intelligible  manner  in 

the  plan  and  specifications.     Even  for  small  places  a  plan 

48 


ZTbe  plan.  49 

is  useful,  but  may  be  very  simple,  merely  consisting  of 
the  outlines  of  the  grounds,  buildings,  walks,  shrubberies, 
and  flower-beds,  with  the  size  and  distance  marked  in  plain 
figures.  When  a  place  has  been  measured  and  surveyed  as 
directed  in  the  chapter  on  implements,  the  rough  map  ac- 
companying the  field-notes  is  draw^n  to  a  scale  either  on 
paper  or  cloth,  the  latter  being  best  for  practical  use.  The 
drawing  can  be  more  or  less  finished,  giving  a  perfect  idea 
of  the  appearance  of  the  grounds  after  planting,  or  merely 
indicate  the  general  features.  A  working  drawing  must 
show  the  exact  position  of  shrubs  and  trees,  each  plant 
being  marked  with  a  plain  number ;  the  width  of  drives  and 
walks,  as  well  as  the  proper  curves  and  grades ;  the  num- 
ber and  position  of  specimen  plants ;  outlines  of  rockeries, 
borders,  and  flower-beds.  Detail  drawings,  plans,  and  ele- 
vations of  rustic  buildings,  and  all  work  requiring  special 
attention,  should  also  be  had.  Any  natural  feature  that 
may  be  used  to  advantage,  such  as  trees  already  growing 
on  the  place,  rocks,  streams,  and  small  ponds,  should  be 
clearly  shown.  Trees  to  be  removed  are  marked  with  a 
cross,  and  any  alteration  of  water  margins  by  means  of 
dotted  lines.  Where  the  surface  of  the  ground  is  designed 
to  be  altered  and  graded,  cross-section  drawings,  showing 
the  quantity  of  soil  to  be  removed  or  brought  on,  are  re- 
quired if  the  work  is  of  great  importance. 

In  order  to  transfer  the  plan  to  the  ground  in  every  detail, 
the  working  drawing  may  be  divided  into  squares,  as  shown 
by  the  dotted  line  in  Fig.  20,  identical  lines  being  drawn  on 
the  ground.  From  these  lines  all  measures  can  be  taken 
and  edges  of  walks  and  drives,  shrubberies  and  trees  are 


50  ZTbe  plan. 

then  staked  out  according  to  the  plan.  In  small  places  the 
measure  can  be  taken  from  the  sidewalk,  the  house,  or  any 
other  fixed  object.  When  locating  trees  and  shrubs  the 


FIQ.  20.— WORKING  PLAN  SHOWING   HOW  TO  STAKE  OUT  DRIVES,  AND  MODE  OF  PLANTING. 
N.  JONSSON  ROSE,  ARCHITECT. 

1.  Residence.     2.  Stables.      3.  Kitchen  garden.      4.  Avenue  of  fruit-trees. 
5.  Herbaceous  borders.      6.    Ornamental  groups  of  fruit-trees  and  shrubs. 

7.  Composite    groups    of    small    ornamental    trees  and    flowering    shrubs. 

8.  Groups  of  coniferous  trees.     9.  Screen-planting.     10,  Road. 

name  or  number  of  each  species  should  be  plainly  written 
in  red  chalk  on  the  stake  marking  its  future  position.  In 
this  manner  all  mistakes  in  planting  will  be  avoided. 


Ube  plan,  51 

The  accompanying  plans  will  serve  as  samples  of  plans 
for  small  home  grounds.  Fig.  21,  A,  represents  a  lot  50 
by  200  feet,  a  rather  small  and  insignificant  piece  of  land 


A.  B.  c. 

FIQ.  21.— THREE   SMALL  SUBURBAN   GARDENS.     N.  J.  ROSE. 

which,  however,  can  be  rendered  very  attractive  by  proper 
planting.  The  building  is  placed  lengthways  on  the  lot, 
the  entrance  being  at  the  left  corner.  The  surface  is 


52  Ube  plan. 

slightly  undulating.  At  the  extreme  back  an  unsightly 
gravel-pit  has  been  made  into  a  small,  irregular  pond  with 
clean  concrete  bottom,  so  as  to  retain  sufficient  water  at  all 
times.  The  planting  is  simple  and  attractive.  Here  the 
lawn  has  been  graded  to  form  a  somewhat  rounded  surface 
gradually  sloping  to  the  water's  edge,  thence  rising  into  a 
small  knoll  on  which  a  pavilion  is  erected.  The  front  is 
open  to  the  street,  the  lawn  being  continuous  with  those  of 
the  neighboring  gardens.  Behind  the  house  the  lot  is  en- 
closed by  a  thin,  evergreen  hedge.  We  have  several  open 
spaces  of  lawn,  one  quite  large  between  the  house  and  the 
pond,  and  a  smaller  one  in  front  of  the  house.  The  groups 
are  mostly  of  flowering  shrubs  with  here  and  there  a  tree,  a 
magnolia,  hawthorn,  or  buckeye.  Several  hemlocks,  firs, 
and  other  evergreen  trees  form  a  background  behind  the 
pavilion,  and  a  smaller  group  is  seen  near  the  house.  On 
either  side  of  the  kitchen  entrance  there  is  a  small  rockery  for 
dwarf  and  choice  plants  only,  sheltered  from  the  strong  sun- 
shine during  the  better  part  of  the  day,  and  farther  back  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  walk  a  small  bed  for  spring  and  sum- 
mer flowers.  The  walk  is  a  narrow  one,  six  feet  wide  in  front 
of  the  house,  four  feet  behind,  leading  by  graceful  curves  di- 
rect to  the  house  and  to  the  pond  and  pavilion.  B  and  C  in 
the  same  figure  are  plans  of  similar  lots  60  by  200  feet. 
In  the  first  of  these  there  are  a  few  beds  for  summer  flowers, 
a  rockery  by  the  corner  of  the  house,  a  bower  of  climbing 
roses,  and  several  groups  of  evergreen  trees  and  shrubs. 
The  two  plans  differ  but  slightly,  showing  two  ways  of 
treating  similar  places.  In  C,  a  small  workshop  is  shown 
at  the  back  part  instead  of  a  pavilion.  While  the  front 


plan. 


53 


of  these  three  gardens  is  open  to  the  street,  the  lawn  is 
edged  with  a  low  stone  enclosure  surmounted  with  vases 
for  flowering  plants  on  each  side  of  the  entrance. 

Fig.  22  shows  one  of  the  smallest  of  small  gardens  on  a 

piece  of  land  25'  by  1 50', 

a  size  common  in  many 

suburban  towns.     Here 

we  have  a  small  piece 

of  ground  set  apart  for 

vegetables  and   flowers 

in  the  backyard  besides 

the  workshop.  A  flower- 
border   runs   along  the 

south  side  of  the  house, 

and  the  whole  is  enclosed 

by  a  hedge,  the  straight 

lines  of   which    are  re- 
lieved by  a  few  choice 

evergreen   trees,  and 

flowering  shrubs. 

Fig.  23  represents  a 

city  garden  50  by  150 

feet.     There  is  a  stable 


FIG.  23.— CITY  GARDEN. 


FIQ.  22.-SMALL   behind,  a  drive  entering 

CITY    GARDEN.          ,  ,          1  -,  -, 

the  back-garden  under 
a  porte-cochere,  which  shuts  off  the  view  from  the  street. 
The  terrace  in  front  is  surmounted  by  a  low  stone  wall  with 
vases  for  flowering  plants  and  vines.  The  lawn  in  front  of 
the  terrace  is  quite  level  and  open  to  the  street,  edged  with 
a  stone  enclosure  similar  to  that  on  the  terrace,  with  vases 


54  Ube  plan. 

on  each  side  of  the  entrance.  In  this  little  garden  there 
are  only  a  few  choice  flowering  shrubs  and  evergreen  trees ; 
a  suitable  place  for  flowers  is  provided  in  the  border  along 
the  drive,  on  both  sides  of  the  porte-cochere. 


FIQ.  24.— PRIVATE  SUBURBAN  GARDEN. 

Fig.  24  is  a  more  complete  plan  of  a  garden  100  by  150 
feet.  The  place  is  screened  and  protected  on  all  sides  by 
means  of  shrubberies,  leaving  the  scenery  within  complete  in 
itself  with  open  spaces  of  lawn  and  a  small  but  beautiful 
body  of  water.  The  pond  being  small,  the  bottom  is  made  of 


plan. 


55 


FIQ.  25.— SUBURBAN -VILLA  GARDEN.     N.  J.  ROSE. 


5<5  ZTbe  plan* 

concrete ;  it  is  supplied  with  water  from  the  general  water- 
works. The  ground  is  slightly  undulated;  all  the  variety 
of  the  soil  surface  has  been  produced  by  means  of  the  soil 
excavated  from  the  pond,  the  walks,  and  in  building  the 
house.  In  one  place  the  path  leads  through  a  shady  grove 
of  white  birch,  bordered  by  a  few  flowering  shrubs,  haw- 
thorn and  viburnum,  the  ground  being  covered  with 
various  choice  woodland  flowers  and  ferns.  There  are 
rockeries  instead  of  flower-beds  near  the  pavilion,  and  by 
the  side  of  the  residence,  and  one  single  bed  for  flowers  in 
front  of  the  veranda.  A  small  garden  like  this  must  be 
kept  absolutely  clean  and  trim  to  give  a  good  impression. 
As  nearly  all  external  views  are  shut  off,  and  the  screen- 
planting  breaks  the  force  of  high  winds,  the  scenery  within 
is  secluded  and  peaceful,  and  many  choice  flowers  and 
shrubs  can  be  grown  to  perfection  here.  The  whole  is  en- 
closed by  means  of  a  low,  well  trimmed  hedge,  and  open- 
ings through  the  shrubbery  give  passers-by  a  glimpse  of  the 
scenery  within. 

Fig.  25  is  the  plan  of  a  corner  lot,  100  by  225  feet.  The 
house  stands  on  a  slight  elevation,  which  slopes  gradually 
to  the  sidewalk.  The  hillside  is  girded  by  a  few  small 
flowering  trees  and  shrubs.  Besides  this  there  are  several 
groups  of  flowering  shrubs  and  evergreen  trees  with  a  few 
specimens  of  shade-trees  on  the  lawn,  a  purple  beech  and  a 
white  silver  fir.  Back  of  the  house  is  a  border  for  herba- 
ceous plants,  and  at  some  distance  two  flower-beds.  The 
drive  enters  from  the  side  street,  and  turns  in  front  of  the 
stable,  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner,  around  a  fountain. 
In  the  grass  a  few  patches  of  spring  flowers  are  marked  by 


ZTbe  plan. 


57 


FIQ.  26.— GROUNDS  OF  A  SUBURBAN  RESIDENCE.     N.  J.  ROSE. 


58  TTbe  plan. 

round  dots  or  rings.  These  consist  of  crocus,  snowdrops, 
two-leaved  scilla,  glory  of  the  snow,  and  daffodils. 

A  somewhat  larger  and  more  pretentious  place  is  repre- 
sented in  Fig.  26.  This  lawn  covers  nearly  an  acre  of 
ground,  with  a  frontage  of  150  feet  wide.  In  front  of  the 
barn,  and  enclosed  by  a  hedge,  there  is  a  good-sized  vege- 
table garden  with  a  few  choice  fruit-trees  on  one  side,  and 
ample  room  for  flower  borders  and  small  fruit.  On  the 
front  lawn  a  few  carpet  beds  are  arranged  in  a  semicircle 
around  a  larger  one,  and  behind  the  house  there  is  a  border 
for  herbaceous  plants. 

In  Fig.  27  we  have  a  plan  of  a  villa  garden  of  between 
four  and  five  acres.  The  residence  is  simple  and  attractive, 
built  of  brick  and  stone.  The  grounds  are  more  elaborate 
in  design  than  is  usual  in  this  country,  entailing  more  care 
and  giving  more  satisfaction  than  the  usual  run  of  gardens. 
It  is  merely  shown  as  an  example  of  what  can  be  done  on 
so  small  a  place.  The  vegetable  garden  is  sufficient  for  a 
large  family.  Fruit-trees  are  planted  here  and  there  in  the 
lawn  near  the  vegetable  garden  and  form  quite  attractive 
groups,  especially  when  flowering.  The  drive  to  the  stable 
is  an  avenue  of  red  maples;  it  is  bordered  by  flowering 
shrubs  and  herbaceous  plants.  There  are  wide  open  spaces 
of  lawn,  shady  groves,  and  thickets  or  shrubberies  with  a 
variety  of  woodland  flowers  and  creeping  vines.  On  the 
north,  the  lake  shore  forms  a  very  pleasing  feature  with 
small  coves  and  bays  and  low  woody  promontories.  The 
plan  explains  itself  and  needs  no  further  comment. 

In  designing  a  garden  or  park  there  are  certain  qualities 
that  must  be  taken  into  consideration.  First  of  these  and 


TTbe  plan. 


59 


ill 


FIG.  27.-HOME-QROUNDS  OF   A  COUNTRY   RESIC 


A.  Dwelling-house.  B.  Gardener's  lodge.  C.  Conservatory  and  green- 
houses. D.  Stables.  E.  Pavilion.  F.  Pavement.  G.  Place  for  composts 
and  manures.  H.  H.  Quarters  for  vegetables.  I.  Small  Fruits.  K.  Children's 
playground.  L.  Flower-beds.  M.  Eocky  knoll.  N.  Artificial  modification 
of  the  river.  O.  Fruit-trees  planted  in  natural  groups. 


60  Ube  plan* 

most  important  is  Proportion.  It  is  necessary  to  make  the 
different  parts  proportionate  in  size  with  the  size  of  the 
grounds ;  small  groups  of  smaller  trees  and  shrubs  for  lesser 
places,  and  larger  groups  of  larger  trees  and  shrubs  for  larger 
places.  And  this  rule,  applicable  to  the  plantations,  must 
also  be  observed  in  the  construction  of  drives,  walks,  and 
buildings.  Another  important  quality  is  Usefulness.  This 
means  that  everything  in  the  garden  must  have  a  meaning 
and  a  purpose,  not  necessarily  a  material  use.  Every  curve 
in  a  walk  or  drive  must  have  a  reason  for  being  and  a  pur- 
pose in  leading  to  some  object  or  other  ;  every  shrub  and 
tree  must  be  pleasing  and  appropriate  in  its  place.  There 
must  be  Congruity  in  the  different  elements  composing  the 
scenery ;  no  sudden  breaks  nor  abnormal  parts  and  positions 
that  cannot  be  accounted  for,  but  gradual  changes  only  ;  so 
that  one  part  is  joined  to  another  imperceptibly,  shrubberies 
vanishing  in  lawns  and  lawns  losing  themselves  in  glades 
and  groves.  Without  Variety  and  a  proper  difference  in 
the  various  parts  that  compose  the  scenery,  the  garden  will 
soon  become  flat  and  uninteresting  to  the  common  mind. 
There  should  be  something  new  and  interesting  every  day 
and  season  of  the  year.  There  must  be  no  stereotyped 
parts.  Even  the  same  groups  should  wear  a  different  ex- 
pression at  different  times  of  the  day,  and  much  more  so 
during  different  seasons;  abounding  in  flowers  in  spring, 
taking  the  glossy  and  sober  hues  of  summer,  changing  into 
blazing  colors  in  autumn,  and  stretching  picturesque  and 
graceful  crowns  to  the  sky  in  winter,  followed  by  the  tender 
tints  of  bud  and  leaf,  and  rich  with  the  various  flowers 
that  form  an  undergrowth  in  early  spring.  Variety  not 


ITbe  BMan.  61 

only  in  form  and  color,  but  in  odors  and  sounds,  in  lights 
and  shadows,  is  necessary  to  give  the  right  impression. 
Repose :  But  although  variety  is  the  most  salient  factor  in 
the  planning  of  a  garden,  this  variety  must  not  be  carried 
to  excess,  so  as  to  give  an  impression  of  restlessness.  Repose, 
dignity,  and  a  peaceful  expression  are  necessary  for  quiet 
rest  and  recreation.  Wide  open  lawns,  masses  of  trees,  not 
too  mixed,  clear  sheets  of  water — all  embody  this  quality  of 
repose.  Harmony  and  Contrast  go  hand  in  hand ;  they 
are  not  antagonistic  if  rightly  understood.  There  is  often 
harmony  between  the  most  widely  different  forms  and 
colors ;  scarlet,  blue,  and  wThite,  as  represented  in  the  field 
poppy,  the  ox-eye  daisy,  and  the  cornflower,  combine  the 
qualities  of  harmony  and  contrast.  Two  so  widely  different 
plants  as  the  elm  and  the  ivy,  or  the  spruce  and  the  prairie- 
rose,  go  in  practice  well  together  harmoniously ;  yet  vastly 
different  in  form  and  color.  By  combining  in  intricate  and 
inexplicable  ways  various  forms  and  colors,  nature  sometimes 
creates  the  most  enchanting  scenery  out  of  strongly  opposing 
elements.  Shadbush  and  hemlock,  birch  and  pine,  ever- 
green mountain  laurels  beside  the  deciduous  azalea,  are 
examples  of  such  combinations. 

It  must  further  be  remembered  to  take  into  consideration 
the  quality  and  nature  of  soil  and  location,  as  one  class  of 
plants  is  especially  adapted  to  one  kind  of  soil,  and  another 
to  quite  a  different  one.  We  have  seen  that  the  seaside 
flora  is  quite  different  from  that  of  a  fertile  plain  or  valley, 
and  these,  in  turn,  differ  from  the  high  mountain  regions  in 
the  nature  of  their  vegetation.  But  when  a  garden  or  park 
is  a  finished  whole  in  itself,  as  the  city  park  or  garden  must 


62  Ube  plan. 

of  necessity  be,  we  may  quite  properly  introduce  plants 
from  all  regions,  and  grow  them  under  as  natural  conditions 
as  is  possible  by  artificial  means.  There  we  may  have  lux- 
urious water-plants  from  the  tropics,  as  the  lotus,  growing 
naturally  in  ponds  and  lakes ;  and  alpine  plants  flowering 
freely  on  the  sunny  slopes  of  a  rockery  not  far  away.  The 
impression  will  be  as  pleasing  as  if  the  combination  had 
been  made  by  nature  itself.  But  when  the  garden  is  to  be 
a  part  only  of  a  wide  landscape,  then  it  should  be  in  entire 
harmony  with  the  whole,  of  which  it  possibly  is  the  bright- 
est and  most  beautiful  spot. 

The  illustrations  to  this  chapter  give  a  fair  idea  of  the 
correct  curvature  of  roads  and  walks,  and  the  picturesque 
outlines  of  shrubberies  and  other  plantations.  Drives  and 
walks  must  be  as  direct  as  possible,  no  bends  or  curves 
being  made  simply  for  their  own  sake.  A  drive  is  natu- 
rally led  around  a  knoll  or  hill  and  not  across  it,  for  the 
grade  would  be  too  steep  and  the  outline  too  stiff  and 
formal.  In  crossing  a  stream  it  must  be  done  at  right 
angles,  not  obliquely  or  lengthways  over  the  water ;  the 
same  rule  must  be  observed  when  leading  a  path  through  a 
hedge  or  other  enclosure.  The  outlines  of  shrubberies  and 
groups  of  trees  must  never  be  too  formal  or  rounded ;  a 
slight  irregularity  will  produce  better  effects  of  shade  and 
light  and  a  more  beautiful  outline.  Here  and  there  stray 
shrubs  and  trees  should  be  planted  to  unite  different  groups 
into  larger  masses,  or  to  form  specimens  on  the  lawn.  This 
and  like  subjects  will  be  more  fully  treated  in  subsequent 
chapters. 


IV. 
GRADING. 

EADING  is  one  of  the  most  important  operations 
connected  with  landscape-gardening.  It  is  the 
plastic  side  of  the  art,  just  as  planting  is  the 
I'1''1  pictorial  side,  one  supplying  form,  the  other 
color.  By  grading,  a  rough  or  broken  surface 
may  be  made  into  softly  undulating  ground  ;  if  flat  and 
characterless,  it  can  be  altered  and  hollowed  out  into  shal- 
low dells,  or  raised  into  low  mounds,  rounded  slopes,  and 
picturesque  knolls.  Grading  means  the  creation  of  all  the 
variety  of  the  surface  and  the  general  improvement  of  the 
ground  in  both  an  artistic  and  practical  sense.  In  small 
places  there  is,  as  a  rule,  but  little  grading  to  do,  and  that 
of  the  most  simple  kind,  such  as  filling  low  ground,  level- 
ling the  surface  near  the  residence,  and  making  terraces 
and  lawns.  In  larger  grounds  it  is  often  necessary  to  make 
quite  important  changes,  as  to  alter  the  course  of  a  stream, 
or  to  make  tlie  outlines  of  a  symmetrical  pond  or  lake  sinu- 
ous and  picturesque.  If  intelligently  done,  comparatively 
little  work  will  produce  good  results.  A  slightly  undulat- 
ing surface  may  be  made  simply  by  using  the  soil  excavated 


64  (Bracing. 

from  the  drives  and  roads,  as  seen  in  Fig.  28.  The  low, 
raised  mound  will  form  a  good  place  for  a  shrubbery. 
Supposing  it  is  desirable  to  make  the  flat  surface  repre- 
sented by  the  straight  line  in  Fig.  29  into  an  undulated 
surface  represented  by  the  dotted  line  in  the  same  figure. 
The  difference  in  the  level  between  A  and  B  will  be  one 


FIQ.28.—  HOW  TO  UTILIZE  SOIL  EXCAVATED  FROM  A  DRIVE  FOR  SLIGHT  VARIATIONS 

OF  THE  GROUND. 

foot,  yet  we  have  only  removed  six  inches  of  soil  from  A 
to  B  ;  the  result  is  the  little  rounded  hill  at  B  and  the 
shallow  dell  at  A.  This  effect  may  afterwards  be  consider- 
ably heightened  by  means  of  judicious  planting,  as  indi- 
cated in  the  diagram.  If  we  increase  the  depth  of  the 
excavation,  indicated  in  this  figure,  from  six  inches  to  six 
feet,  and  the  length  from  sixteen  to  two  hundred  feet,  we 


..........  „ 

tf/'*20^ 

FIG.  29.-  SHOWING  HOW  TO  FORM  GENTLE  UNDULATIONS  CF  THE  GROUND. 

will  have  the  same  rolling  surface  on  a  much  larger  scale, 
and  the  effect  will  be  heightened.  Instead  of  planting  a  few 
dwarf,  flowering  plants  on  the  little  mound,  we  now  have 
the  opportunity  to  plant  a  large  and  varied  shrubbery  on 
the  slope  of  a  considerable  hill.  But  while  it  would  be  per- 
fectly safe  to  remove  six  inches  of  soil  from  A  to  B,  if  the 
soil  was  of  ordinary  depth  and  fertility,  by  the  removal 


Grafting.  65 

of  six  feet,  all  the  fertile  soil  at  A  would  be  taken  away, 
and  at  B  it  would  be  covered  up  beneath  a  considerable 
mass  of  subsoil,  clay  or  gravel.  Hence  if  so  considerable 
a  work  was  undertaken,  the  good  soil  would  have  to  be 
dug  away  first,  and  put  aside  to  be  used  as  a  surface  soil 
again,  after  finishing  the  work. 


FIG.  30.— HOW  TO  IMPROVE  AND  MODIFY  LOW  GROUND. 

Supposing,  too,  we  have  a  low,  marshy  piece  of  land  in 
our  grounds  which  must  be  either  filled  in  or  converted 
into  a  small  lake.  The  straight  line  in  Fig.  30  represents 
the  water  level,  and  the  undulating  line  the  surface  of  the 
ground.  We  desire  to  make  our  lake  three  feet  deep, 
necessitating  the  removal  of  about  four  feet  of  soil  from  A, 
which  we  deposit  at  B,  forming  a  nicely  rounded  slope  fall- 


FIG.  31  .-OLD  GRAVEL  PIT  TRANSFORMED  INTO  A  SMALL  ORNAMENTAL  WATER 
WITH  SLOPING  SHORES. 

ing  gently  to  the  water's  edge.  The  result  is  better,  and 
the  effect  is  more  varied,  than  if  the  same  marshy  ground 
had  been  filled  in  by  means  of  soil  brought  from  outside  at 
great  expense. 

By  intelligently  grading  the  soil  and  taking  advantage 
even  of  natural  defects,  we  are  able  to  produce  good  results 
economically.  In  another  place  there  is  a  gravel  pit,  ragged 


66 


(Brafcing. 


and  unsightly,  with  a  ditch  of  stagnant  water  at  the  bot- 
tom. The  dotted  line  in  Fig.  31  represents  the  actual 
surface.  The  solid  line  shows  the  grading  after  the  work 
has  been  finished.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  section  in  the 
figure  that  only  a  comparatively  small  quantity  of  material 


FIQ.  32.— METHOD  OF  MODIFYING  STEEP  SHORES. 

has  been  handled  to  produce  this  effect.  The  result  is  a 
pleasantly  sloping  lawn,  a  clear,  fresh-water  pond  sur- 
rounded by  various  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs.  Small 
streams  and  ponds  are  often  found  with  steep  banks,  as 
seen  in  Fig.  32.  In  such  cases  an  easy  and  natural  slope  to 
the  water's  edge  should  be  made,  as  shown  by  the  dotted 


FIQ.  33.— HOW  TO  MAKE  A  WALK  ON  SLOPING  GROUND. 

line  in  the  same  diagram.  This,  while  not  increasing  the 
volume  of  water  contained  in  the  pond,  widens  the  surface 
considerably,  and  gives  a  more  natural  and  pleasing  finish. 
In  the  construction  of  walks  and  drives  considerable 
grading  is  often  necessary.  Fig.  33  shows  a  sloping  surface 
with  a  considerable  fall.  As  it  has  been  decided  to  con- 


67 

struct  a  walk  at  A,  it  is  clear  that  some  grading  must  be 
done  in  order  to  make  the  roadbed  perfectly  level.  It 
could  be  done  in  the  manner  indicated  by  the  short,  dotted 
line  at  C,  but  it  is  evidently  better  to  make  the  surface  as 
represented  by  the  solid  line.  The  soil  excavated  from  A 
will  be  deposited  at  B  to  form  a  rounded  slope,  instead  of 
a  straight  and  angular  one.  If  it  is  found  necessary  to 
make  a  deep  cut  for  a  drive  or  walk,  as  shown  in  Fig.  38, 
or  if  we  want  to  modify  an  angular  cut  like  that  repre- 


»*N 


FIQ.  34.— METHOD  OF  PLACING  GRADE  STAKES. 

sented  by  the  dotted  line,  here  also  we  find  that  the 
rounded  outline  is  the  most  pleasing  and  natural  one,  and 
we  modify  the  angular  surface,  deposit  the  soil  farther 
away,  with  a  view  to  planting  the  shrubberies  afterwards 
to  heighten  the  effect.  In  all  cases  where  deep  excavations 
are  necessary,  a  sufficiently  deep  layer  of  surface  soil  must 
be  provided  in  finishing  the  work. 

If  it  is  necessary  to  grade  according  to  a  given  plan,  sec- 
tional drawings  being  supplied  by  the  landscape  architect, 
it  is  important  to  transfer  the  measures  from  the  drawing 
to  the  ground.  Fig.  34  shows  how  this  is  done.  The 
shaded  line  represents  the  actual  surface  of  the  ground 
which  it  is  desirable  to  change  into  an  undulating  lawn,  as 
shown  by  the  dotted  line.  By  means  of  pegs  driven  into 


68 


the  soil  on  the  line  A-B  at  given  distances,  we  mark  the 
form  of  the  new  surface.  Where  excavations  have  to  be 
made,  holes  must  be  dug  in  the  ground,  in  which  the  pegs 
are  driven  to  the  desired  depth,  and  where  it  is  intended  to 
form  a  mound  or  knoll,  the  height  of  the  pegs  must  cor- 
respond with  the  height  of  the  surface  line,  as  shown  in  the 
figure.  The  finished  surface  is  shown  in  B. 

Most  of  the  work  of  grading  on  small  places,  where  the 
object  is  simply  to  round  the  surface  of  a  lawn,  or  raise 
low  mounds  for  shrubberies  or  flower-beds,  or  to  build  ter- 
races in  front  of  a  house,  can  be  done  by  means  of  spade, 
shovel,  and  wheelbarrow.  Much  of  this  work  may  be  done 
without  wheeling  or  carting,  as  that  shown  in  Fig.  29  ;  the 
soil  from  A  may  easily  be  thrown  to  B,  where  it  can  be 
levelled  and  finished  by  means  of  a  rake.  But  where  the 
work  is  considerable  and  soil  has  to  be  transported  long  dis- 
tances, dumping  carts  are  needed  for  the  transportation, 
and  a  man  should  be  kept  to  level  the  soil  as  it  is  brought 
on  the  ground.  For  shorter  distances  the  use  of  wheel- 
barrows is  more  economical.  If  the  soil  is  merely  to  be 
shifted,  to  make  slight  variations  in  the  ground,  as  in  Fig. 
34,  it  may  be  loosened  by  means  of  plowing,  and  scooped 
from  one  place  to  the  other.  This  is  the  most  economical 
manner  of  grading,  if  the  soil  is  loose,  or  can  be  loosened 
by  the  plow.  As  soon  as  one  layer  of  soil  has  been  re- 
moved in  this  way,  another  may  be  plowed  up  and  scooped 
away  in  its  turn  ;  and  so  on,  until  the  desired  result  is 
obtained,  when  the  good  soil  put  aside  for  covering  can  be 
transported  by  the  same  means,  and  spread  uniformly  over 
the  surface. 


69 


As  the  roughest  grading  is  done  before  the  drives  and 
walks  are  finished,  a  kind  of  supplementary  grading  is 
often  needed  before  the  lawns  can  be  sodded  and  sown.  It 
is  desirable  to  have  all  lawns  smooth  and  finished,  and  the 
surface  soil  must  be  well  broken  up  ;  in  small  places,  by 
means  of  rake  and  shovel ;  in  larger  fields,  by  means  of 
harrowing  and  rolling.  If  the  surface  soil  can  be  worked 
thoroughly  and  enriched  with  dressings  of  manure  and  fill- 
ings of  good  loam  at  the  time  the  grading  is  done,  the  extra 
work  of  digging  and  plowing  is  not  necessary.  But  as  it 
is  only  in  certain  places  that  the  surface  of  the  ground  has 


FI3.  35.  — DRAINS  OF  ROUND  TILES  AND  STONE  DRAINS. 

been  altered,  the  whole  ground  should  be  thoroughly 
spaded  or  plowed,  and  worked  in  the  most  approved  man- 
ner to  make  the  soil  open  and  porous.  If  the  subsoil  con- 
sists of  heavy  clay,  and  the  surface  soil  is  rather  light,  or 
vice  versa,  subsoiling  for  shrubberies  and  choice  trees  will 
be  well  repaid,  by  a  more  luxurious  and  rapid  growth  than 
could  be  expected  without  such  work. 

In  close  connection  with  grading  comes  the  draining  of 
the  ground.  It  is  not  always  necessary  except  where  land 
is  stiff  and  low.  The  best  drains  for  a  lawn  or  garden  are 


70  Grafting, 

illustrated  in  Fig.  35.  Round  tiles  are  apt  to  become  filled 
and  clogged  by  the  roots  of  trees  and  shrubs  ;  they  are 
best  used  in  open  places,  where  they  are  in  no  danger  of 
being  rendered  useless. 

On  land  with  a  stiff  and  clayey  subsoil,  drainage  is  a 
most  important  operation  which  must  receive  special  atten- 
tion. If  the  area  to  be  drained  is  large  arid  a  number  of 
trenches  must  be  dug,  a  main  drain  with  an  easy  flow  to 
some  large,  open  ditch  or  river  is  constructed.  With  this 
all  the  lateral  drains  are  connected.  Such  drains  should 
unite  with  the  main  drain  at  an  acute  angle,  and  can  be 
from  twenty-five  to  fifty  feet  apart,  or  more,  according 
to  the  need  of  the  ground.  Ordinarily,  a  main  drain  of 
round  tiles  from  four  to  six  inches  in  diameter,  will  carry 
off  all  the  superfluous  water  of  several  acres.  For  lateral 
drains  the  one  and  a  half  or  two-inch  size  is  sufficient. 
Round  tiles  when  laid  are  put  end  to  end,  but  not  joined. 
A  minimum  fall  of  six  inches  in  one  hundred  feet  is  neces- 
sary, and  may  be  had  on  the  most  level  ground.  No  drain 
should  be  nearer  the  surface  than  three  feet.  Hence  if  the 
ground  is  almost  level,  as  most  watery  land  is  apt  to  be,  the 
drains  at  their  outlet  must  be  several  feet  deeper  than  at  the 
other  end.  For  instance,  in  digging  a  drain  six  hundred 
feet  long  on  flat  land,  it  is  necessary,  in  order  to  ensure  the 
proper  fall  of  six  inches  in  a  hundred  feet,  to  make  it  six 
feet  deep  at  its  outlet,  while  at  its  opposite  end  it  is  only 
three  feet  deep.  In  a  garden,  larger  and  deeper  drains,  and 
a  greater  fall  is  needed  than  in  an  open  field.  If  the  drains 
are  made  very  shallow,  a  greater  number  are  needed  to 
drain  a  given  piece  of  land.  The  depth  and  distance  must 


71 

*  '-.-.  •  •*  '•'.'/'  $: 

of  necessity  be  in  accordance  with  the  more  or  less  watery 

nature  of  the  soil.  In  digging  the  drains  it  is  well  to  begin 
at  the  lower  end.  Any  ordinary  workman  can  then  easily 
see  for  himself  if  the  fall  is  sufficient,  as  there  is  always  apt 
to  be  more  or  less  water  at  the  proper  depth,  which,  if  the 
fall  is  right,  will  easily  flow  away.  Drains  thus  roughly 
dug  must,  however,  be  gone  over  afterwards  by  a  skilled 
workman.  It  is  well  to  employ  the  most  skilled  and  expert 
workman  to  lay  the  drain,  whether  it  be  of  stone  or  of 
round  tile. 


V. 
DRIVES  AND   WALKS, 

RIVES  and  walks  are  necessary  for  comfort  and 
convenience,  and  are  chiefly  intended  for  use 
and  not  for  ornament.  Still  they  should  be 
as  ornamental  and  symmetrical  as  possible, 
with  a  regularly  rounded  surface,  raised  some- 
what above  the  level  of  the  lawn,  and  with  edges  slightly 
lower.  They  must  be  uniform  in  width  and  as  direct  as 
possible.  Straight  walks,  such  as  those  common  in  old 
French  gardens,  are  seldom  used  at  present.  A  winding 
path  is  more  to  the  purpose,  as  in  its  course  it  leads  to  more 
objects  of  interest  than  a  straight  one.  But  all  curves  must 
be  simple  and  have  a  reason  for  being,  such  as  an  object  to 
which  they  lead,  or  an  obstruction  of  some  kind  or  other 
that  must  be  avoided.  And,  even  without  such  an  obstruc- 
tion, the  walk  is  never  laid  straight,  but  a  shrubbery,  or  a 
flower-bed,  or  some  other  object  is  placed  so  as  to  form  an 
apparent  reason  for  the  sinuous  windings,  which  are  essen- 
tial in  order  to  avoid  straight  and  formal  lines.  In  Fig.  36 
the  walk  leads  between  A  and  B,  and  while  it  could  have 
been  made  perfectly  straight  when  constructed,  it  is  advan- 

72 


H>ri\>es  anfc  Walfes. 


73 


tageous  to  have  it  as  it  is  for  several  reasons.  First,  it  is 
now  in  harmony  with  the  grounds ;  secondly,  as  the  walk 
winds  in  and  out  among  trees  and  shrubberies,  the  scenery 
appears  more  rich  and  varied  than  it  would  otherwise  do. 
Furthermore,  the  reason  for  this  curve,  which  did  not  exist 
at  the  time  the  path  was  made,  is  now  very  tangible  in  the 
form  of  a  considerable  shrubbery. 

Fig.  37  represents  the  plan  of  a  mound  or  knoll  with  a 
pavilion,  which  it  is  desired  to  reach  with  a  path  from  A. 
The  most  direct  route  is  too  steep,  and  in  order  to  have  an 


FIG.  36.— CURVED  ROAD  ROUNDING  A  SHRUBBERY. 

easy  ascent,  we  make  the  path  as  shown  in  the  diagram. 
Behind  the  same  hill  there  is  a  bathing-house  on  the  shore 
of  a  lake.  Here  again  we  abandon  the  most  direct  line,  to 
make  the  descent  as  gradual  as  possible,  and  the  path  in  its 
winding  course  brings  us,  first  opposite  a  sloping  lawn  to 
the  north,  then,  northeast  to  groves  and  shrubberies;  and 
lastly,  east  and  south,  a  transparent  sheet  of  water  bursts 
upon  our  view.  The  width  and  size  and  number  of 
walks  must  vary  according  to  the  size  of  a  place  and  be  in 
accordance  with  the  actual  need.  When  the  paths  divide, 
as  shown  in  some  of  the  plans  submitted  in  a  previous  chap- 


74 


Drives  ant)  Walfes, 


ter,  the  main  path  should  always  be  broader  than  the  by- 
paths. The  manner  in  which  one  road  joins  another  is  also 
illustrated  in  these  plans.  Intervening  lawns  must  not  be 
too  naiTow,  and  two  paths  should  never  be  laid  on  parallel 
lines  close  together.  In  large  parks,  a  walk  or  promenade 
may  run  alongside  of  a  drive,  as  they  are  intended  for 
different  uses,  and  may  in  that  case  be  separated  by  narrow 
strips  of  lawn,  with  here  and  there  a  tree  or  shrub. 


FIQ.  37.— WALK  LAID  TO  THE  TOP  OF  A  HILL.     HOW   TO  AVOID  STEEP  GRADES. 

As  soon  as  a  plan  has  been  accepted,  and  before  any 
other  work  is  done,  the  drives  and  walks  should  be  staked 
out  according  to  the  plan,  and  if  the  surface  is  to  be  raised 
or  sunk,  this  must  be  indicated  by  means  of  pegs  placed  in 
the  middle  at  a  suitable  distance.  If  the  road  is  to  be  con- 
siderably lower  than  the  surface  of  the  soil,  as  in  Fig.  38, 
holes  must  be  dug,  in  which  the  pegs  are  driven,  and  the 


2>riY>es  anfc  Walfes*  75 

correct  height  must  be  fixed  by  means  of  instruments. 
The  exact  location  will  be  found  by  measuring  the  distances 
on  the  working  drawing,  and  transferring  them  to  the 
ground  with  precision.  When  the  curves  are  long,  stakes 
may  be  placed  ten  or  more 
feet  apart,  but  when  the  turns  _r  ^U  ^JwC/r/r 

u         j        i  i  ^     ^mmm.          ,»^^ 

are   short  and  rounded,  the  ^fofassmJ^' 

distance  should  be  less,  SO  f\Qt  SB-GRADING  THE  SIDES  OF  A  SUNKEN 
that  the  exact  outline,  will  be 

well  defined.  If  the  roads  are  to  be  made  of  asphalt  or 
cement,  a  specialist  must  be  employed.  The  making  of 
macadamized  drives  and  walks  is,  however,  well  understood 
by  most  gardeners  and  may  be  left  to  them.  The  dia- 
grams supplied  herewith  illustrate  the  different  methods  of 
constructing  a  drive  or  walk. 

First,  the  outline  should  be  marked  by  means  of  a  line 
laid  on  the  curve  indicated  by  the  stakes,  and  the  edge 
cut  out  with  a  spade.  Then  the  soil  is  dug  away  to 
the  desired  depth,  the  road-bed  being  made  equally  broad 
and  deep  from  end  to  end,  with  the  surface  slightly  rounded 
and  a  couple  of  inches  higher  in  the  middle  than  at  the  sides. 
If  the  soil  is  loose  and  uneven  after  digging,  it  must  be 
broken,  trodden,  and  beaten  down,  so  as  to  form  a  solid 
bed. 

If  the  drive  is  large,  and  intended  to  be  used  frequently, 
a  good  and  solid  foundation  must  be  made.  From  four  to 
eight  inches  of  broken  stone  or  small  pebbles  should  be  put 
in  the  bottom  and  well  packed  together  with  a  rammer,  or 
it  may  be  rolled.  Over  this,  when  in  a  proper  condition,  a 
layer  of  about  two  inches  of  sandy  clay  or  other  binding 


76  Drives  anfc  TKHalfes. 

material,  will  be  necessary  to  fill  up  crevices,  and  to  joiji  the 
whole  together.  This  layer  in  its  turn  must  be  spread, 
and  packed  into  the  mass  beneath,  by  ramming  or  rolling. 
For  surface  covering,  about  three  inches  of  coarse  gravel 
should  be  used,  from  which  the  larger  stones  and  the  finer 
sediment  have  been  removed,  or  can  be  raked  off  after- 
wards. When  this  is  raked  uniformly  over  the  surface  and 
rolled  or  beaten  down,  the  main  part  of  the  road  is  finished. 
The  finish  of  the  edge  requires  some  skill  and  precision.  As 
a  rule,  the  edges  of  walks  and  drives  —  that  is,  the  grass 
edge  —  should  be  finished  before  the  top  layer  of  gravel  is 
put  on.  These  should  be  firmly  and  solidly  made  of  tough 
and  even  sods.  The  sodded  edges  on  both  sides  of  the  walk 
must  be  on  the  same  level,  no  matter  how  different  the 
general  surface  of  the  lawn. 

A  piece  of  board  cut  out  as  shown  in  Fig.  39,  is  used  to 
make  the  surface  of  the  walk  uniformly  rounded  and  to 

mark  its  exact  width. 


F.G  39.-QAUGE   USED   IN   ROAD-MAK.NQ. 

out  whether  the  oppo- 

site sides  of  the  walk  are  on  the  same  level,  by  placing  a 
common  spirit  level  on  the  straight  upper  edge.  Of  course 
this  gauge  must  be  equally  wide  at  both  ends  and  perfectly 
straight. 

In  different  places  the  material  obtainable  differs  great- 
ly. In  many  stoneless  countries,  oyster  shells,  hard  clay, 
and  other  materials  are  used  in  road-making.  Oyster  shells 
make  good,  dry,  and  solid  walks  for  a  garden,  especially  if 
covered  with  a  thin  layer  of  fine  pebbles.  Small  pebbles  of 


Drives  anfc  Walfes. 


77 


uniform  size,  as  large  as  peas  or  hazel-nuts,  up  to  an  inch  in 
diameter,  are  often  found  in  large  quantities  on  the  sea- 
shore. These  are  excellent  for  the  construction  of  all  kinds 
of  walks  and  drives  in  a  garden.  If  the  walk  is  small  and 
the  road-bed  has  been  made  perfectly  solid  by  means  of 
ramming,  a  layer  of  these,  about  two  inches  deep,  spread 
over  the  ground  and  beaten  down  firmly,  will  make  a  dry 
and  durable  path  in 
most  places.  On  low 
ground  it  is  practical 
to  make  road  material 
thickest  in  the  middle,  as  shown  in  the  diagram,  Fig.  40. 

Fig.  41  shows  a  section  of  a  drained  walk  on  clayey  soil. 
As  the  clay  prevents  the  water  from  sinking,   the  drain 
is  necessary  to  carry 
away  the  water  after 
heavy    rains.      After 
draining  through  the 


FIG.  40.— SHELL  WALK  ON  LOW  GROUND. 


FIG.  41.— DRAINED  WALK  OR  DRIVE  ON  LOW  GROUND. 


covering,    or   making 

its  way  from  the  edge 

of  the  walk  along  the 

scooped-out  surface  of 

the  bed,  it  sinks  without  difficulty  to  the  drain.     Special 

drainage  for  drives  and  walks  is  needed  only  on  flat  and 

low  land,  or  where  the  subsoil  is  stiff  and  impenetrable.    In 

all  places  where  the 

subsoil  is  gravelly  or 

porous,    drainage    is 

FIG.  42.— SIMPLE   GRAVEL   PATH. 

superfluous.      If   the 

incline  of  a  drive  is  very  steep,  the  edges  are  likely  to  be 


78  Drives  anfc  Malfes. 

cut,  or  washed  away  in  places  during  heavy  rains.  To 
prevent  this,  shallow  gutters,  about  eighteen  inches 
wide,  made  of  cobble-stones  from  three  to  five  inches  in 
diameter,  are  needed  on  both  sides  of  the  drive.  The 
stones  should  be  set  in  sand,  and  the  finished  gutter 
must  be  slightly  lower  than  the  edge  of  the  drive  or  walk, 
as  shown  in  the  diagram,  Fig.  43.  Simple  gravel  paths  of 
coarse  material  are  solid  enough  for  most  small  gardens  and 


FIG.   43.— LARGE    DRIVE   WITH  SURFACE   DRAINAGE  ;  a  a,  GUTTERS. 

will  generally  keep  dry  and  comfortable.  Paths  of  flag- 
stones and  boards  are  ugly  and  unsigthly — out  of  all  har- 
mony with  a  garden  ;  but  asphalt  and  cement  walks  are 
both  nice  and  comfortable. 

In  the  construction  of  walks,  besides  such  common  tools 
as  the  spade,  shovel,  and  rake,  a  rammer  of  hard  wood  or  cast 
iron,  as  shown  in  Fig.  19,  is  needed.  It  is  used  in  the  road- 
bed for  making  the  soil  firm,  and  afterwards  to  ram  down 
stones  and  gravel.  For  marking  the  edge  a  strong  line  is 
necessary,  and  to  cut  out  the  edge  of  the  sod  an  edging 
iron  is  better  than  a  spade,  as  it  cuts  cleaner  and  with 
greater  ease. 

The  walks  may  be  kept  clean  either  by  sweeping,  if  the 
surface  is  perfectly  solid,  or  by  using  a  short-toothed  rake. 
Cement  and  asphalt  walks  can  be  washed  when  necessary 
by  means  of  the  garden  hose. 


VI. 


GROUPING  AND  MASSING  OF  TREES  AND 
SHRUBS. 

F  we  examine  the  composition  of  some  of  the 
most  beautiful  scenery  in  a  young  wood  or 
copse,  where  the  majority  of  trees  and  shrubs 
have  sprung  from  seeds,  we  find  they  are  gen- 
erally formed  in  the  following  manner:  A 
young  tree,  just  reaching  maturity,  is  standing  alone  in  an 
uncultivated  field ;  numerous  seedlings  spring  up  around  its 
base,  and  in  a  few  years  we  have  a  small  group  around  the 
mother  tree.  The  younger  trees  vary  in  size  according  to 
age,  and  the  group  has  a  picturesquely  rounded  appearance. 
In  the  course  of  time  the  younger  trees  reach  maturity,  and 
in  their  turn  become  centres  of  new  groups.  The  result  is 
an  irregular,  compound  group,  with  taller  trees  here  and 
there,  surrounded  by  smaller  ones,  and  apparently  scattered 
without  order,  but  in  reality  placed  according  to  a  very 
natural  law.  Primarily  these  groups  consist  of  only  one 
species ;  in  that  illustrated  in  Fig.  44,  of  scarlet  oak ;  having 
their  origin  in  the  one  mother  tree,  by-and-by  seeds  of 
flowering  shrubs  lodge  among  the  fallen  leaves,  and  in  their. 

79 


8o       Grouping  anfc  flDassing  of  ZIrees  ant)  Sbrubs. 

turn  grow  up  and  form  centres  of  new  groups  among  the 
trees,  or  on  the  outskirts  of  the  wood.  After  a  while,  vari- 
ous herbaceous  plants  take  the  place  of  the  grass  and  cover 
the  ground  with  a  carpet  of  flowers.  Now  we  have  a  com- 
posite group  of  trees,  shrubs,  and  flowering  plants,  the  put- 


hi- 


FIG.  44.— NATURAL  GROUP  OF  OAKS. 


lines  of  which  are  sinuous  and  undulating,  here  advancing, 
there  retreating,  and  formed  after  the  manner  shown  in  the 
figure. 

All  minor  groups  consist  chiefly  of  one  kind  of  variously 
sized  plants,  which  later  on  unite  into  larger  masses.  Groups 
of  various  species  are  finally  brought  together,  and  the  result 
is  a  mixed  wood  of  trees  and  shrubs  differing  greatly  in 
form  and  habit.  But  the  distribution  of  the  various  kinds 
is  regulated  in  the  nicest  manner;  for,  as  some  species 
thrive  best  in  the  bright  sunshine,  others  in  partial 
shade,  and  some  prefer  the  dry  ground,  while  many  seek 
the  moist  and  swampy  land,  the  groups  of  trees  and  flowers 


Grouping  anfc  /iDassing  of  Urees  ant)  Sbrubs.       81 

of  the  various  localities  differ  greatly  and  are  characteristic 
of  each.  On  the  open  borders  of  wood  and  copse  we  find 
the  sun-loving  thorns,  in  the  shade  of  trees  in  high  and  dry 
positions,  the  mountain  laurel,  while  the  swamp  honey- 
suckle seeks  shade  and  moisture. 

From  this  superficial  analysis  of  a  small  wood  we  may 
gather  some  practical  hints  on  the  grouping  and  massing  of 
trees  :  first,  how  to  make  the  outline  varied  and  picturesque, 
by  uniting  many  small  groups  of  different  size  into  larger 
ones  ;  secondly,  how  to  make  the  sky-line  pleasing  to  the 
eye  and  in  harmony  with  the  general  formation  of  the 
group;  and,  finally,  how  trees  and  shrubs  should  be  dis- 


FIQ.  45.— COMPOSITE  GROUP  OF  TREES  AND  SHRUBS  SHOWING  PICTURESQUE  SKY-LINE. 

tributed    in    a   shrubbery  according   to    their   nature  and 
habit,  in  order  to  develop  their  best  qualities. 

The  smaller  groups  should  preferably  consist  of  one 
kind  only,  or  of  several  varieties  of  one  species.  But  similar 
forms,  as  the  different  species  of  lilac,  may  be  brought  to- 
gether in  the  same  group,  when  the  taller  kinds,  such  as  the 
common  lilac,  should  be  surrounded  by  the  smaller  Chinese 
or  Persian  varieties.  In  a  composite  plantation  the  taller 
groups  must  be  placed  in  the  more  central  parts,  and  in 
the  simple  group  the  tallest  tree  or  shrub  should  be  in  the 
middle,  both  for  practical  and  aesthetic  reasons.  The  sim- 
ple groups  may  consist  of  three  or  more  individual  plants, 

6 


82       Grouping  anfc  Massing  of  Urees  ant)  Shrubs. 

which  should  be  placed  at  a  sufficient  distance  to  allow  each 
the  fullest  possible  development.  One  plantation  should 
not  consist  of  too  many  species  mixed  without  order,  but 
the  different  groups  should  mingle  in  a  natural  manner  to 
form  a  united  whole.  Coniferous  trees  make  the  best  im- 
pression when  planted  by  themselves  in  groups  and  masses, 
in  the  same  manner  as  deciduous  shrubs  and  trees.  When 
two  plantations  meet,  one  evergreen  and  the  other  decidu- 
ous, the  transition  should  be  gradual ;  spruce  and  birch,  and 
other  trees  will  mix  together,  and  the  plantation  in  such 
places  must  be  less  dense  than  in  the  main  groups ;  glades 


FIQ.    46.— MIXED   PLANTATION    OF    DECIDUOUS   TREES   AND    EVERGREENS. 

and  vistas  and  open  patches  of  grass  should  alternate  with 
the  scattered  groups. 

There  must  be  harmony  of  form  and  color  between  the 
different  plants  that  compose  the  shrubbery,  but  monotony 
should  be  avoided.  If  plants  with  light  foliage  are  placed 
in  front  of  dark  ones  the  effect  is  much  better  than  if  they 
were  planted  in  an  opposite  way,  hence  the  beautiful  effect 
of  flowering  shrubs  with  a  group  of  spruce  and  pine  for  a 
background.  Trees  with  ovate  or  cordate  leaves,  such  as 
the  different  varieties  of  birch  and  beech,  may  be  placed  in 
one  group.  Others  with  sinuous  or  incised  leaves,  such  as 
the  many  forms  oi  oak,  in  another,  and  pinnately  leaved 


Grouping  anO  Massing  of  ftrees  ant>  Sbrubs.       83 

forms  of  all  shapes  and  sizes  will  unite  well  into  groups 
and  masses  of  their  own. 

As  a  rule,  each  individual  plant  should  have  sufficient 
room  to  develop  its  full  beauty,  and  to  allow  of  a  growth 
of  grass  beneath.  But  when  planting  is  done  for  imme- 
diate effect,  the  trees  and  shrubs  must  be  planted  much 
closer  together,  and  then  the  superfluous  plants  should  be 
removed  as  soon  as  the  group  becomes  crowded. 

Coniferous  trees  especially  must  be  watched  in  order  to 


FIG.  47.— SCREEN  PLANTING. 

PSEUDOTSUGA  DOUGLASII.      ABIES  NOBILIS  GLAUCA.      PICEA  PICHTA. 


prevent  the  loss  of  the  lower  branches,  and  all  superfluous 
trees  must  be  removed  without  hesitation,  as  soon  as  this 
becomes  necessary. 

In  order  to  provide  shelter,  or  for  the  sake  of  excluding 
disagreeable  views,  or  to  render  a  place  more  secluded  and 
private,  dense  plantations  are  often  formed  around  the 
entire  garden.  The  outlines  of  this  screen-planting  should 


84       Grouping  anfc  Massing  of  Urees  ant)  Sbrubs. 

be  as  irregular  and  varied  as  the  space  will  allow.  In  some 
places,  where  the  space  is  sufficient,  it  should  be  composed 
of  taller  trees,  edged  with  larger  and  smaller  shrubs,  and 
finished  off  towards  the  lawn.  In  other  parts  it  should  be 
much  lower,  consisting  only  of  a  dense  mass  of  shrubs.  In 
such  plantations  grass  will  seldom  grow  to  perfection,  and 
the  ground  is  generally  kept  bare  and  forked  every  autumn 
and  occasionally  enriched  with  a  heavy  covering  of  manure. 
In  that  case  the  ground  is  kept  perfectly  clean  during  the 
summer  months  by  means  of  frequent  raking,  and  the  grass 
edge  along  the  border  must  be  cut  in  the  same  manner  as 
around  a  flower  bed.  In  many  gardens  all  the  shrubberies 
are  planted  and  treated  in  this  manner,  and  only  a  few 
specimen  trees  and  shrubs  on  the  lawn  stand  free  in  the 
grass.  This  way  of  keeping  a  shrubbery  involves  a  consid- 
erable amount  of  labor,  and  it  is  far  better  to  have  the 
ground  in  dense  shrubberies  and  groves  covered  with 
woodland  flowers,  of  which  there  are  so  many  exquisitely 
beautiful  kinds.  A  choice  selection  of  these  should  be 
planted  indiscriminately  in  groups,  in  places  where  they 
are  most  likely  to  succeed,  and  they  will  generally  spread 
over  the  whole  surface  if  left  alone.  If  it  is  desirable  to 
introduce  any  special  kind  that  requires  a  different  soil 
from  that  of  the  garden,  deep  layers  of  leaf  soil  or  peat  may 
be  dug  in  in  suitable  places,  to  form  irregular  beds  for 
such  varieties.  From  sylvan  scenes  of  this  nature  all  coarse 
weeds  must  be  excluded ;  the  principal  masses  should  con- 
sist of  windflowers,  sweet  woodruff  (Asperula  adorata),  les- 
ser celandine,  fumitory  (Dicentraformosa  and  eximia,  various 
species  of  Corydalis),  Alp-violets  (Cyclamen  Europeurri),  and 


Grouping  ant>  /IDassing  ot  XTrees  anfc  Sbrubs.       85 


many  kinds  of  orchids.  Under  the  shelter  of  trees  with 
light  foliage,  such  as  the  birches,  rhododendrons,  mountain 
laurels,  mahonias,  euonymus,  and  hollies  find  an  ideal 
home.  Many  climbers  and  creeping  plants  may  also  be  in- 
troduced into  the  shrubbery,  and  where  the  ground  is  low 
and  rich  various  kinds  of  ferns  should  be  planted.  As  a 


FIQ.  48.— RHODODENDRON  DAURICUM  AS  UNDERGROWTH  IN  A  WOOD. 

background  for  these  there  may  be  some  scattered  and 
partly  buried  rocks  and  stones.  Narrow  woodland  paths 
should  lead  from  the  freer  and  more  open  parts  of  the 
garden  into  these  secluded  spots  where  the  landscape 
gardener's  art  clasps  the  hand  of  nature. 


86       Grouping  anfc  /IDassincj  of  Urees  anfc  Sbrubs. 

The  delicate  work  of  properly  arranging  trees  and  shrubs 
— the  most  severe  trial  of  the  designer's  knowledge  and 
ability — must  never  be  neglected  or  left  to  chance  or  acci- 
dent. Complete  detail  plans  should  be  furnished  as  guides 
to  planting,  with  the  positions  marked  and  the  name  of  each 
species  appended.  Afterwards  it  is  important  that  the 
place  of  each  plant  be  properly  located  on  the  ground  and 
marked  by  means  of  labelled  sticks  or  stakes. 

If  this  preliminary  work  is  completed,  the  ground  having 
been  previously  dug  or  subsoiled,  the  planting  may  take 
place  either  in  the  fall,  if  the  weather  is  good  and  the  soil 


FIG.  49.— GROUP  AND  SPECIMEN  SHRUBS  NEAR  A  WALK. 

is  sufficiently  moist,  or  very  early  in  spring  as  soon  as  the 
frost  has  left  the  ground  and  the  soil  is  in  a  workable  con- 
dition. If  the  planting  is  left  till  spring,  the  holes  may  never- 
theless be  dug  during  the  autumn  or  winter;  they  should 
be  made  considerably  larger  and  deeper  than  is  actually 
necessary.  The  frost  will  have  a  most  beneficial  and  disin- 
tegrating effect  on  the  soil ;  it  will  be  light  and  friable 
during  the  earliest  dry  weather  in  spring,  and  will  fall  with 
greater  ease  around  the  tender  roots  of  the  plant. 

On  receiving  shrubs  and  trees  the  roots  should  be  ex- 
amined, and  all  broken  or  mutilated  parts  must  be  cut  clean 


Grouping  an&  /lDassin0  of  Urees  anfc  Sbrubs.       87 

with  a  sharp  knife.  They  are  then  heeled  in — that  is,  put 
close  together  in  a  trench,  until  the  time  of  planting.  Just 
before  planting,  the  top  must  be  pruned,  the  extreme  tips 
of  the  young  shoots  being  cut  off  above  an  eye,  and  if  the 
tree  is  large,  a  branch  or  two  may  have  to  be  entirely  re- 
moved so  as  to  reduce  the  top  sufficiently.  For  evergreen 
trees  of  all  kinds,  the  roots  must  be  fully  preserved  and  left 
undisturbed  in  a  clump  of  soil,  which  should  be  unbroken 
at  the  time  of  planting.  Conifers,  especially  spruce  and 
pine,  would  be  entirely  ruined  by  pruning.  As  a  rule,  the 
top  of  evergreens  cannot  be  reduced  without  bad  results. 
Coniferous  trees  and  shrubs  may  be  planted  in  August  and 
September,  or  early  in  spring  before  the  commencement  of 
growth.  They  must  be  planted  with  extreme  care  ;  failures 
are  common  on  account  of  ignorance  of  this  fact. 

The  actual  planting  is  best  done  by  two  men,  one  to  dig 
and  throw  the  soil  about  the  roots,  the  other  to  hold  the 
plant  in  position,  to  imbed  the  roots  in  a  natural  position, 
and  to  trample  down  the  soil  firmly.  When  it  is  intended  to 
move  and  plant  very  large  trees,  a  trench  should  be  dug 
around  the  roots  at  a  sufficient  distance  from  the  stem  be- 
fore frost  sets  in,  and  the  clump  must  be  undermined  so  as 
to  allow  of  removing  as  soon  as  the  soil  has  frozen  to  a  solid 

o 

mass.  The  excavation  for  planting  must  be  done  at  the 
same  time.  Smaller  ones  may  be  shifted  at  almost  any 
time  during  the  planting  season,  and  the  root-clump  may  be 
boxed  up  or  wrapped  in  canvas.  Specially  constructed 
carts  are  used  for  transportation.  Newly-planted  subjects 
require  an  occasional  watering  if  the  summer  is  dry  ;  when- 
ever this  is  necessary  the  soil  should  be  thoroughly  soaked* 


88       Grouping  an&  /l&assing  of  ZTrees  anfc  Sbrubs. 

The  selection  of  plants  is  hardly  less  important  than  the 
actual  arrangement,  as  certain  species  are  best  adapted  to 
special  soils.  The  willows  and  poplars,  without  excep- 
tion, are  found  in  rich  alluvial  soil,  and  often  near  water. 
Other  species  grow  best  in  rocky  ground,  as  the  beech  and 
hornbeam.  Most  birches  and  many  coniferous  trees  do  well 
in  poor  and  gravelly  soil. 

The  most  thrifty,  healthy,  and  vigorous  plants  should  be 
chosen  in  preference  to  any  showy  variety,  which  is  subject 
to  the  ravages  of  insects  or  disease.  For  small  places  it  is 
necessary  to  select  the  choicest  material  obtainable,  as  an 
abundance  of  flowers,  neat  and  compact  species  of  evergreens, 
and  the  general  beauty  of  the  few  plants  used  is  of  more  im- 
portance here  than  in  large  places,  where  good  effects  are 
produced  by  an  artistic  arrangement  of  a  higher  order. 

Form  and  color  must  also  be  considered,  and  in  order  to 
produce  a  good  effect  the  various  shades  of  green  must  be 
arranged  so  as  to  make  the  most  beautiful  contrast.  If  light 
or  glaucous-leaved  species,  as  the  buckthorn  or  oleaster,  or 
flowering  trees  like  the  magnolia  or  flowering  dogwood,  are 
placed  in  front  of  dark  evergreens,  or  vice  versa,  the  impres- 
sion will  be  better  than  if  both  foreground  and  background 
were  of  the  same  shade. 

Most  wonderful  results  are  obtained  by  properly  arrang- 
ing species  which  assume  showy  autumn  tints.  The  beauty 
of  the  foliage  in  autumn  is  unsurpassed  by  any  other  phe- 
nomenon in  the  world  of  plants,  the  height  of  the  flowering 
season  not  excepted,  and  it  is  therefore  quite  proper  to  select 
species  which,  in  addition  to  other  attractions,  possess  this 
quality,  as  the  season  of  autumnal  coloring  is  far  more  last- 


Grouping  ant)  /IDassing  of  Urees  ant)  Sbrnbs.       89 

ing  than  that  of  spring  in  this  country.  Most  beautiful  are 
birches,  elms  and  tulip-trees,  which  turn  pure  yellow ;  scarlet 
oaks,  red  maples  and  cockspur  thorns,  which  have  foliage 
of  the  most  brilliant  scarlet,  intermingled  with  orange  and 
yellow.  Pepperidge,  liquidambar,  and,  under  favorable 
conditions,  the  beech,  assume  rich  crimson  tints  which  last 
for  a  considerable  time. 

The  ripe  fruit,  abundant  in  many  species,  is  also  a  factor, 
especially  in  the  winter  landscape.  Species  with  red  or 
scarlet  fruits,  like  the  spindle-tree  or  the  cockspur  thorn, 
arranged  among  evergreens,  form  a  very  attractive  feature 
of  the  scenery  in  winter. 


VII. 


DETACHED  GROUPS  AND  SPECIMEN  PLANTS. 


N  the  borders  of  shrubberies,  smaller  detached 
groups  and  specimen  trees,  must  form  a  grad- 
ual transition  between  the  denser  plantation 
and  the  more  open  spaces  of  lawn.  There 
should  be  no  sudden  change  from  one  scenery 
to  another,  no  rigorously  marked  borders  of  any  kind. 
A  better  impression  will  be  made  if  narrow  stretches 
of  lawn  run  far  in  among  groves  and  shrubbery  and 
finally  vanish  in  an  undergrowth  of  shrubs  and  flowers. 


FIQ.  50. -FINE  PLANTING,  SHOWING  EFFECT  OF  LIGHT  AND  SHADE. 

To  create  this  appearance  is  the  chief  purpose  of  detached 
groups  and  specimen  trees.     Specimens  should  also  appeal 


Betacbefc  Groups  anfc  Specimen  plants. 


to  our  sense  of  beauty  individually,  through  exquisite  forms 
and  colors. 

In  planting  these  groups,  three  or  more  shrubs  may  be 
arranged  together  in  a  free  manner,  so  as  to  form  a  beau- 
tiful outline.  They  should  consist  of  the  very  finest  flower- 


FIQ.  51.— WEEPING  BIRCH  AS  A  SPECIMEN  TREE. 

ing  plants  :  lilac,  mock  orange,  roses,  golden  bells,  hydran- 
geas, many  spireas,  and  tree-pseonies. 

Flowering   and    other   ornamental    trees  are   generally 
placed  singly,  but  of  some  of  the  smaller  kinds  several  may 


92  Betacbefc  Groups  anfc  Specimen  plants. 

be  plaDted  together,  so  as  to  make  two  or  more  stems 
spring,  as  nearly  as  possible,  from  the  same  place. 

Among  flowering  trees,  the  showy  magnolia,  the  halesia, 
red  bud  ( Cersis  chinensis),  double-flowered  hawthorns,  with 
white  and  red  flowers,  sophora,  Japanese  crab  (Pyrus  flori- 
bunda),  and  the  double-flowered  plum  (Prunus  trilobd) 
make  exceptionally  beautiful  specimens. 

There  are  several  classes  of  lawn  trees,  differing  in  habit 
in  shape  of  leaf,  and  in  color.  Some  of  the  most  picturesque 
ones,  with  slender,  drooping  branches,  are  the  so-called 
weeping  trees.  These  are  available  for  no  other  purpose, 
but  are  very  ornamental  when  placed  on  a  wide,  open  lawn 
or  near  the  margin  of  a  lake  or  stream.  There  are  two 
classes  of  weeping  trees  :  deciduous  and  evergreen.  The 
deciduous  trees  are  :  weeping  beech,  birch,  willow,  ash,  elm, 
and  sallow,  the  pendulous  sophora  and  some  others.  There 
are  only  a  few  evergreen  trees  with  drooping  branches,  one 
desirable  and  picturesque  form  being  a  variety  of  the 
Norway  spruce. 

Another  and  equally  unique  class  of  trees  is  formed  by 
ihefastigiate  or  columnar  varieties  of  poplar,  oak,  birch,  and 
some  coniferous  trees.  These,  while  useful  as  specimen 
trees  to  a  limited  extent,  are  also  very  picturesque  in  a 
shrubbery. 

Differing  in  the  shape  of  the  leaf  only,  but  similar  in 
habit  to  the  species,  are  the  many  beautiful  cut-leaved 
varieties  of  trees  and  shrubs.  These  varieties  occur  among 
the  same  class  of  trees  that  produce  weeping  and  fastigiate 
forms,  but  are  more  numerous.  There  are  cut-leaved 
varieties  of  birch,  beech,  alder,  sycamore,  and  Japanese 


2>etacbefc  Groups  ant)  Specimen  plants*  93 

maple,  all  of  which  are  very  graceful  and  attractive  as 
specimen  trees. 

A  most  remarkable  and  often  very  showy  class  of  trees 
and  shrubs  are  the  almost  innumerable  varieties  with 
variegated,  or  highly-colored  foliage,  ranging  in  color  from 
silver-margined  leaves,  in  a  form  of  box  elder,  bright  yellow, 
in  golden  elder  and  poplar,  to  a  reddish  color  in  red-leaved 
plum  (Prunus  Pissardii),  and  a  black  purple  or  coppery 
color  in  the  purple-leaved  varieties  of  birch  and  beech.  All 
these,  because  of  their  unique  habit  or  color,  are  especially 
well  adapted  to  the  embellishment  of  the  lawn.  They  are 
all  of  garden  origin. 

The  evergreen  conifers,  especially  species  of  spruce  and 
pine,  such  as  the  Spanish  silver  fir  (Abies  Pinsapo),  the 
white  silver  fir  (Abies  cwicolw*),  the  Nordmann  fir,  the  stone 
pine  (Pinus  cenibrd),  dwarf  mountain  pine  (Pinus  MugJio), 
and  in  places  where  they  are  hardy,  the  Japanese  cypress 
(Cryptomeria  elegans),  the  deodar  (Cedrus  deodard)  and, 
umbrella  pine  (Sciadopitys  verticillatd)  are  extremely  fine 
for  the  same  purpose.  Small  groups  of  coniferous  trees  may 
form  a  special  feature  of  the  garden.  They  are  especially 
appropriate  on  hillsides  and  declivities,  on  little  knolls  and 
in  rockeries. 

Many  of  the  larger  herbaceous  plants,  as  goats'  beard 
(Spircea  aruncus),  oriental  poppy,  bocconia,  andpseony,  form 
nice  specimen  plants  for  use  along  walks  and  drives. 

These  are  the  chief  subjects  for  permanent  planting. 
During  the  summer,  tropical  plants — palms,  tree-ferns,  and 
cycads — are  frequently  employed  to  produce  unique  and 
beautiful  effects.  In  the  South  many  of  these  may  be 


94 


Betacbefc  Groups  anfc  Specimen  plants. 


planted  out  permanently,  besides  various  fine  floAvering 
trees  and  shrubs  of  a  sub-tropical  nature,  such  as  the 
crape  myrtles  (Lager strcemia),  cape  jessamine  (Gardenia), 


FIG.  52.— BOLD  GROUPING  OF  TREES.      LOMBARDY  POPLAR  AND  PINE. 
ROYAL  GARDENS,    KEW. 

the  camellia,  Cattley's  guava  (^Psidium  Catileyanum),  and 
coniferous  trees  of  the  genus  Araucaria. 

To  select  proper  places  for  specimens  on  the  lawn  re- 
quires good  judgment,  as  they,  according  to  their  position, 
will  make  or  mar  the  whole  effect. 


VIII. 
ON  THE  PROPER  USE  OF  HERBACEOUS  PLANTS. 

[y  HILE  the  correct  grouping  of  trees  and  shrubs 
is  of  the  utmost  importance,  the  lesser  de- 
tails, of  which  the  herbaceous  plants  form 
important  parts,  must  not  be  ignored.  In  a 
previous  chapter  I  have  already  hinted  at  the 
proper  use  of  woodland  flowers;  but  not  only  the  wood- 
land— every  field,  every  sea-shore  and  meadow,  bogs,  river- 
sides, and  rocks  all  have  their  own  characteristic  flora,  which 
it  is  useless  or  undesirable  to  plant  except  under  natural 
conditions. 

For  our  purpose  it  is  best  to  consider  severally  the 
proper  use  of  each  of  these  classes  of  herbaceous  plants, 
and  to  see  under  what  conditions  they  may  be  naturalized 
in  parks  and  gardens: 

1.  Woodland  Flowers. — Sylvan  plants  generally  delight 
in  more  or  less  shady  positions,  and  in  comparatively 
light  and  moist  soil,  chiefly  consisting  of  decayed  leaves. 
Some  grow  in  scattered  masses  covering  the  whole  expanse 
of  a  wood  with  leaves  and  flowers.  Among  these  are  the 
white  anemone  and  the  spring  beauty.  Others  form  well- 

95 


96         ©n  tbe  proper  1Hse  of  Iberbaceous  plants. 

'''•**&»  '  '  ' 

<f.v'  -4- 

defined  masses  in  shady  thickets,  as  the  May-apple;  close 

to  the  roots  of  trees,  as  the  hepatica;  in  more  open  places, 
as  many  lilies;  or  in  sheltered  positions  among  crumbling 
rocks,  as  Solomon 's-seal  and  maiden-hair  fern.  Ferns  thrive 
best  in  moist  and  shady  woods  on  alluvial  soil. 

The  richest  herbaceous  flora  is  generally  found  in  the 
most  sheltered  positions,  where  the  soil  is  moist  and  loose, 
and  where  the  leaves  of  deciduous  trees  collect,  as  among 
the  low  undergrowth  of  shrubs  common  in  all  well  pre- 
served woods.  It  is  comparatively  easy  to  establish  plants 
of  this  class,  and  success  is  most  certain  among  such  trees 
as  birch,  dogwood,  and  oak,  the  roots  of  which  penetrate 
deep  into  the  soil  and  which  enrich  the  surface  annually 
with  a  new  covering  of  leaves. 

Besides  our  own  wild  flowers  many  exotic  species  are 
excellent  for  naturalizing  in  woods  and  thickets,  such  as 
oxlips,  wild  tulips,  Turk's-cap  lily,  golden  anemone,  and 
lesser  celandine.  Plants  of  a  spreading  habit  producing 
seeds  in  abundance  may  be  sown  late  in  autumn  in  the 
place  where  they  are  to  flower,  or  they  may  be  planted  in 
scattered  groups  in  spring,  and  once  introduced  will  spread 
naturally  under  favorable  conditions.  Species  which  grow 
in  clumps  or  in  small  groups  should  be  planted  in  prepared 
beds  of  well  decayed  leaf -mould.  It  is  necessary  in  all  cases 
to  be  sure  that  the  roots  are  perfect,  and  to  press  the  soil 
firmly  around  the  plants.  In  rocky  woods  many  delicate 
and  beautiful  species  may  be  grown  in  deep  crevices  of 
rocks  filled  with  moist  vegetable  soil. 

The  smaller  the  species,  the  greater  the  masses  necessary 
to  produce  a  good  effect.  Groups  or  masses  of  wild  flowers 


98         <S>n  tbe  proper  1Hse  of  tberbaceous  plants. 

must  in  no  case  have  any  definite  outlines;  they  should 
mingle  with  others,  and  gradually  disappear  in  near-by 
groups,  or  advance  in  places  on  adjoining  lawns.  The  fol- 
lowing are  a  few  of  the  best  plants  for  naturalizing  in 
woods  and  thickets :  In  moist  and  shady  ravines  :  bane- 
berry,  false  Solomon's-seal,  mitrewort,  golden  anemone, 
Dutchman's-breeches,  and  many  ferns.  On  high  rocky 
Tcnolls :  Arnica,  columbine,  catchfly,  wild  pink,  fire  pink, 
saxifrage,  stone-crop,  and  polypody.  Along  woodland 
streams:  Blue  violet,  horsemint,  omphalodes,  wild  gera- 
nium, pennywort,  loosestrife,  daffodils,  and  flowering  ferns. 
On  rocky  hillsides  in  rich  woods:  Hepatica,  vetch,  ever- 
lasting pea,  catchfly,  several  columbines,  four-leaved  silk 
weed,  shield  ferns.  In  rich  alluvial  woods:  Orchis,  moc- 
casin flower,  cowslip,  shooting  star,  oxlip,  lily-of-the-valley, 
harebells,  bluebells,  wood  hyacinth,  beech  fern,  and  spleen- 
wort. 

2.  Meadow  Plants. — Some  of  the  most  beautiful  of  all 
herbaceous  plants  are  found  wild  in  meadows  and  in  rich, 
moist  ground  generally.  Like  the  woodland  flowers,  the 
meadow  plants  are  either  found  in  small  groups  among  the 
grass  or  scattered  over  the  whole  area,  the  smaller  species 
generally  most  abundantly.  Many  grow  readily  from  seeds, 
others  may  be  planted  without  fear  of  failure  provided  the 
roots  are  good. 

Among  the  most  beautiful  plants  for  this  purpose  are : 
For  mixing  with  the  grass  in  moist  lawns :  Cowslips, 
violets,  bluets,  meadow  cress,  spring  beauty,  blue-eyed  grass, 
meadow  saxifrage,  and  germander  speedwell.  For  plant- 
ing in  simple  groups  or  in  smaller  patches:  Globe-flower, 


tbe  proper  lUse  of  Tberbaceous  plants*         99 

meadow-sweet,  blue-buttons,  many  lilies,  tall  meadow  ruer 
and  sweet  Cicely.  All  grow  well  in  a  rich  sandy  loam. 
Where  flowers  of  this  latter  kind  are  planted  in  a  moist 
lawn,  mowing,  except  once  or  twice  a  year,  is  out  of  the 
question. 

3.  Flowers  of  Fields  and  Hillsides. — Sunny  fields  and 
hillsides  are  very  rich  in  highly-colored  flowers,  and  similar 
effects  may  be  produced  on  the  lawns  of  large  parks  and 
pleasure-grounds,  where  many  desirable  field  plants  can  be 
sown  with  the  grass  when  making  the  lawn  ;  or,  late  in  the 
fall,  in  established  lawns  and  pastures.  Such  troublesome 
weeds  as  the  dandelion  and  evening  primrose  must,  of 
course,  be  excluded  if  possible. 

Some  of  the  rarer  species  may  be  planted  by  means  of  a 
spade  or  trowel  very  early  in  spring  ;  others,  as  many  bul- 
bous plants,  including  Canadian  lilies,  crocus,  meadow 
saffron,  squills,  and  snowdrops,  with  the  aid  of  a  strong, 
pointed  stick,  care  being  taken  to  place  all  bulbs  right  side 
up.  Special  beds  may  also  be  prepared  for  many  bulbous 
plants,  as  rec- 

V  IJM 

ommended  in 
the  chapter  on 
Lawns;  but 
when  the  soil 
is  moderately 
good  no  such  FIG.  54.— PRIMROSE  GROWING  IN  OLD  PASTURE. 

preparation  is  required.  Large  plants,  such  as  lilies,  lark- 
spurs, and  bellflowers,  should  be  planted  singly  and  far 
apart,  forming  thin,  scattered  masses;  but  small  species 
with  fine  leaves,  such  as  birdgrass,  germander  speedwell, 


TOO       ®n  tbe  proper  mac  of  Ifoerbaceous  plants, 

English  daisies,  violets,  and  primroses,  may  be  sown  thinly 
over  a  large  area. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  best  field  plants  :  For 
roadsides,  along  drives  and  walks :  Mouse-ear,  ox-eye  daisy, 
field  poppy,  cornflower,  dropwort,  meadow-sweet,  yellow 
daisy,  yarrow,  soapwort,  chamomile,  Sedum  telephium, 
harebell,  aster,  and  solidago.  For  open  fields  and  pastures : 
Bluets,  primrose,  birdgrass,  germander  speedwell,  maiden's 
pink,  bird's-foot  trefoil,  larkspur,  yellow  daisy,  pin-cushion 
flower,  red  clover,  and  sweet-scented  herbs.  For  sheltered 
fields  and  orchards  :  Daffodils  and  narcissi,  wild  hyacinth, 
St.  Bruno's  lily,  Star  of  Bethlehem,  maiden  pink,  lilies,  wild 
tulips,  checker  lilies,  crown  imperial,  and  sweet  Cicely. 

4.  Plants  of  Sandy  Fields  and  Seashores. — Sandy  fields, 
shores  of  lakes  and  rivers,  and  barren  hillsides  can  be  made 
very  attractive  by  the  liberal  use  of  maritime  plants.  The 
flora  of  the  seashore  and  of  many  sand-fields,  while  poor  in 
species,  is  exceptionally  interesting.  Many  species  of  thrift 
form  low,  tufted  masses  of  narrow  leaves,  and  produce  an 
abundance  of  flowers  in  summer,  covering  long  stretches  of 
sandy  shores.  Golden  eternelle  growrs  in  mat  like  masses 
in  other  places,  and  is  very  effective  when  in  flower.  Few 
maritime  plants  are  of  any  importance  as  individuals.  The 
best  for  general  use  are  :  On  sandy  shores:  Thrift,  sand 
pink,  wild  thyme,  golden  eternelle,  arenaria,  sea-rocket 
(among  sea-weeds), — all  dwarf  and  attractive,  producing 
numerous  flowers  in  summer, — sea-kale,  sea-holly,  Marian n a 
thistle,  with  large  glaucous  or  variegated  leaves.  For 
sterile,  sandy  fields :  Many  of  the  previous  forms,  bird's-foot 
violet,  heart's-ease,  lupine,  sand  clover,  Hieracium,  mouse-ear, 


tbe  proper  TUse  of  Iberbaceous  plants*        101 

field  stone-crop,  alkanet,  and  Rudbeckia.  For  barren  hill- 
sides :  Candytuft,  rock  cress,  alyssum,  cat's-paw,  field  bind- 
weed, wild  thyme,  house  leek,  and  many  annual  plants  of 
the  mustard  family. 

5.  Riverside  Plants. — A  great  variety  of  beautiful  wild 
flowers  are  found  on  the  shores  of  brooks  and  rivers,  some 
growing  on  the  margin  of  the  water,  as  the  forget-me-not  of 
the  old  world  and  the  cardinal  flower  ;  others  are  common 
on  high  grassy  banks.     Many  meadow  plants  are  also  found 
along  water  courses,  and  species  with  fine  leaves,  such  as 
sweet  Cicely,  valerian,  and  Heracleum,  are  not  uncommon. 
All  can  be  established  in  similar  positions  in  parks  and 
gardens  with  the  greatest  of  ease,  either  by  planting  or  by 
sowing  fresh  seeds  among  the  grass  early  in  spring.     Some 
species  take  a  couple  of  years  to  reach  a  flowering  size. 

T lie  following  grow  on  grassy  banks:  Bugle,  penny- 
wort, buttercups,  blue-buttons,  globe-flower,  trumpet-weed, 
tall  meadow  rue,  meadow-sweet,  day  lilies,  great  ox-eye 
daisy.  On  the  margin  of  water ;  Forget-me-not,  spearwort, 
cardinal  flower,  bee  balm,  mimulus,  marsh  marigold,  water 
trefoil,  and  flags  (Iris)  of  several  species. 

6.  Bog  Plants. — These    are    common    plants  of    moist 
peat-bogs,  which  may  be  grown  in  rich  and  low  ground  ou 
the  shores  of  a  small  stream,  or  in  specially  prepared  beds  in 
a  rockery.      The  bird's-eye  primrose  and  the  grass  of  Par- 
nassus may  be  sown  or  planted  in  large  masses  among  the 
grass  in  moist  lawns,  but  larger  species  such  as  wild  calla, 
veratrum,  many  orchids  and  ferns  do  best  in  boggy  ground 
near  a  river  or  lake.     Other  beautiful  plants  of  this  class 
are  golden  senecio,  Jeft'ersonia,  Welsh  poppy,  and  the  bog 


102        ©n  tbe  proper  "Qse  of  Herbaceous  plants. 

bean  or  water  trefoil,  which  is  best  grown  on  the  margin  of 
a  shallow  stream. 

7.  Water  Plants. — Ornamental  water  plants  may  be  di- 
vided into  three  distinct    classes  according  to  their  habit 
and  place  of  growth.     1.     With  floating  leaves:    water-lily, 
Hydrocharis,  Aponagaton,  Alisma  natans,  Limnocharis,  and 
Nuphar — all  growing  in  more  or  less  deep  water.     2.    With 
erect    leaves :      Sagittaria,     water    violet,    flowering    rush 
lotus  and    the    water-flag,    which    grow   in    more    or    less 
shallow  water  near  the  shore.     3.  Species  not  Tooting  in  tlie 
ground:  bladder  wort,  E.ichornia,  and  several  unimportant 
floating  plants.     The  first  two  kinds  delight  in  rich,  muddy 
soil  composed  of  decaying  vegetable  matter,  but  will  also 
do  well  when  planted  in  beds  of  good  loam.     The  upright 
forms  are  generally  found  growing  in  small  tufts  here  and 
there  in  shallow  water. 

8.  Rock  Plants. — Eock    plants    are    among    the    most 
beautiful  of  all  herbaceous  plants.      They  are  generally  of 
dwarf  and  compact  habit,  with  large  flowers  and  compara- 
tively small,  often  fleshy,  leaves.     Some  grow  in  the  deep 
shade  of  rocky  woods,  as  those  mentioned  among  woodland 
flowers ;  others  enjoy  the  full  sunlight  and  grow  profusely 
in  Alpine  regions  in  crevices  of  rocks  or  in  deep  pockets  of 
soil  formed  by  decaying  vegetable  matter.     Many  are  found 
in  moist  and  shady  places  along  mountain  streams  where 
the  spray  of  running  water  keeps  them  continually  moist 
and    cool.     No  '  park  or   garden  should  be    without    rock 
plants.     In  hot  countries  species  which  naturally  grow  in  the 
bright  sunlight   and  pure  air  of  mountain  regions   require 
partial  sliade  and  abundant   watering  in  summer,  and  can 


io4        ©n  tbe  proper  "dse  of  Iberbaceous  plants. 

hardly  be  naturalized.  But  they  well  deserve  to  be  grown 
even  at  the  expense  of  considerable  labor,  for  the  sake  of 
their  delicate  beauty.  Many  rock  plants,  on  the  other  hand, 
may  be  naturalized  in  crevices  of  rocks  filled  with  deep 
layers  of  leaf  mould  or  in  rocky  woods  as  previously  shown 
in  this  chapter.  Among  the  most  desirable  for  natural- 
izing are:  In  sunny  positions:  Stone  crops,  saxifrages, 


FIQ.56.— DWARF  MULLEIN  (R4MONDIA  PY3-INAI3A)       A   TYPI'AL  ROCK    PLANT. 

houseleek,  rock  cress,  Erysimum,  whitlaw  grass,  Alyssurn 
saxatile,  creeping  phlox,  purple  rock  cress,  Erinus,  cham- 
pion, candytuft,  Linaria  alpina,  several  columbines,  and 
Opuntia.  In  half  shady  positions  :  Silene,  several  species, 
Dianthus,  aster,  Hieracium,  yellow  chamomile,  bellflowers, 
Epimeditim,  Heuchera,  many  anemones,  potentillas,  ranuncu- 
lus, several  species  of  Primula,  Tunica,  Ramondia,  and 
numerous  ferns. 


IX. 

THE  LAWN. 

BEAUTIFUL  lawn  should  be  the  most  im- 
portant feature  of  every  city  and  suburban 
garden.  Where  the  space  is  limited,  little 
can  be  done  in  the  way  of  planting  and  beauti- 
fying the  ground,  but  if  there  are  only  a  few 
square  feet  of  soft,  velvety  grass  in  front  of  the  city  resi- 
dence, the  place  looks  so  much  the  more  pleasant  and  home- 
like. In  making  a  lawn,  the  first  thing  to  be  done  should 
be  to  examine  the  surface  soil,  and  if  necessary  improve  it 
to  a  sufficient  depth.  We  take  it  for  granted  that  the 
drainage  and  grading  of  the  soil  have  been  done  according 
to  previous  instructions,  and  that  it  is  only  with  the  surface 
itself  we  have  to  do  at  present.  At  the  same  time,  the  con- 
dition of  the  subsoil  and  the  more  or  less  pronounced  variety 
of  the  ground  have  a  great  deal  to  do  with  the  permanence 
and  beauty  of  the  lawn.  Where  the  subsoil  is  very  light 
and  gravelly,  the  ground  is  apt  to  dry  up  more  suddenly 
than  where  it  is  of  a  more  or  less  clayey  nature.  High 
knolls  if  exposed  will  dry  up  more  quickly  than  a  plane 
or  but  slightly  undulating  surface.  Grounds  situated  on  a 

105 


106  Ube  Xawru 

natural  meadow  or  in  a  level  field  near  a  lake  or  river  are 
less  liable  to  suffer  from  drought  than  those  situated  on  a 
higher  level  or  on  a  hillside.  As  to  the  nature  of  the  sur- 
face soil  itself,  a  sandy  loam  will  make  the  best  and  most 
durable  lawn.  Where  the  soil  is  sandy  or  gravelly,  too 
much  cannot  be  done  to  enrich  it  by  means  of  additions  of 
rich  loam  and  thick  dressings  of  manure.  The  surface  soil 
should  be  rich  and  friable  to  a  depth  of  at  least  eighteen 
inches.  The  more  liable  a  place  is  to  the  exposure  of  ex- 
cessive heat  and  drought,  the  more  thoroughly  should  the 
ground  be  worked  and  prepared  before  sodding  and  sowing, 
as  a  porous,  well- worked  soil  will  retain  moisture  much 
longer  than  a  badly-worked,  close,  and  heavy  soil.  It  is 
therefore  a  good  practice  to  dig  and  break  up  the  soil  to  a 
sufficient  depth,  after  the  grading  has  been  done,  without 
disturbing  the  general  surface  of  the  ground.  The  soil 
must  be  worked  fine  by  means  of  a  stout  iron  rake.  Of 
course  where  deep  fillings  of  good  soil  have  been  deposited 
this  digging  is  seldom  necessary,  but  where  the  fillings  are 
thin  it  is  essential  that  they  should  be  worked  in  and  mixed 
with  the  old  soil,  as  they  would  otherwise  form  a  layer  by 
themselves  insufficient  to  resist  even  short  spells  of  dry 
weather.  By  subsoiling,  during  which  operation  plenty  of 
manure  is  dug  in  and  mixed  with  the  soil  to  a  depth  of 
two  or  three  feet,  even  the  poorest  and  least  promising  soil 
may  be  improved.  Light  soil  is  made  more  solid  in  this 
way,  and  heavy  clay,  if  mixed  with  turfy  loam,  decayed 
manure,  and  sand  or  gravel,  may  be  made  quite  porous. 

If  the  soil  is  considered  satisfactory  in  every  way  and 
has  been  thoroughly  worked,  and  the  trees  and  shrubs  are 


2Lawn. 


107 


planted,  we  may  proceed  to  make  the  lawn  by  means  of 
sodding  and  sowing.  Sods  may  be  procured  from  an  old 
clean  pasture,  or  from  a  good  lawn.  They  should  be  cut 
in  long  narrow  strips  about  ten  inches  wide,  two  inches 
thick,  and  five  or  six  feet  long,  which  can  be  rolled  together 
as  showrn  in  A,  Fig.  57.  They  must  be  cut  quite  even  and 
with  clean  edges  throughout  their  length.  A  large  number 


FIG.  57.     A.— METHOD  OF  CUTTING  AND  ROLLING  SODS.     B.— SECTION  OF  THE 
EDGE  OF  A  LAWN,   SODDED. 


\-\ 

may  be  marked  out  at  a  time,  and  a  straight  board  or  a  line 
may  be  used  in  guiding  the  spade.  A  special  thin  iron 
with  a  sharp  edge  is  best  for  the  cutting,  but  if  this  cannot 
be  had  an  old  and  sharp  steel  spade  may  be  used.  Sod- 
cutters  drawn  by  horses  are  used  by  many  if  an  unusually 
large  quantity  is  required,  but  sods  cut  by  means  of  an  iron 
are  better  and  easier  to  handle.  In  sodding  the  edge  of  a 


108  Ube  OLawn. 

lawn  as  shown  in  B,  Fig.  57,  care  must  be  taken  to  make 
the  edge  equally  high  above  the  surface  of  the  walk  at  all 
parts.  If  the  sod  is  uneven,  loose  soil  must  be  put  in 
under  all  thin  places,  and  the  soil  may  either  be  cut  away 
where  the  sod  is  too  thick  or  scooped  out  of  the  ground 
beneath  the  turf.  A  thin  and  sharp  knife  is  used  to  fit  the 
edges  together,  and  for  loosening  the  soil  a  rake  with  a 
short  handle  is  useful.  Before  the  sods  are  placed  in  posi- 
tion the  surface  to  be  sodded  must  be  quite  firm  and  even. 
When  a  number  of  sods  have  beer*  put  down,  the  shovel 
or  rammer  should  be  used  to  make  the  surface  perfectly 
level.  A  mallet  may  be  advantageously  used  for  the  same 


FIG.  58.     SECTION  OF  A  TERRACE.     A.— SODS.     B.— SEEDED  GROUND.     C  —WALK. 

purpose.  Sodding  is  chiefly  done  to  make  edges  along 
walks  and  drives  or  around  flower-beds  and  shrubberries, 
but  if  a  lawn  is  wanted  quickly  the  whole  surface  may  be 
covered  in  this  manner.  Terraces  and  steep  inclines  should 
be  sodded  if  it  can  be  done.  The  manner  of  sodding  a 
terrace  and  along  the  edges  of  a  walk  is  shown  in  several 
diagrams  (Figs.  57  and  58).  The  surface  of  the  sod  when  a 
lawn  is  finished  should  be  on  a  level  with  the  seeded 
ground. 

The  grade  of  a  terrace  or  other  sloping  lawn  ought  not 
to  exceed  an  angle  of  forty-five  degrees,  and  here  the  strips 
of  sod  should  be  placed  from  top  to  bottom,  not  length  wise. 


SLawn.  109 

Sometimes,  on  very  steep  grades,  it  becomes  necessary  to 
fasten  the  turfs  by  means  of  pegs  driven  through  them  into 
the  ground.  Such  places,  which  are  liable  to  dry  up  very 
quickly,  should  be  thoroughly  watered  occasionally,  until 
the  grass  is  fully  established. 

If  all  edges  have  been  made  in  the  above  manner,  we 
may  proceed  to  sow  the  remaining  parts  of  the  lawn.  It  is 
imperative  that  the  soil  .should  be  perfectly  firm,  with  an 
even  surface.  It  must  have  been  thoroughly  worked  pre- 
viously, but  if  it  is  spaded  immediately  before  sowing,  suc- 
cess is  doubly  certain,  for  then  it  will  retain  sufficient  mois- 
ture until  the  grass  has  commenced  to  grow  nicely.  The 
sowing  should  take  place  on  a  calm  day,  as,  if  the  weather 
is  windy,  the  smallest  and  lightest  seeds  will  be  blown  in 
all  directions. 

Some  kinds  of  grasses  grow  best  in  shade,  others  in 
open  places ;  a  few  will  do  well  on  sandy  and  sterile  soil, 
while  the  majority  are  found  in  rich  fields  and  meadows. 
The  varieties  commonly  used  for  lawns  are :  English  rye 
grass  (Lolium  perenne  and  Lolium  perenne  tenuum) ;  the 
Kentucky  blue  or  meadow  grass  (  Poapratensis),  the  smaller 
meadow  grass  (  Poa  trivialis),  wood  meadow  grass  (Poa  ne- 
moral/is),  timothy  (Phleum  pratense),  tufted  hair-grass  (Air a 
ccespitosa),  the  crested  grass  (Gynosyrus  cristatus),  the  sweet- 
smelling  spring  grass  (Anthoxanthum  odoratum),  and  or- 
chard grass  (Dactylis  glomemta),  all  growing  in  rich  and 
fertile  soil.  The  red-top  (Agrostis  vulgar  is),  the  hard  fes- 
cue (Festuca  duri'uscula),  the  sheep-grass  (Pestuca  ovina), 
and  the  bent-grass  (Agrostis  stolonifera),  do  well  on  light 
and  gravelly  soil.  Besides  these  the  white  clover  (Trifoliun 


Xawn. 


repens)  is  used  to  a  limited  extent  in  all  lawn-grass  mix- 
tures. If  it  is  desired  to  form  a  meadow  or  field  with  a 
number  of  flowers  growing  among  the  grass,  many  dwarf 
and  fine-leaved  herbaceous  plants  may  be  sown  at  the  same 
time  as  the  grass.  Among  the  best  of  these  for  open  and 
sunny  positions  in  rich  soil  are  :  the  bluet  (Houstonia 
cceruled),  the  milkwort  (Polygala  vulgaris,  P.  comosa), 
the  yellow  star-grass  (Hypoxis  erecta),  the  maiden-pink 
(Dianthus  deltoides),  bird's-eye  primrose  (Primula  farinosa) 
in  moist  ground,  and  the  blue  speedwell  (  Veronica  chamce- 
drys)  ;  beneath  trees  and  shrubs  :  the  lesser  celandine 
(Ranunculus  ficaria),  the  harebell  (Campanula  rotundi- 
folia),  spring  beauty  (Claytonia  virginicd),  purple  phlox 
(Phlox  divaricata),  babes-in-the-wood  (Polygala  pauciflora), 
white  windflower  (Anemone  nemorosa),  golden  windflower 
(Anemone  ranunculoides),  lily-of-the-valley  (Convallaria 
majalis)  and  the  cowslip  (Primula  veris)  ;  in  gravelly  soil, 
open  and  sunny  positions,  sandy  shores,  etc.  :  the  sea-pink 
(Armeria  vidgaris  and  cephalotes),  sand-pink  (Dianthus 
arenarius),  bird's-foot  trefoil  (Lotus  corniculatus),  mouse, 
ear  (Cerastium  Hiebersteinii),  golden  eternelle  (Helichrysum 
arenariuni),  saudwort  (Arenarid),  wild  thyme  (Thymus 
serpyllum  —  Thymus  chamcedrys)  and  creeping  lead  wort 
(Plumbago  larpcntce). 

The  following  is  an  excellent  lawn-grass  mixture  for 
ordinary  use  :  two  parts  English  rye  grass,  one  part 
Kentucky  blue,  and  one  part  red-top  ;  for  moist  ground: 
one  part  English  rye  grass,  two  parts  Kentucky  blue,  one 
part  smaller  meadow  grass,  one  part  meadow  fox-tail 
(Alopecurus  pratensis),  and  one  part  spring  grass;  for  dr\ 


Ube  Xaww*  m 

ground:  one  part  English  rye  grass,  two  parts  hard  fescuer 
two  parts  red-top,  one  part  tufted  hair-grass,  and  one  part 
each  of  bent  and  crested  grass ;  for  shady  positions :  one 
part  orchard  grass,  two  parts  wood  meadow  grass,  one  part 
bent  grass,  and  one  part  Miliuin  effusum,  with  a  good 
admixture  of  harebell  and  other  fine-leaved  and  tufted 
flowers.  To  all  these  mixtures  may  be  added  a  small 
quantity  of  white  clover.  The  different  seeds  which  vary 
greatly  in  size  must  be  thoroughly  mixed  before  sowing. 
One  acre  of  ground  requires  fifty  or  sixty  pounds  to  make 


FIG.  59.— LAWN  WITH  ROUNDED   SURFACE. 


a  good  lawn,  or  in  smaller  areas  a  pound  and  a  half  to  a 
hundred  square  yards — a  plot  of  land  ten  yards  by  ten. 

If  the  lawn  has  been  properly  made  and  the  weather  ia 
favorable,  the  grass  will  soon  grow  and  require  cutting 
The  first  cutting  should  be  done  with  a  sharp  scythe,  as 
carefully  as  possible,  after  which  a  good  rolling  is  bene- 
ficial. Watering  or  sprinkling  when  needed  should  be  done 
in  a  thorough  manner  ;  no  merely  superficial  sprinkling  will 
benefit  the  grass.  The  watering  is  best  done  by  means  of 
lawn-sprinklers,  and  the  water  pipes  should  be  laid  so  as  to 
admit  of  easy  access  to  all  parts  of  the  lawn  and  garden.., 

When  the  lawn  after  some  time  becomes  worn  and  im- 
poverished, dressings  of  artificial  manures  thinly  sown  .over 


112 


the  surface  in  spring,  or  dressings  of  stable  manure  late  in 
fall,  will  be  needed.  Blood  and  bone,  fish  guano,  bone  dust, 
and  nitrate  of  soda  are  among  the  best  for  this  purpose, 
and  should  be  applied  in  spring  after  the  lawns  have  been 
swept  clean  of  leaves  and  other  matter.  If  after  an  un- 


FIG.  60.— LAWN  FORMING  A  SHALLOW  DELL. 


usually  severe  winter  bare  spots  should  be  found  on  the 
lawn,  sodding  or  sowing  to  cover  up  these  defects  should 
be  done  as  early  as  the  weather  permits. 

To  a  great  extent  the  character  and  beauty  of  a  garden 
depend  on  the  lawn.     A  level  lawn  gives  an  impression  of 


FIG.   61.— UNDULATED   LAWN. 


peace  and  quiet ;  an  undulating  one  wears  an  expression  of 
cheerfulness.  Gardens  with  well  trimmed,  close  and  velvety 
lawns  are  beautiful  and  attractive,  but,  nevertheless,  they 


Ube 


are  not  more  natural  than  were  formerly  the  creations  of 
old  Maitre  Lenotre.  But  when  the  lawn  adopts  the  choicest 
flowers  of  field  and  meadow,  and  shrubberies  and  thickets 
are  filled  with  woodland  blossoms,  then  the  garden  becomes, 
as  far  as  our  impressions  are  concerned,  a  part  of  nature  it- 
self. Then  the  lawns  should  mingle  with  thicket  and  grove 
to  produce  rich  effects  of  light  and  shade,  and,  as  in  nature, 
small  groups  of  trees  and  shrubs  and  single  specimen  plants 
should  be  found  on  the  lawns,  like  so  many  outposts  of  the 
wood.  For  such  specimens  we  select  the  choicest  of  plants 


FIQ.  62.-CROCUS,  GROWING  IN  THE  QrtASS. 

at  our  disposal,  weeping  beech  and  birch,  trees  with  finely 
incised  foliage,  and  the  most  beautiful  flowering  shrubs,  or 
rare  varieties  of  evergreen  trees.  But  the  lawn  must  not  be 
encumbered  with  too  many  plants ;  large  trees  especially  are 
apt  to  injure  the  grass.  When  such  trees  are  found  on  a 
place  and  it  is  not  desirable  to  remove  them,  effective  wood- 
land scenes  may  be  established  in  the  thin  grass  below. 
Ivy,  wintergreen,  periwinkle,  and  such  bulbous  plants  as 
scillas,  daffodils,  wild  hyacinths,  and  dog-tooth  violets  are 
especially  useful  for  this  purpose.  In  sunny  spots  on  the 


lawn  irregular  patches  of  snowdrop,  crocus,  and  meadow 
saffron  may  be  planted  before  sowing  the  lawn.  For  such 
plants  the  soil  must  be  made  as  rich  and  light  and  porous 
as  possible  to  the  depth  of  a  foot  or  eighteen  inches.  The 
flowers  should  be  more  crowded  in  the  central  parts  of  the 
group  and  become  less  numerous  towards  the  edges  where 
the  group  mingles  with  the  lawn.  When  the  flowers  are 
out  of  season  in  such  places  the  surface  should  present  the 
appearance  of  a  common  lawn.  These  little  patches  of 
various  bright  colors  heralding  the  approach  of  summer 
form  as  pleasant  a  feature  of  the  lawn  as  any. 


X. 

ROCKS   AND   WATER. 

>  MONG  the  most  attractive  natural  effects 
which  it  is  possible  to  produce  artificially  in 
a  garden  are  those  enchanting  glimpses  of 
rocks  and  water  frequently  seen  in  mountain 
regions  along  streams  and  rivulets. 
Rocks  and  water  form  a  most  happy  combination  in 
nature ;  wherever  a  stream  cuts  its  way  through  a  narrow 
ravine,  the  eroded  and  crumbling  rocks  form  themselves 
into  masses  of  the  most  picturesque  beauty,  and  sustain  a 
varied  and  wonderful  vegetation. 

In  designing  rockeries,  it  is  vain  for  us  to  attempt  to 
construct  any  of  the  larger  masses  that  appeal  to  us  more 
through  their  grandeur  than  through  their  beauty.  The 
chief  object  is  to  create  a  pleasing  variety  within  a  limited 
area,  and  to  provide  a  congenial  soil  for  alpine  plants.  In 
minor  places,  rockeries  may  be  formed  on  a  very  small 
scale  on  a  narrow  sloping  piece  of  lawn,  on  the  sides  of  a 
mound,  or  where  a  slight  cut  has  been  made  for  a  drive  or 
walk.  In  a  more  complete  state  the  rockery  should  pro- 
vide many  opportunities  for  the  display  of  water ;  here  a 


i6 


anfc  Mater* 


mountain  rill  falling  over  a  narrow  ledge  and  forming 
glassy  sheets  of  water  below,  rivulets  bursting  forth  among 
stones  and  boulders,  streams  with  pebbly  bottom  sur- 
rounded by  small  bogs  and  meadows. 

To  make  this  scenery  attractive  in  a  limited  area  re- 
quires considerable  skill  and  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
materials  used,  whether  it  be  plants  or  stones  and  building 
materials,  as  also  a  taste  cultivated  by  a  close  and  intimate 
study  of  nature. 

The  site  must  be  selected  where  the  rocks  and  water 
will  be  in  entire  harmony  with  the  surroundings.  If  the 


FIQ.  63.— ROCKY  SUMMIT  OF  A  KNOLL. 


rockery  is  constructed  on  elevated  ground,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  63,  water  is  out  of  the  question,  and  the  work  should 
be  of  the  most  simple  nature.  A  few  rocks  may  rise  in  a 
natural  manner  as  if  forming  the  skeleton  of  the  hill.  For 
rockeries  of  this  isolated  kind  plants  of  a  rigid  habit  and  of 
a  sunloving  nature,  such  as  yucca,  sunrose  (Heliantliemum, 
Oistus),  rock  cress  (Arabia),  savin,  arid  wild  thyme  are  pref- 
erable to  all  others. 

An  excellent  place  for  a  rockery  is  a  glen  or   ravine 


an&  Water*  117 


overgrown  with  a  wood  of  trees  of  light  foliage.  The  rocks 
may  here  be  imbedded  on  the  steep  sides  as  if  tumbled 
down  from  time  to  time  during  the  formation  of  the  ravine, 
and  loose  bowlders  may  be  placed  in  the  bottom,  forming 
imaginary  remains  of  a  river-bed.  Here  ferns  of  all  classes 
and  such  delicate  plants  as  the  diadem  flower  (Tiarella),  the 
shooting-star  (Dodecatheori),  mitre- 
wort  (Mitella),  hepatica,  Solomon's- 
seal  (Polygonatum),  and  flowers  of 
rocky  woods,  such  as  the  ginseng  FIQ.  G^-SANDSTONE  ROCKS  PRO- 

x     ;          7.  x  MI        r>       i  TRUDINQ  THROUGH  A  HILLSIDE. 

(Aralia    racemosa),    will    lind    a 

natural  home,  besides  many  of  the  finest  vines  and  creepers. 
More  extensive  rockeries  can  be  built  on  a  steep  hill- 
side, or  on  the  banks  of  small  lakes  or  rivers,  where  the 
necessary  material  is  easy  to  obtain.  A  hillside  will  form  a 
natural  and  suitable  back- 
ground, and  the  work  may 
be  made  to  imitate  nature  in 
the  best  way  possible,  for  it 

FIQ.    65.—  SECTION    OF    A  SUNKEN  WALK 

is   on   such   declivities   that  WITH  ROCKY  SIDES- 

cliffs  and  masses  of  broken  rocks  are  most  often  seen  in 

mountain  regions. 

If  no  such  background  can  be  had,  and  the  rockeries 
are  to  be  built  on  almost  level  ground  on  the  sides  of  a 
slightly  sunken  walk,  dark-leaved  evergreens,  such  as  rho- 
dodendrons, pine,  spruce,  and  hemlock,  should  be  planted 
to  form  the  necessary  background,  to  make  a  connecting 
link  between  the  smooth  lawn  and  the  picturesque  rocks, 
and  to  modify  the  contrast  between  the  two. 

In  small  places,  rockeries  may  be  built  about  the  corner 


us  IRocfes  anfc  Mater. 

of  a  house  or  on  both  sides  of  the  steps  with  the  foundation 
of  the  house  for  a  background.  These  would,  however, 

look  out  of  place  if  the  walls  of 
the  house  were  built  of  wood. 
Such  miniature  rockeries  should 
be  simple,  unpretentious  affairs 

FIQ.   66.— SMALL  ROCKERY  AGAINST  i  i       •«        • 

A  WALL.  that  can  be   built  in  a  day  or 

two  without  any  heavy  outlay.  A  cart-load  of  stones  a 
foot  in  diameter  or  less,  stones  left  by  the  masons  after  the 
construction  of  a  house,  clinkers,  and  pieces  of  brickwork 
from  an  old  wall  are  among  the  materials  that  can  be  used. 
Rockeries  should  have  a  thorough  drainage  and  con- 
genial soil  for  all  classes  of  dwarf  herbaceous  perennials 
and  rock-plants,  from  the  stone-crops,  that  delight  to  grow 
in  an  imperceptible  crevice  of  a  calcareous  rock,  sending 

their  roots  below  to  some 
hidden  source  of  moist- 
ure, to  the  prim  auricula 
that  seeks  a  moist,  mossy 

FIQ.  67.— ROCKY  BANK  OF  A  RIVULET.  plaC6     by     tll6     edge     of     Si 

mountain  stream.  The  materials  used  in  the  actual  con- 
struction are  of  various  nature ;  granite  bowlders,  sand- 
stone blocks,  masses  of  overburnt  bricks,  and  segments  of 
old  walls — mortar  and  all— can  be  used  to  advantage. 
For  the  borders  of  cisterns  and  small  sheets  of  water  gen- 
erally, tuff  stone  and  coral  are  excellent  materials  when 
they  can  be  obtained.  Sandstone  and  calcareous  rocks  are 
most  desirable,  as  all  classes  of  plants  will  succeed  best  on 
and  among  these ;  they  form  many  cracks  and  crevices  in 
which  numerous  rock-plants  will  lodge  and  grow  to  per- 


TRocfes  anfc  Mater*  119 

fection  in  a  moist  place.  Tree  roots  and  large  stems  are 
hardly  in  keeping  with  the  nature  of  a  rockery ;  to  most 
people  they  are  ugly  and  objectionable,  even  when  moder- 
ately used.  A  slight  mound  of  soil  forms  the  main  body 
of  the  rockery,  and  in  this  the  various  bowlders  and  stones 
should  be  imbedded  more  or  less  deeply,  closer  together 
here,  there,  far  apart  and  in  different  positions.  The  ele- 
vation must  not  be  uniform.  Isolated  blocks  should  form 
bold  masses  in  places,  and  dark  caves  may  be  constructed 
in  wider  and  higher  parts  among  the  rocks.  Such  caves 
are  often  desirable  for  the  culture  of  certain  classes  of 
ferns.  In  other  parts  the  rockery  may  be  quite  low  and 
depressed,  formed  of  smaller  and  scattered  stones  only. 
Vertical  rocks  may  be  made  to  enclose  wet  and  boggy 
ground  in  which  moisture-loving  plants  will  thrive  and 
form  a  special  feature.  Plants  desirable  for  this  purpose 
are  moccasin -flower  (Cypripediurri),  purple  orchis,  Denta- 
rias,  flower  of  parnassus  (Parnassia  palustris),  Gentians, 
and  forget-me-nots.  A  tiny  stream  of  water  may  wind  in 
and  out  among  the  flowers,  either  falling  over  the  cliffs  or 
welling  forth  from  beneath  a  block  or  stone. 

A  heavy  and  characterless  heap  of  stone,  filled  in  with 
ordinary  soil,  is  satisfactory  neither  in  an  ideal  nor  a  practical 
sense.     The  separate  crevices  or 
"pockets"  should  be  filled  with 
specially  prepared  soil,  different 
for   different    classes    of  plants. 
For  most  true  rock-plants  a  light,      F1Q- 68-- SECTION  OF  A  ROCKERY. 
sandy  soil  mixed  with  old  mortar  and  brick  rubbish  is 
satisfactory.     Others  require  a  richer  and  lighter  compost 


120  IRocfes  ant)  Water, 

with  plenty  of  peat  or  leaf -mould  mixed  in.  This  soil,  when 
used,  must  be  firmly  packed  down  to  the  surface  of  the 
bottom  soil,  as  it  will  dry  up  very  quickly  if  it  is  separated 
in  the  least.  The  crevices  and  pockets  should  be  vertical 
or  oblique,  capable  of  catching  rain  and  of  letting  off  super- 
fluous moisture. 

In  planting  the  rockery,  none  but  suitable  and  charac- 
teristic species  should  be  selected.  All  the  coarser  herba- 
ceous plants  are  better  excluded,  the  dwarfer  forms  being 
preferable,  and  these  also  should  be  proportionate  in  size 
and  in  harmony  with  the  position  of  the  rockery,  as  it  may 
be  located  either  in  a  shady  wood  or  in  a  perfectly  open 
and  sunny  place.  Shrubs  and  subshrubs  of  a  dwarf  habit 
are  appropriate,  such  as  berberis,  cotoneaster,  many  of  the 
choicest  ericaceous  plants,  dwarf  conifers ;  and  among  vines 
and  creepers,  ivy,  perewinkle,  matrimony  vine,  periploca, 
and  climbing  roses.  No  plants  should  be  allowed  to  en- 
tirely overgrow  and  hide  the  picturesque  outlines  of  the 
rocks. 

Water  in  a  small  garden  cannot,  as  a  matter  of  course, 
be  very  elaborate  in  design.  A  transparent  miniature  lake, 
or  a  pebbly  stream,  oval  or  circular  cisterns  with  a  more  or 
less  regular  outline,  and  playing  fountains,  may  all  be 
formed  artificially.  But  when  the  ground  has  such  natural 
advantages  as  a  lake  or  river  shore,  or  a  small  brook,  much 
can  be  done  to  enhance  their  beauty  and  to  modify  the 
banks  and  shores  if  they  are  too  steep  or  too  formal.  Such 
modification  may  involve  considerable  work,  but  as  a  rule 
much  can  be  done  by  taking  advantage  of  any  depression 
in  the  ground  that  may  be  deepened  without  too  arduous 


THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


IRocfes  anD  Mater. 


121 


labor  and  by  filling  in  the  excavated  soil  in  near-by  places 
where  the  shore  is  higher. 

The  shore  may  be  either  a  gradual,  grassy  slope  or  an 
abrupt  and  rocky  declivity  or  a  combination  of  both. 
Where  the  water  widens  into  small  bays  the  shores  are  gen- 
erally low  and  level,  forming  soft  lawns  or  grassy  meadows. 
A  considerable  sheet  of  water  when  formal  and  rounded 
in  outline  will  look  small  and  insignificant  especially  if 
bordered  by  a  tall  growth  of  trees,  whereas  small  bodies  of 


FIQ.  69.— PONDLIKE   CISTERN  WITH    FOUNTAIN. 

water  will  look  much  larger  than  they  really  are  if  the 
shores  are  of  a  sinuous  outline  and  hidden  from  view  in 
parts,  and  if  the  surface  of  the  soil  is  but  slightly  elevated 
above  the  water,  with  very  gradual  slopes.  The  effect  will 
in  all  cases  be  modified  either  favorably  or  unfavorably,  by 
plantations  of  trees  and  shrubs.  The  trees  must  of  neces- 
sity be  proportionate  to  the  width  and  extent  of  the  water. 
Low  and  bold  promontories  may  be  planted  with  such 
light-foliaged  trees  as  birch  or  willow,  with  the  trunks  ex- 
posed to  view  in  places  and  admitting  of  glimpses  of  water 
through  the  foliage  and  between  the  trunks ;  open  lawns 


i22  IRocfes  anfc  Mater. 

unincumbered  with  trees  and  shrubs  should  descend  to  the 
edge  of  coves  and  bays.  In  other  words,  the  plantations 
should  chiefly  be  on  the  protruding  bluffs  of  land,  and 
where  the  land  retreats  few  or  no  plants  should  be  seen. 

Among  trees  that  are  especially  effective  on  shores  are  the 
numerous  varieties  of  willow  including  the  weeping  willow, 
dogwood,  white  alder,  arrowwood,  elder,  and  Andromeda, 
while  vines  such  as  the  virgin's  bower,  wild  cucumber, 

bryony,  and  honeysuckle  may  be  planted  among  the  shrub- 
bery to  form  natural  thickets.  The  shore,  if  muddy  and 
slimy,  should  be  covered  with  pebbles,  gravel,  or  coarse 
sand,  and  wide  stretches  of  sandy  shore  may  be  made  on 
which  the  choicest  of  maritime  plants  and  many  showy  bul- 
bous flowers  will  be  at  home. 

The  bottom  of  small  artificial  ponds  can  be  made  of  solid 

concrete.     This  should  be 
£  hidden  by  coral,  tuff  stone, 
and  pebbles  and  the  grassy 

FIG.  70.— SECTION  OF  SMALL  ARTIFICIAL  STREAM  J 

WITH  CONCRETE  BOTTOM  ;  ROCKY  BANKS.  or  rocky  banks  may  be 
made  to  hide  its  artificial  construction.  The  edges  must 
here  be  built  with  care  as  the  whole  impression  depends 
upon  a  natural  appearance.  Inlets  and  outlets  must  be  pro- 
vided for  the  water  which  can  be  supplied  by  the  general 
waterworks  in  the  ordinary  way;  it  will  then  be  possible  to 
renew  the  water  occasionally.  Round  cisterns  so  often  used 

in  small  gardens  must  be  emptied 
in  autumn  before  the  frosts  set 
in,  and  may  be  converted  into 

FIG.  71.— SAME  AS  70;   WITH  GRASSY 

BANKS.  beds   of   evergreen    shrubs    and 

creepers  for  the  winter  season. 


124  IRocfes  ant)  Mater. 

As  a  special  and  important  feature  of  water  scenery  the 
exquisitely  beautiful  flowers  of  pond  and  stream  should  be 
grown  in  suitable  places.  But  they  must  never  be  allowed 
to  cover  up  the  surface  entirely  or  to  form  too  thick  and 
crowded  masses.  Some  of  the  finest  of  all  flowers  grow  in 
water  or  on  lake  and  river  shores  ;  the  yellow  flag  and  many 
other  forms  of  iris,  the  wild  calla,  the  cardinal  flower 
(Lobelia  cardinalis  audfulgens),  the  water  violet  (Hottonia 
palustris),  and  forget-me-not  will  grow  on  moist  shores; 
the  many  varieties  of  pond  lilies,  the  lotus  (Nelumbi'Wm 


FIQ.  73.— SECTION  OF  ARTIFICIAL  WATER  WITH  CONCRETE  BOTTOM,  ROCKY  BANKS, 

AND    FOUNTAIN. 

speciosum),  the  water  poppy  (Hydrocharis  Humboldtii\  the 
water  crowfoot  with  its  feathery  and  three-lobed  leaves  and 
numerous  white  flowers,  and  the  fragrant  water  hawthorn, 
in  more  or  less  deep  water.  In  lar^e  ponds  and  lakes  many 
kinds  may  be  established  permanently,  while  the  choicer 
varieties  should  be  planted  in  separate  tubs  and  sunk  to  the 
requisite  depth  near  the  shore.  There  is  a  subtle  charm 
about  all  water  plants ;  the  lily  resting  on  the  bosom  of  a 
lake,  the  golden  flower-de-luce  bathing  its  feet  in  limpid 
water,  and  the  blue-eyed  forget-me-not — all  have  been 
loved  and  sung  by  a  thousand  poets. 


XL 

FLOWER-BEDS  AND  BORDERS. 

LOWER-BEDS  are  chiefly  used  on  smooth  and 
well-kept  lawns  near  the  residence  to  produce 
bright  and  cheerful  effects  by  a  judicious  dis- 
play of  summer  flowers.  These  groups  should 
be  a  source  of  interest  and  enjoyment  from 
the  earliest  spring  days  till  late  in  fall. 

The  first  flowers  to  expand  in  early  spring  are  the  in- 
numerable forms  of  bulbous  plants  with  flowers  of  the  most 
exquisite  and  brilliant  colors,  such  as  tulips,  squills,  crocus, 
hyacinths,  and  daffodils. 

Bulbs  for  spring  display  are  planted  late  in  fall  in  well- 
prepared  beds  of  light  and  rich  soil.  Tulips,  hyacinths, 
and  daffodils  are  planted  from  five  to  six  inches  apart  in 
regular  rows  and  in  separate  beds.  Crocus,  glory  of  the 
snow  (Cliionodoxa),  and  snowflakes  may  be  placed  several 
together  and  in  little  clusters  three  inches  apart.  When 
the  beds  are  prepared  and  the  rows  marked  on  the  ground 
showing  the  place  of  each  bulb  or  cluster  of  bulbs,  the 
planting  may  be  done  by  means  of  a  trowel,  a  dibbler 

(pointed  stick),  or  simply  by  the  hand,  care  being  taken  to 

125 


126  fflowerxiBe&s  ant)  ffiorfcers. 

place  all  bulbs  equally  deep  in  the  soil.  The  covering, 
varying  in  depth  for  different  classes  of  bulbs,  should  never 
be  less  than  three  inches.  After  finishing  planting,  the  beds 
should  be  dressed  with  a  thin  layer  of  clean  horse  manure 
or  tanner's  bark,  to  protect  the  soil  against  sudden  changes 
of  temperature.  This  covering  may  be  removed  in  spring 
as  soon  as  the  bulbs  show  signs  of  growth  ;  the  edge  of  the 
bed  must  then  be  cut  clean  and  the  surface  raked,  as  in  all 
formal  bedding  neatness  and  cleanliness  are  necessary  to 
produce  a  good  effect. 

Bulbs  are  sold  in  both  separate  and  mixed  colors  and 
also  in  named  varieties ;  the  single  ones  are  preferable  to 
the  double  for  all  out-door  use.  Mixed  beds  of  scarlet  and 
yellow  tulips  are  very  pretty.  Crimson  and  white  varieties 
also  make  a  fine  display.  Hyacinths  may  be  mixed,  but  the 
varieties  should  flower  at  the  same  time  to  make  a  good 
show,  and  as  there  is  a  marked  difference  in  their  time  of 
flowering  it  is  best  to  select  a  few  good  varieties  that  flower 
simultaneously  and  arrange  them  with  some  reference  to 
the  harmony  of  color.  Crocuses  look  best  when  mingled 
together  in  a  confusion  of  tints  and  colors,  and  as  for  nar- 
cissi and  daffodils,  they  are  all  yellowr  or  white  and  yellow. 
Oxlips,  cowslips,  primroses,  and  daisies  may  also  be 
used  with  excellent  effect  for  early  spring  bedding.  These, 
as  well  as  all  bulbs,  should  be  removed  carefully  after 
flowering  and  planted  close  together  in  a  shady  place  in  a 
border  or  shrubbery  where  they  will  finish  their  growth 
and  ripen. 

As  soon  as  bulbs  and  other  spring  flowers  have  been  re- 
moved the  material  for  summer  display  should  be  ready  for 


anfc  JBorfcers.  127 


planting.  For  large  places  the  plants  may  be  grown  in  a 
greenhouse  or  warm  frame  ;  for  smaller  cottage  and  city 
gardens  a  sufficient  number  of  geraniums,  heliotrope,  Paris 
daisy,  coleus,  verbenas,  pyrethrum,  pansies,  and  lobelia 
may  be  raised  in  flat  boxes  in  a  light  and  warm  cellar  or 
basement,  or  in  a  kitchen  window,  and  where  this  is  im- 
practicable they  can  be  obtained  from  a  florist  at  a  very 
moderate  cost. 

Of  course  the  beds  have  to  be  prepared  before  the  plant- 
ing is  done.  Then  the  middle  is  first  filled,  row  after  row, 
the  border  being  left  to  the  last.  Large  plants,  such  as 
geraniums,  are  placed  from  eight  to  ten  inches  apart,  and 
smaller  ones  from  three  to  six  inches  apart,  according  to 
size.  These  plants  require  little  or  no  care  after  planting, 
except  an  occasional  watering,  pinching,  or  trimming.  The 
beds  should  be  mulched  with  a  thin  layer  of  well-decayed 
horse  manure. 

Annual  plants  may  also  be  used  with  advantage  for 
summer  bedding  ;  they  are  very  numerous,  and  some  are  ex- 
ceedingly fine.  The  most  permanent  ones  are  :  Stocks, 
Indian  cress,  asters,  zinnias,  phlox,  three-colored  convolvu- 
lus, California  poppy,  Nemophila,  scarlet  flax,  poppies, 
lupins,  Brachycome,  the  white  rocket,  larkspurs,  marigolds, 
and  pinks  of  various  kinds.  None  will  form  a  permanent 
display  throughout  the  season. 

A  beautiful  effect  may  be  produced  by  the  proper  use 
of  inexpensive  foliage-plants  such  as  Whitlavia,  Solanum, 
Perilla,  Ricinus,  Artemesia,  Nicotiana,  golden  feather  pyre- 
thrum,  and  young  seedlings  of  blue  gum  (Eucalyptus),  ar- 
ranged according  to  size  in  circular  or  oval  beds  and 


128  ffloweiXJlSe&s  ant)  JBorfcers. 

bordered  by  some  flowering  plant  such  as  lobelia  or  bed- 
ding violets. 

In  the  arrangement  of  beds  of  these  different  kinds,  a 
charming  effect  may  be  produced  by  planting  low  or  trail- 
ing plants  with  dense,  dark-colored  foliage  or  flowers  as  an 
undergrowth  for  taller  light-colored  plants ;  as,  for  ex- 
ample, the  black-purple  Perilla  in  a  bed  of  blue  gum  ;  blue 
or  violet  verbenas  in  a  bed  of  white  geraniums ;  Sanvit- 
alia  procumbens  in  a  bed  of  Nicotiana  affinis;  Gnaphalium 
lanatum,  Centaurea  maritima  or  Ageratum  in  a  bed  of  Salvia 
spleudeus,  and  so  on.  In  all  such  beds  the  taller  plants 
must  never  be  allowed  to  grow  too  closely  together,  but  the 
bottom  growth  should  be  visible  all  over  the  bed.  Plants 
suitable  for  summer  bedding  will  be  fully  described  in  a 
subsequent  chapter. 

The  border  is  a  special  place  set  apart  for  herbaceous 
plants,  annual  and  perennial,  bulbs,  etc.,  and  is  generally 
located  in  an  out-of-the-way  place  in  the  vegetable 
garden,  in  the  front  of  a  shrubbery,  or  by  the  side  of  a 
house.  The  border  may  be  from  three  to  four  feet  wide, 
seldom  more,  and  the  plants  are  arranged  according  to  their 
size,  the  taller  behind,  the  smaller  in  front,  in  a  free  and  easy 
manner,  with  sufficient  space  for  the  development  of  all. 
A  border,  if  the  plants  have  been  selected  with  care  and  in- 
telligence, will  produce  a  continual  supply  of  cut  flowers 
from  early  in  spring  until  frost  sets  in.  They  should  if  pos- 
sible have  a  suitable  background  of  dark-leaved  trees  or 
shrubs,  a  hedge  or  wall,  and  this  will  also  afford  shelter  and 
protection.  Every  fall  the  soil  should  be  mulched  and  spaded 
carefully  so  as  not  to  disturb  bulbs  or  other  plants.  Bulbs 


anfc  JBorfcers.  129 


should  be  marked  in  some  manner  by  stakes,  or  otherwise. 
In  spring  the  surface  should  be  stirred  and  raked  even  and 
level,  and  when  the  hot  summer  begins  to  scorch  the  ground 
a  good  mulching  of  clean,  decayed  manure  is  absolutely  nec- 
essary in  some  localities.  Some  of  the  taller  plants  will  need 
staking,  and  this  should  be  done  as  neatly  as  possible,  green- 
painted  garden  stakes  and  bamboo  canes  being  preferable 
to  any  other. 

As  early  as  March  or  April  the  border  will  begin  to 
be  a  source  of  interest.  Christmas  roses  and  winter  aconite 
bloom  during  these  months.  Later  on  we  have  the  many 
varieties  of  oxlip,  cowslip,  and  primrose,  the  early  spring 
bulbs,  Lenten  roses,  spring  Adonis  and  Lenten  lilies.  In 
May  we  have  the  anemones  and  windflowers  ;  in  May  and 
June,  columbines,  poet's  narcissus,  bleeding-hearts,  peonies, 
foxgloves,  night  violets,  some  bellflowers,  pinks,  and  lark- 
spurs, followed  by  an  endless  succession  of  poppies,  lilies, 
hollyhocks,  Lychnis,  lupins,  Pentstemons,  and  Ptarmicas, 
and  in  the  late  summer  months  by  marshrnallows  and  the 
thousand  and  one  forms  of  composite  plants. 

A  flower-garden  of  more  or  less  complex  design,  in 
symmetrical  style,  with  narrow  walks  at  straight  angles  and 
square  or  rectangular  beds  for  summer  flowers  and  carpet 
beddings,  is  sometimes  desirable.  It  is  generally  located 
near  the  residence,  enclosed  by  low  hedges  of  box  or  by 
stone  borders  in  harmony  with  the  architecture  of  the  house. 
Where  there  is  a  conservatory  or  greenhouse  the  flower- 
garden  should  form  a  part  of  the  design  around  these 
structures.  Here  the  neatest  and  choicest  of  exotic  plants 
should  be  used  ;  the  dwarfest  and  most  floriferous  kinds  of 


130  fflowerXJBeDs  anfc  Borders. 

flowers,  highly  colored  foliage-plants  of  compact  habit,  and 
subtropical  plants  of  luxurious  growth ;  palms,  bananas, 
cycads,  and  tree-ferns  to  a  limited  extent. 

Mosaic  or  carpet-bedding  is  a  special  class  of  summer 
display.  The  plants  being  dwarf  and  compact  with  highly 
colored  leaves  of  a  silvery  white,  bright  yellow,  vivid  green 
or  various  shades  of  red,  are  planted  so  as  to  form  patterns 
of  mathematical  figures ;  the  circle  and  the  square,  with 
numerous  modifications,  are  the  chief  forms.  It  requires 
both  skill  and  expense  to  produce  good  results,  and  is  only 
kept  up  through  continual  care.  Several  carpet-beds  show- 
ing the  mode  of  arrangement  are  reproduced  in  the  accom- 
panying figure.  As  examples  of  the  plants  used  the  follow- 
ing are  interesting :  Gray  or  silvery  white — Gpaphalium, 
Mesembryanthemum  cordifolium  var.,  Santolina  incana, 
Centaurea  ragusina,  Cineraria  maritima,  Cerastium,  and 
Artemisia;  yellow — Pyrethrum  golden  feather,  several 
coleus,  Alternanthera  p.  aurea;  rose  and  bright  tints  of  crimson 
mixed  with  other  colors — Acalypha,  Coleus,  Alternanthera, 
Irisiue,  and  Achyrauthes  ;  black,  purple,  or  maroon — several 
Coleus,  Perilla,  red-leaved  Oxalis  and  clover;  succulent 
plants — Echeveria,  Sempervivum,  Sedum,  small  century 
plants,  Yucca,  Cordyline,  and  cactus  ;  flowering  plants— 
Lobelia  fulgens  (scarlet),  Lobelia  erinus  (blue  and  white), 
and  Ageratum  (blue  and  white)  ;  sul-tropical  plants — Gre- 
villea,  Acacia  lophanta,  crotons,  abutilons,  screw  pines,  and 
palms. 

Somewhat  distinct  and  extremely  beautiful  effects  are 
produced  by  large-leaved  plants  of  quick  and  robust  growth 
such  as  Musa  ensete,  Wigandia  caracasana,  Aralia  papy- 


jflower*=Be55  anfc  Berbers*  131 

rifera,Canna,Ferdinaudia,  Jacaranda,  Ficus,  Melianthus,  Gre- 
villea,  Acacia  lophanta,  Aralia  chinensis,  Lea  amabilis,  and 
white  variegated  Lavatera.  Even  maize,  giant  hemp,  Bisinus, 
and  Artemisia  are  useful  and  effective  for  this  purpose.  In 


FIG.  74.— FLOWER   BEDS. 

Explanation  :  A,  Parterre. 

1.  A  central  bed  planted  as  follows  :  1.  Areca  lutescens  (specimen  palm).    2. 
Rose-colored  Begonia.     3.  Grevillea  robusta.     4.  White  ageratum.     5.  Viola 
cornuta.     6.  Echeveria. 

2.  Two  rectangular  beds:  1.  Specimen  Dracena  indivisa ;  bottom,  blue 
Ageratum.     2.  Verbenas.     3.  Lobelia  erinus.     4.  Echeveria. 

3.  Circular  beds  :  1.  Centre,  Chamapeuse  in  abed  of  red  Alternanthera.    2. 
Mesembryanthemum  cordifolium  variegatum.     3.  Red-leaved  oxalis. 

4.  Two  beds  :     1.    Scarlet  geraniun.     2.    Rose-colored  geranium.     3.  Blue 
lobelia.     4.  Sempervivum. 

5.  One  bed :  1.  Heliotrope.   2.  Scarlet  geranium.   3.  Dusty  miller.   4.  Sem- 
pervivum. 

B.  Circular  bed:    1.  Salvia  splendens.    2.  Salvia  patens.    3.  Rose-colored 
Begonia.     4.  White  Ageratum.     5.  Lobelia  erinus,  blue  stone. 

C.  Oval  bed  :    1.  Acalypha.     2.  Red  coleus.    3.  Yellow  coleus.     4.  Dusty 
miller.     5.  Arenaria. 

D.  1.  Variegated  maize.    2.  Wigandia  or  Solanum.    3.  Pyreth rum  golden 
feather. 

such  foliage  groups  the  plants  must  never  be  crowded,  as  the 
effect  is  most  beautiful  when  sober  and  dignified.  Groups 
of  this  nature  may  be  joined,  in  an  apparently  natural 
manner,  with  the  rest  of  the  scenery  to  produce  distinctly 


132  fflowerXJBefcs  anfc  Borders. 

subtropical  effects.  It  must  be  remembered  that  the 
majority  of  plants  grown  at  the  present  time  for  summer 
bedding  are  greenhouse  plants  and  do  not  properly  belong 
to  the  landscape,  as  every  garden  may  be  complete  without 
them.  They  are  beautiful  accessories,  which  rightly  handled 
will  greatly  enhance  the  beauty  of  a  place,  but  when  mis- 
used are  worse  than  useless. 

The  most  important  flowering  plants  used  for  bed- 
ding are  tender  greenhouse  plants.  Most  important  are 
the  many  varieties  of  Abutilon,  red,  white,  or  yellow,  ex- 
cellent for  central  parts ;  Begonia  semperflorens,  various 
shades  of  red  and  pure  white  (  Vernon,  coccinea,  Erfordce), 
dwarf,  compact,  and  ever-blooming;  tuberous-rooted  Be- 
gonias of  all  colors,  Calceolaria  rugosa,  Cuphea,  heliotrope, 
Libonia,  zonal  pelargoniums,  single  varieties  of  all  colors, 
Salvia,  Streptosolon,  Torenia,  and  Vinca  rosea.  For  combi- 
nation with  these,  numerous  hardy  annuals  are  used  for 
summer  effect,  most  of  which  are  described  in  a  subsequent 
chapter. 


XII. 
HEDGES. 

LIPPED  hedges  with  straight  and  formal  out- 
lines are  sometimes  desirable  for  protection 
against  wind  and  dust,  and  injury  from  dogs 
and  other  animals  running  about.  A  hedge, 
although  formal  in  appearance,  can  be  made 
a  very  useful  as  well  as  ornamental  object.  Of  course, 
when  straight  lines  are  used  in  a  garden,  they  must  be 
exactly  straight  and  uniform  from  beginning  to  end.  The 
contrast  between  these  smooth-cut  rows  of  vegetation  and 
the  free  and  graceful  shrubs  and  trees  within  is  rather 
pleasing  than  otherwise,  and  if  a  small  place  is  isolated  it 
looks  forlorn  without  such  an  enclosure.  When  an  entire 
street  is  planted  upon  a  uniform  plan  a  hedge  is  out  of 
place,  because  the  effect  is  there  one  united  whole,  and  as 
such,  ornamental.  But  even  here  the  back  of  the  lot  may 
be  enclosed  without  disturbing  the  general  character  of  the 
lawns  and  the  street.  In  bleak  and  windy  positions,  espe- 
cially far  north,  a  screen  planting  becomes  indispensable  in 
addition  to  the  hedge. 

Hedges  may  be  planted  either  on  flat  ground,  when  the 

133 


134 


soil  is  of  ordinarily  good  character,  or  on  raised  ground, 
when  the  soil  is  moist  and  liable  to  inundation,  or  in  the 
bottom  of  shallow  trenches,  when  the  ground  is  unusually 
dry.  When  the  hedge  is  planted  in  such  trenches  a  deep 
layer  of  soil  must  cover  the  bottom,  or  the  bottom  may  be 
subsoiled  and  improved  by  means  of  a  liberal  addition  of 
manure.  Hedges  of  this  kind  may  be  used  both  by  farmers 


FIQ.  75.— WELL-KEPT   HEDGE;  FORMAL  LINES  BROKEN   BV  FINE   PLANTING. 

and  gardeners  for  enclosing  fields,  orchards,  parks,  and 
gardens. 

In  planting  a  hed^e  a  trench  is  du^  from  end  to  end  for 

too  o 

its  entire  length;  to  make  it  perfectly  straight  a  line  must 
be  used.  The  trench  should  be  sufficiently  deep,  varying 
according  to  the  size  of  the  plants,  but  never  less  than  a 
foot  in  depth  and  diameter.  The  soil  must  be  trodden 
down  firmly  after  planting,  while  the  plants  are  kept  in  a 
perfectly  straight  row  and  at  an  equal  distance. 


135 

For  small  hedges,  solid  and  impenetrable  for  most  ani- 
mals, the  hawthorn,  and  the  wild  apple  (seedlings  of  Pyrus 
malus,  any  variety),  which  is  commonly  used  by  nursery- 
men for  stock,  are  better  than  almost  any  other  kind  of 
plant.  They  should  be  planted  when  two  or  three  years 
old,  about  six  inches  apart,  in  a  single  row,  and  cut  even 
with  a  pair  of  garden  shears  immediately  after  planting. 
These  should  in  a  few  years  form  a  hedge  ten  or  twelve 
inches  wide  and  several  feet  high.  Two  clippings  are 
necessary  every  year — one  in  winter  or  spring  before  the 
commencement  of  growth,  and  one  in  summer.  Among 
other  deciduous  trees  and  shrubs  used  for  this  purpose  are 
the  white  mulberry,  common  oak,  beech,  and  hornbeam,  as 
well  as  the  small-leaved  elm  and  field  maple.  These  latter 
kinds  are  more  robust,  forming,  when  well  planted,  very 
strong  hedges.  The  distance  should  be  somewhat  greater 
than  in  the  case  of  the  hawthorn.  Smaller  hedges,  chiefly 
for  divisions  in  the  garden,  may  be  made  of  privet  and  box. 
Osage-orange  and  Christthorn  are  sometimes  used  for  rough 
hedges.  Among  evergreen  trees  the  holly,  yew,  Norway 
spruce,  arbor- vitse,  and  hemlock  form  close  and  beautiful 
hedges  for  protection  both  winter  and  summer.  The 
hedge-row  must  be  kept  absolutely  clean  and  free  from 
grass  and  weeds,  but  many  beautiful  climbers  may  be 
grown  in  the  hedge,  and  are  there  quite  at  home.  The 
virgin's  bower  and  purple  clematis,  cucumber  vine,  morn- 
ing-glory, and  many  other  annual  climbers  with  light 
foliage,  will  not  interfere  with  the  growth  of  the  hedge 
proper.  When  sown,  small  circular  beds  must  be  dug  for 
each  alongside  the  hedge;  There  are  numerous  fine  and 


dwarf  bulbous  plants  that  will  do  well  in  a  hedge-row. 
Our  common  wood  lilies,  dogtooth  violets,  Smilacina,  star- 
grass,  and  several  European  plants,  such  as  squills,  yellow 
star  of  Bethlehem  (Gagea),  winter  aconite,  snowdrops,  and 
meadow  saffron  are  admirable  subjects  for  this  purpose.  It 
will  be  seen  that  even  so  formal  a  thing  as  a  hedge-row  can 
be  made  beautiful  by  a  little  thoughtful  and  intelligent 
work.  To  reduce  the  monotony  of  a  long  and  smoothly 
cut  hedge,  small  trees  and  shrubs  may  be  planted  on  both 
sides  of  the  hedge  at  irregular  intervals  and  a  safe  distance, 
as  shown  in  the  illustration  on  page  134.  The  combination 
is  one  of  great  beauty,  uniting  the  qualities  of  ornament 
and  utility  in  a  happy  manner. 


XIII. 


BUILDINGS   AND   ENCLOSURES. 

PARK  or  garden  should  never  be  encumbered 
with  buildings  or  other  structures  foreign 
to  its  nature.  All  buildings  should  be  for 
the  sake  of  use  and  convenience  only,  not 
mere  ornaments  devoid  of  all  other  interest. 
Shelters  and  places  of  rest  are  necessary  in  every  large 
park ;  bowers  and  pavilions  are  desirable  places  for  spend- 
ing holidays  and  summer  evenings  in  pleasure  or  study. 
In  botanic  gardens  and  city  parks,  museums,  gymnasiums, 
boat-houses,  and  other  structures  are  in  keeping  with  the 
purpose  of  these  places,  and  while  intended  for  use  only, 
should  be  of  simple  and  artistic  design,  and  as  ornamental 
as  possible. 

A  pavilion  in  the  shape  of  a  Swiss  cottage  in  a  suitable 
position,  or  a  simple  rustic  shelter,  like  the  one  illustrated 
in  Fig.  76,  and  bowers  of  creepers  and  vines,  are  in  perfect 
harmony  with  the  nature  and  use  of  a  garden,  but  besides 
these,  temples  in  pure  Grecian  or  Roman  stvle  may  be 
erected  on  high  bluffs  and  knolls  to  serve  the  same  purpose. 
The  rustic  pavilion  shown  in  the  illustration  can  be  con- 

137 


138 


JSuilOings  an&  JEnclosures. 


structed  by  any  experienced  carpenter.  The  material  is 
white  or  red  cedar  in  a  natural  state,  which  has  been 
stripped  of  bark  to  make  it  more  durable.  The  columns 
support  a  square  roof  thatched  with  shingles,  and  support- 
ing a  lantern  in  which  bird's-nests  are  provided.  The  sides 
are  covered  with  honeysuckle,  wistaria,  and  trumpet-flower, 
while  inside,  seats  are  made  all  around.  The  little  rocky 
knoll,  with  its  sparse  and  scattered  vegetation,  is  in  perfect 
harmony  with  the  building,  and  sets  it  off  to  advantage. 
This  is  only  a  modest  example  of  that  class  of  structures. 


FIQ.   76.  — RUSTIC  SHELTER;    EFFICIENT  WHEN  COVERED  WITH  CREEPERS  AND  VINES. 

A  bower  may  be  made  entirely  by  planting  trees,  hedge- 
row fashion,  in  a  circle,  and  allowing  the  tops  to  grow 
together  eight  or  ten  feet  above  the  ground.  Beech  and 
hornbeam  are  excellent  for  this  purpose,  and  will  make  a 
close  wall  of  greenery  if  properly  treated.  For  the  first 
few  years  they  should  be  cut  like  a  hedge,  but  as  soon  as 
the  wall  is  perfectly  close  it  may  be  allowed  more  freedom. 
But  when  it  is  intended  to  make  a  bower  of  flowering  vines, 
such  as  the  wistaria  or  trumpet-flower,  a  screen  or  trellis- 
work  must  be  made  to  support  these  rambling  plants;  the 


anfc  Enclosures.  139 

branches  should  be  tied  at  equal  distances  from  each  other, 
and  distributed  uniformly  over  the  whole. 

When  the  grounds  border  on  a  lake  or  river  with  facil- 
ities for  bathing  and  boating,  convenient  structures  will  be 
needed,  but  they  should  never  be  made  out  of  proportion 
with  the  grounds.  These,  like  all  buildings,  must  be  in 
harmony  with  the  surroundings,  and  ornamental  in  design. 

Rustic  seats,  when  used,  should  be  simply  made,  of  light 
and  strong  wood  in  as  graceful  proportions  as  possible. 


FIQ.  77.— WOODEN  BRIDGE. 

Red  cedar  and  juniper  make  excellent  materials  for  this,  as 
well  as  for  all  kinds  of  rustic  work.  Fig.  77  represents  a 
bridge  across  a  small  stream.  Piers  of  rough  stone  are 
built  on  both  sides  of  the  water,  and  round  timbers  are 
simply  thrown  across  from  side  to  side  and  bound  together 
by  means  of  cross  timbers  at  each  end.  The  wood  is 
painted  with  creosote  and  covered  by  a  thin  layer  of  gravel 
to  make  the  surface  of  the  bridge  uniform  with  that  of  the 
walk.  The  handrails,  made  fast  to  the  outside  timbers,  are 


140 


JSuilbtngs  ant)  Enclosures. 


also  of  natural  wood,  quite  strong  and  simply  joined  to- 
gether by  means  of  wooden  pins.  The  bridge  may  also  be 
made  by  nailing  round  sticks,  two  or  three  inches  in  diam- 
eter, crosswise  on  top  of  two  timbers  thrown  across  the 
water.  Bridges  form  picturesque  parts  of  a  landscape, 
whether  they  be  of  stone  or  wood,  pretentious,  or  as  simply 
constructed  as  the  one  shown  in  the  illustration.  The  style 


FIQ.  78. -STONE  BRIDGE. 


may  differ  greatly,  and  such  structures  cannot  be  fully 
treated  here.  A  great  mistake  often  committed  in  design- 
ing bridges  for  public  parks  and  gardens  is  to  make  the 
design  too  heavy  and  elaborate.  All  carvings  or  architec- 
tural affectations  are  decidedly  out  of  place.  Simple 
bridges  just  large  enough  to  serve  their  purpose,  either  of 
natural  wood  or  something  after  the  manner  shown  in  Fig, 
78,  are  best  in  harmony  with  natural  scenery. 


Bttfibinaa  ant)  Enclosures* 


141 


Steps  are  sometimes  needed  on  very  steep  grades  or 
terraces.  In  formal  gardens  and  near  a  dwelling-house 
they  should  be  of  hewn  stone,  but  where  the  garden  is  free 
and  natural  the  steps  may  be  made  of  rough  stones  without 
mortar  or  cement,  bordered  by  a  few  scattered  rocks  and 
stones  half  buried  in  the  adjoining  lawns.  Wood  can  also 
be  used,  and  in  that  case  a  board  six  or  eight  inches  wide 
is  simply  put  across  the  walk  and  nailed  to  posts  driven 
vertically  into  the  ground.  Gravel  is  then  filled  in  to  the 
top  of  the  board,  and  another  step  is  made  a  foot  or  more 


FIG.    79.— IRON   FENCE   AND   GATES. 


behind,  and  so  on  for  the  required  distance.  The  face  of 
the  board  should  be  covered  with  split  sticks  of  a  uniform 
size  nailed  vertically  to  the  front. 

Fences  and  enclosures,  if  any,  must  be  of  neat  design 
and  proportionate  in  size.  One  that  affords  every  neces- 
sary protection,  and  at  the  same  time  leaves  the  garden 
exposed  to  the  view  of  the  passers-by,  is  shown  in  Fig. 
79.  It  is  made  of  round  iron  bars  run  through  flat  top 
and  bottom  pieces,  and  placed  firmly  on  a  low  stone  founda- 
tion with  stone  pillars  on  each  side  of  the  entrance  to  which 


142 


anfc  Enclosures. 


the  gates  are  hung.  The  pillars  are  in  this  instance 
surmounted  by  flower  vases.  A  stone  enclosure  suitable 
for  rural  suburbs  is  represented  in  Fig.  80.  It  may  be 
made  either  with  or  without  mortar,  and  in  the  latter 
case  will  furnish  good  places  for  ferns  and  rock-plants. 
This  enclosure  needs  to  be  covered  with  strong  vines  and 
climbers.  Brambles,  climbing  roses,  trumpet-flower,  and 
wistaria  can  be  used  for  this  purpose.  Another  rural  en- 


FIQ.   80.— STONE   ENCLOSURE  AND  GATEWAY.      PILLARS  COVERED  WITH  TRUMPET-CREEPER 

(TECOMA  RADICANS). 

closure,  as  illustrated  in  the  following  figure,  is  made  of 
sticks  of  juniper  or  red  cedar.  To  make  the  wood  more 
durable  it  must  be  stripped  of  bark  at  the  time  of  cutting. 
The  sticks  are  firmly  inserted,  diagonally,  in  a  sill  of  some 
strong  and  durable  wood,  which  is  placed  on  top  of  a 
low  stone  foundation  or  firmly  attached  to  low  locust  posts. 
This  fence,  besides  being  strong  and  durable,  affords  good 
opportunities  for  growing  flowering  vines  and  climbers  or 
rambling  shrubs,  such  as  many  honeysuckles  and  jessamines. 


Buildings  ant)  Enclosures. 


143 


The  English,  and  many  people  of  continental  Europe, 
make  their  gardens  absolutely  private  by  means  of  walls 
eight  or  ten  feet  high.  In  a  crowded  city  it  is  perhaps 
desirable  to  make  the  residence  as  private  as  possible,  but 
aside  from  this,  such  walls  afford  a  good  protection  for  all 
plants  grown  in  the 
garden.  Neither  is 
it  disagreeable  to 
see  a  rich  and  lux- 
uriant vegetation 
bearing  clusters  of 
leaves  and  flowers 
over  a  garden  wall 

across  the  sidewalk.  If  the  grounds  are  large  and  the  wall 
can  be  hidden  by  means  of  plantations,  at  least  on  the 
inside,  without  hiding  all  external  views,  low  stone  or 
brick  walls  may  be  used  to  advantage  in  windy  and  exposed 
positions  and  where  some  protection  is  necessary. 


FIG.  81.— RUSTIC  FENCL. 


XIV. 


ON   THE    EMBELLISHMENT  OF  THE   DWELLING- 
HOUSE. 

city  and  suburban  gardens,  where  the  ground 
area  is  limited,  many  plants  may  be  grown  for 
the  embellishment  of  the  dwelling-house  and 
other  buildings.  Around  and  between  the 
columns  of  a  porch  or  veranda,  climbers  and  vines  may 
be  trained  to  form  a  rich  and  luxurious  effect.  The 
plants,  however,  must  never  be  allowed  to  grow  too 
thickly.  Thinning  and  pruning  must  often  be  resorted  to 
in  the  case  of  strong  growing  woody  climbers,  and  the 
whole  should  be  kept  neat  and  trim  by  careful  attention. 
On  the  wall  itself  the  Boston  ivy  wrill  make  a  nice  display 
of  greeneiy  in  summer,  turning  into  exquisite  autumn  tints 
before  the  leaves  fall,  and  leaving  a  tracery  of  slender 
branches  in  winter.  The  ivy,  more  constant,  clings  to  the 
support  in  a  similar  manner,  but  its  persistent  foliage  makes 
it  still  more  valuable  for  covering  the  bare  walls  of  a  house. 
But  while  these  are  the  principal  and  most  interesting 
plants  of  their  kind,  there  are  numerous  very  pretty  shrubs 
and  flowering  vines  that  may  be  trained  on  wires  or  trellises 


144 


tbe  jEmbeliisbment  of  tbe  Bwellin^lbouse.     145 

against  a  wall.  Among  these  are  the  evergreen  Japanese 
spindle-trees  (Euonymus  japonicus  and  E.  radicans),  the 
deciduous  Actinidia,  climbing  roses,  honeysuckles  and  clem- 
atis. The  evergreen  thorn  (Cratce-gus  Pyracanlhd),  with  its 
orange-scarlet  berries  in  winter  and  white  flowers  in  spring, 
is  also  a  very  interesting  plant  for  a  wall.  It  must  not  be 
supposed  that  each  and  every  kind  of  climbing  plant  can  be 
used  together  indiscriminately  to  produce  a  good  effect.  It 
is  better  to  choose  a  few  good  ones  and  cover  a  large  space 
of  wall  with  one  kind,  and  another  part  with  a  different 
but  similar  kind,  or  to  cover  the  entire  surface  with  one 
kind  only.  No  plants  must  be  allowed  to  interfere  with  the 
architectural  beauty  of  the  house ;  they  should  merely  be 
introduced  to  add  a  touch  of  finish  and  permanency  to  the 
structure,  if  possible  setting  off  to  greater  advantage  the 
carvings  on  lintels  and  cornices,  and  other  devices  of  the 
architect's  art. 

In  planting  climbers  for  a  wall  or  veranda,  a  border 
must  be  dug  along  the  entire  front  of  the  wall  which 
it  is  intended  to  cover,  and  new  soil  must  be  procured 
when  the  ground  near  the  house  is  mixed  with  stone 
and  gravel  to  a  great  extent.  A  narrow  border  should 
be  left  open  after  planting.  This  border  may  be  used 
in  spring  and  summer  for  flowering  plants.  The  after- 
treatment  merely  consists  in  thinning  the  shoots  once  or 
twice  in  a  year,  and  in  training  and  tying  the  plants  that 
need  support. 

The  stoop  of  a  porch  or  veranda  may  be  beautified  by 
means  of  vases  filled  with  an  assortment  of  summer  flowers 
and  trailing  plants,  such  as  begonias,  heliotropes,  mesem- 


146    ®n  tbe  JEmbellisbment  of  tbe  E>wellin0*1bouse. 

bryanthemum,  periwinkle,  trailing  verbena  and  Indian  cress, 
or  with  a  combination  of  these  and  subtropical  plants ; 
dracenas,  palms,  and  American  aloe.  While  such  vases  are 
also  available  for  the  embellishment  of  other  parts  of  a 
garden,  they  are  chiefly  used  in  connection  with  the  house. 
A  pretty  custom  is  the  use  of  window  boxes  filled  to  over- 
flowing with  vines  and  flowering  plants.  The  window  box 
to  be  practical  in  a  hot  climate  should  be  constructed  so  as 
to  protect  the  roots  from  overheating  and  drying  during  hot 
days,  and  to  allow  for  drainage  in  wet  weather.  While  the 
drainage  cannot  be  carried  outside  the  box,  as  it  would  soil 
the  building,  the  bottom  of  the  box  may  be  filled  with 
a  couple  of  inches  of  cinders  or  crocks.  The  outside  may 
be  made  of  wood,  slate,  or  enamelled  earthenware,  and  the  in- 
side should  consist  of  a  tight  zinc  box,  fitting  in  so  as  to  leave 
an  air  space  of  half  an  inch  between  the  zinc  and  the  outer 
covering.  This  construction  prevents  any  sudden  drying  of 
the  roots  or  overheating  of  the  soil  from  exposure  to  the 
sun.  The  soil,  which  should  be  light  and  rich,  must  be 
firmly  packed  in  planting.  The  boxes,  after  planting  and 
watering,  are  placed  on  the  narrow  sill  outside  the  window, 
and  if  this  is  too  narrow  it  must  be  supported  by  means  of 
brackets  or  bands  fastened  to  the  wall.  Boxes  may  also  be 
placed  on  top  of  the  balustrade  or  balcony  between  the  col- 
umns, if  the  character  of  the  building  admits  of  such  display. 
Besides  these,  hanging  baskets  may  be  suspended  from  the 
roof  directly  above  the  boxes,  one  between  each  pair  of 
columns.  The  plants  used  for  vases  and  boxes  are  also 
amenable  to  basket  culture;  they  include  such  sorts  as 
geraniums,  ivy-leaved  geraniums,  German  ivy,  musk,  coleus, 


FIG.  82.— PORCH  COVERED  WITH  JAPANESE  HONEYSUCKLE  (LONICERA  HALLEANA). 


147 


148    On  tbe  J£mbellisbment  of  tbe  S>wellinG*1bouse. 

wandering  Jew,  AaronVbeard,  Torenia,  and  several  succu- 
lent plants  and  trailers. 

These  suggestions,  somewhat  foreign  to  the  plan  of  a 
work  of  landscape-gardening,  are  simply  for  the  benefit 
of  the  many  whose  existence  is  mainly  passed  between  the 
narrow  walls  of  a  city ;  but  they  are  important  to  a  certain 
extent  as  showing  how  to  beautify  the  city  landscape,  so 
much  in  need  of  vegetable  life  and  color. 


XV. 


THE  ORCHARD  AND    KITCHEN-GARDEN, 


N  places  where  the  size  of  the  ground  admits  of 
a  small  vegetable  garden  and  orchard,  these 
will  add  materially  to  the  use  and  pleasure  of 
the  garden.  Not  only  can  a  better  and  fresher 
supply  of  fruits  and  vegetables  be  provided 
for  home  consumption  than  it  would  be  possible  to  obtain 
in  any  other  manner,  but  there  are  many  opportunities 
for  healthful  exercise  and  recreation  valuable  in  themselves. 
The  beauty  of  the  trees  in  the  flowering  season,  the  odor  of 
sweet-scented  fruits  and  vegetables — all  help  to  make  the 
garden  a  source  of  pleasure  and  interest. 

The  site  for  a  kitchen-garden  and  orchard  should  be 
well-drained,  and  the  soil  must  be  of  a  tolerably  good 
kind — light,  sandy  loam  being  preferable  to  any  other,  as  it 
is  easily  worked  and  may  be  enriched  to  suit  any  kind  of 
fruit  or  vegetable.  The  ground  should  be  thoroughly 
worked  and  subsoiled  before  planting,  if  possible.  Where 
the  entire  plot  cannot  be  prepared  in  this  manner  a  sufficient 
space  around  each  tree  must  be  dug  two  or  three  feet  deep 
to  provide  a  well-worked  soil  for  the  young  roots. 

I4Q 


iso  Ube  ©rcbarfc  anfc  Ikitcben^Carfcem 

The  orchard  may  be  laid  out  in  grass  afterwards,  the 
soil  around  each  tree  being  kept  open  for  about  two  feet 
on  each  side  of  the  trunk.  The  grass  in  the  orchard  may 
be  allowed  to  grow  freely  ;  red  clover,  myrrh,  daffodils,  lilies, 
wild  tulips,  maiden  pink,  and  many  other  sweet-scented  and 
beautiful  flowers  should  be  allowed  to  run  wild  among  the 
grass.  Small  fruits  such  as  strawberries,  raspberries,  goose- 
berries, currants,  and  grapes  may  be  grown  in  special 
quarters  in  the  kitchen-garden.  The  orchard  can  also  be 
planted  so  as  to  form  a  part  of  the  pleasure-ground  without 
any  sharp  dividing  lines.  In  that  case  the  trees  should 
not  be  planted  in  formal  rows,  but  in  irregular  groups,  the 
taller  ones  being  placed  in  the  middle,  and  the  plantations 
may  be  rounded  off  by  means  of  near-by  specimens  in  the 
grass,  either  small  trees  or  fruit  shrubs.  The  distance 
between  the  trees  varies  for  different  kinds  from  ten  to 
twelve,  fifteen,  and  twenty  feet.  In  small  places  it  is  most 
practical  to  place  all  trees  closer  together  than  they  are  to 
be  when  fully  grown,  and  thin  out  superfluous  trees  some 
years  afterwards.  The  least  permanent  fruit-trees  are 
peaches,  plums,  and  apricots ;  the  most  lasting,  pears  and 
apples,  and  as  these  latter  grow  much  larger  than  any  other 
fruit-trees  they  should  be  planted  farther  apart. 

The  following  is  a  select  list  of  the  best  fruits  for 
general  culture :  Apples,  early — Early  harvest,  pale  yellow, 
of  medium  size ;  red  Astrachan,  deep  crimson,  spotted, 
medium  size ;  early  strawberry,  red  dotted,  medium ; 
Tetofsky,  yellow,  striped  red,  medium  size;  yellow  trans- 
parent, greenish-yellow  or  yellow.  Autumn — Alexander, 
yellow  and  crimson,  very  large ;  Fameuse,  deep  crimson? 


ZTbe  ©rcbarfc  anfc  1kitcben*($arC>en.  151 

medium  size ;  Gravenstein,  yellow  and  orange,  medium  size 
or  larger ;  Duchess  of  Oldenburg,  striped  red  and  yellow, 
large;  wealthy,  dark  red,  brighter  on  one  side,  medium. 
Winter — Baldwin,  red,  quite  large;  Jonathan,  red  and 
yellow,  medium  size ;  Newton  pippin,  greenish,  red  on  one 
side,  medium  ;  northern  spy,  greenish-red,  dark  crimson  on 
one  side,  striped,  medium ;  Rhode  Island  Greening,  dull 
green,  medium  size.  Pears,  Summer — Bartlett,  greenish 
yellow,  large ;  Clapp's  Favorite,  medium  or  large ;  Petite 
Marguerite,  greenish  yellow,  dotted,  darker  on  one  side, 
medium ;  Summer  Doyenne,  greenish,  small  or  medium- 
sized.  Autumn  —  Duchesse  d'Angouleme,  very  large; 
Beurre  Bosc,  russet,  large  size ;  Flemish  Beauty,  large, 
excellent  variety;  Hardy  russet,  quite  large;  Seckle,  small 
or  medium.  Winter — Beurre  d'Anjou,  one  of  the  best 
varieties,  large ;  Clairgeau,  greenish  yellow,  red  on  one  side, 
very  large  ;  Winter  Nelis,  russet,  small  or  medium  ;  Easter 
Beurre,  yellow  and  red,  quite  large ;  Josephine  de  Malines, 
pale  yellow,  medium  size.  Apples  and  pears  are  grown  as 
standards,  with  a  high  trunk,  or  as  dwarfs,  which  branch 
near  the  ground.  Dwarf  trees  are  best  adapted  to  growing 
in  the  kitchen-garden  along  the  walks  as  seen  in  the  accom- 
panying plan.  The  two  forms  in  combination  may  be  used 
in  groups  on  the  lawn. 

The  following  are  a  few  good  Cherries. — 1.  With  acid 
flesh  :  Belle  Magnifique,  red,  rather  late,  quite  acid  ;  Early 
Richmond,  red  and  acid,  very  early  ;  Montmorency,  quite 
large,  red,  later  than  the  previous  kind^  Morello,  very  dark 
crimson  or  nearly  black;  Reine  Hortense,  red,  large,  of  ex- 
cellent quality.  2.  With  sweet  flesh :  Black  Tartarian, 


152  Ube  ©rcbarfc  anfc  1kitcben*<3art>en. 

reddish-black,  quite  large ;  Elton,  red  and  yellow,  large  ; 
Knight's  Early  Black,  quite  large;  Coe's  Transparent, 
amber-colored  and  red,  medium  size ;  Napoleon,  pale  yellow 
and  red,  very  large,  flesh  firm;  Windsor,  reddish-brown, 
large,  with  firm  flesh. 

Plums. — Coe's  Golden  Drop,  pale  yellow,  large ;  Green 
Gage,  greenish,  of  good  quality  but  small ;  General  Hand, 
yellow,  very  large;  Yellow  Egg,  a  very  fine-  variety ;  Brad- 
shaw,  very  large,  dark  violet-red,  early ;  Wild  Goose,  small 
or  medium,  reddish,  a  useful  wild  species.  Plums  and 
cherries  may  be  grown  for  hedges  enclosing  the  vegetable 
garden  or  at  regular  intervals  in  a  trimmed  hedge.  The 
smaller  growing  kinds  are  especially  useful  for  this  purpose, 
as  the  Wild  Goose  Plum  and  the  acid  cherries.  They 
thrive  in  a  lighter  soil  than  apples  and  pears,  which  do  best 
on  rich  ground. 

Peaches. — Alexander,  pale  whitish-green  suffused  with 
red,  medium  size  ;  Crawford's  Early,  rich  yellow,  very  large ; 
Princess  of  Wales,  creamy  white  suffused  with  rose,  large; 
Snow,  cream-colored,  medium ;  Waterloo,  whitish-green  suf- 
fused with  rose  and  crimson  on  one  side,  rather  large. 
Peaches  may  be  grown  for  avenues  in  the  kitchen-gardens 
for  which  purpose  they  are  better  adapted  than  any  other 
tree.  The  surface  soil  should  be  kept  free  and  open. 

Apricots. — Early  Golden,  orange-colored,  small  size ; 
Breda,  orange  suffused  with  red,  small ;  Moorpark,  yellow 
and  red,  large ;  St.  Ambrose,  large  and  beautiful.  Apricots 
are  best  grown  on  a^south  wall.  They  should  be  protected 
from  the  sun's  rays  in  spring. 

Grapes. — Clinton,  black,  rather  small ;   Concord,  bluish- 


ZTbe  ©rcbarfc  ant)  1fcitcben=*0arfcen,  153 

black,  large;  Catawba,  red,  rather  large;  Delaware,  light 
red,  small;  Moores7  Diamond,  greenish-white,  medium  size; 
Niagara,  pale  yellowish-green,  bunch  medium  size,  berry 
large :  Pocklington,  yellow,  rather  large  irregular  bunches, 
berry  large.  Grape-vines  may  be  grown  to  cover  a  straight 
walk  in  a  kitchen-garden  or  for  arbors.  The  soil  should  be 
kept  open  and  cultivated. 

Gooseberries. — Industry,  dark  red,  hairy,  very  large ; 
Downing,  whitish-green,  large ;  Triumph,  golden  yellow, 
rather  large.  Gooseberries  are  best  grown  for  edging  a 
walk  in  the  kitchen-garden  or  in  open  borders  from  three 
to  five  feet  apart. 

Currants. — Black:  Black  Naples,  Black  Champion;  red: 
Cherry,  Fay's  Prolific ;  white  or  amber  :  White  Grape. 

Blackberries. — Early  Cluster,  Lawton,  Wilson  Jr.  Black- 
berries may  be  grown  in  rough  places  on  sunny  slopes  to 
form  a  part  of  the  garden  scenery  or  for  low  hedges  enclos- 
ing the  kitchen-garden. 

Raspberries. — Cham  plain,  \vhitish  -  amber  ;  Fontenoy, 
purplish,  red,  late ;  Hornet,  crimson,  quite  large  ;  Cuthbert, 
deep  crimson  ;  Golden  Queen,  amber ;  Marlboro,  red,  quite 
early.  Raspberries  should  be  grown  in  beds  in  the  kitchen- 
garden  ;  they  require  cultivation. 

Strawberries. — Bubach,  bright  crimson,  large,  early ; 
Cumberland,  rosy-red,  large  size ;  Haverland,  light  red  oval, 
early  ;  Sharpless,  rosy-red,  very  large.  Strawberries  should 
be  grown  in  beds  in  the  kitchen-garden,  planted  in  rows 
and  cultivated  all  summer.  The  little  "  Alpine  Wood n 
strawberry  may  be  planted  all  over  in  the  grass  among  the 
trees  in  the  orchard. 


©rcbarfc  auO  1Ritcben*<$art>en. 


The  kitchen-garden  should  be  laid  out  somewhat  after 
the  manner  shown  in  the  plan,  viz. :  in  square  or  rectangular 
quarters  varying  in  size  according  to  the  size  of  the  garden. 


hn  bar'U 

•••'•  •••':*"•' ••."••i-is-.y-.  v.-v.-j 

'•%^'''p:^;;O'^^-;v 


k»£fa  Qi.<l2n/Si 

'"'fW""  A 117"'  I     in  l_   T^      T         ^^ 

I9^fc*fti 

S^SSSSi^^^ 

i«  3»/i 


V 


FIG.   83.— PLAN  OF  A   KITCHEN-GARDEN. 


The  principal  walk  may  be  lined  with  a  border  of  hardy 
herbaceous  plants  from  three  to  four  feet  wide,  and  planted 
at  regular  distances  with  standard  rose-trees,  standard  cur- 


Ube  ©rcbarfc  anD  1Ritcben*(3ar&en»  155 

rants,  or  similar  plants.  It  can  be  separated  from  the 
vegetable  quarter  by  means  of  a  hedge  of  gooseberries  or 
currants  and  eds;ed  with  box  or  lavender.  If  the  walk  is 

JD 

broad,  say  over  six  feet  wide,  we  may  plant  an  avenue  of 
small  fruit-trees  as  stated  above.  It  is  best,  for  many 
reasons,  to  have  the  kitchen-garden  enclosed  by  a  low  hedge 
or  plantation  ;  in  no  case  should  it  open  upon  a  lawn,  as  the 
effect  would  be  very  incongruous.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
quarters  set  apart  for  vegetables  should  not  be  crowded  in 
among  too  many  trees ;  they  must  be  fully  open  to  light  and 
sunshine.  Trees  with  running  roots  are  not  suited  to  plant- 
ing in  or  near  a  kitchen-garden.  The  common  hazel-  or 
cob-nut  is  excellent  for  hedges  around  the  orchard  and 
vegetable-garden,  being  profitable  as  well.  Among  other 
suitable  shrubs  and  trees  are  lilacs,  privet,  arbor-vitae, 
sweet  brier,  crab-apple,  and  dwarf  cherries.  Thus  a  great 
variety  of  useful  or  ornamental  plants  may  find  a  place  in 
or  near  the  quarters  set  apart  for  economic  purposes  only. 


XVI. 
AFTER-TREATMENT. 

S  everything  in  a  garden  is  subject  to  constant 
change,  brought  about  by  growth  or  decay,  it 
is  necessary  to  watch  every  development  with 
jealous  care,  and  either  to  check  or  encourage 
the  growth  of  individual  plants  as  circumstances  may 
warrant.  As  the  trees  increase  in  size,  many  of  the 
weaker  individuals  are  apt  to  suffer,  no  matter  how  care- 
fully they  were  arranged  in  the  beginning.  Hence  the 
necessity  of  thinning  and  pruning,  and  the  occasional  re- 
moval of  too  rapid-growing  specimens  in  order  to  preserve 
the  grace  and  beauty  of  groups  and  other  plantations. 
When  this  becomes  necessary,  the  offending  object  must  be 
removed  without  hesitation  ;  no  matter  how  valuable  it  may 
be  as  an  individual  tree,  if  it  mars  the  beauty  of  the  scenery 
it  must  be  sacrificed  in  the  interest  of  the  whole.  But  as  a 
rule  very  severe  measures  are  not  necessary  in  this  respect. 
There  are  generally  many  plants  to  choose  from,  and  the 
least  valuable  ones  are  removed  if  it  serves  the  purpose 
equally  well.  In  many  places  a  great  number  of  trees  and 
shrubs  are  planted  to  produce  an  immediate  effect,  and  it  is 

T56 


at tetyftreat  meat,  1 5  7 

understood  from  the  beginning  which  are  to  remain  and 
which  must  be  removed;  and  to  make  this  arrangement 
doubly  safe,  each  class  should  be  marked  on  the  working 
drawing  in  a  different  manner.  From  an  economical  point 
this  may  not  come  amiss  in  places  where  woods  are  scarce ; 
in  fact,  in  such  localities  the  park  and  garden  could  be  made 
to  supply  all  the  wood  needed  for  home  consumption. 

In  pruning  flowering  shrubs  the  branches  must  not  be 
mutilated  so  as  to  destroy  the  spray  or  the  flower-buds. 
It  is  better  simply  to  remove  older  and  more  or  less  useless 
branches,  as  the  natural  grace  of  trees  and  shrubs  is  often 
totally  destroyed  by  severe  pruning.  The  object  of  prun- 
ing is  to  regulate  the  growth  and  to  increase  the  vigor  of 
young  plants,  or  simply  to  remove  offending  or  decayed 
parts,  or  to  keep  strong  growing  specimens  within  proper 
bounds,  for  a  time  at  least.  Summer  pruning  is  best  for  all 
flowering  shrubs  and  for  many  fruit-trees.  It  consists  in 
the  nipping  off  of  very  vigorous  shoots  which  threaten  to 
absorb  all  the  nutriment,  and  to  force  such  nutriment  into 
the  weaker  shoots  which  are  left  undisturbed.  This  will 
encourage  the  formation  of  fruit-spurs  in  such  trees  as 
apples  and  pears,  and  the  setting  and  ripening  of  flower-buds 
in  many  ornamental  shrubs.  Winter  pruning,  as  far  as 
shade-trees,  flowering  shrubs,  and  fruit-shrubs  of  the  currant 
family  are  concerned,  consists  merely  in  a  thinning  out  of 
crowded  and  crippled  or  old  and  sterile  branches,  and  can 
be  done  at  any  time  in  winter.  Where  it  is  necessary  to 
remove  large  branches  the  wound  should  be  covered  with 
tar  or  some  other  sticky  matter  to  prevent  the  stump  from 
rotting  or  splitting.  To  some  trees,  such  as  plums  and 


158  Bftet>ZIreatment. 

cherries,  pruning  is  not  only  useless  but  absolutely  injurious 
and  should  not  be  resorted  to  after  planting. 

While  some  parts  of  the  shrubbery  have  to  be  thinned 
out,  the  development  and  growth  of  trees  and  shrubs  may 
cause  a  need  of  more  planting  in  other  parts,  and  thus  the 
material  removed  may  be  utilized  to  advantage  for  this  pur- 
pose. This  also  applies  to  specimens  on  the  lawn,  whether 
trees  or  shrubs. 


FIQ.    84.— GROUP  OF   TREES  AND  SHRUBS  SHOWING  ONE-SIDED  DEVELOPMENT  TO  BE  REC- 
TIFIED BY  AFTER-PLANTING. 

If  the  soil  was  properly  worked  and  prepared  before 
planting,  no  nutriment  will  be  needed  for  a  long  time,  but 
sooner  or  later  an  occasional  heavy  dressing  of  barn-yard 
manure  will  be  necessary;  this  should  be  put  on  in  fall 
and  dug  in  without  disturbing  the  roots.  If  the  shrubs  are 
all  planted  as  specimens  in  the  grass,  the  manure  put  on 
to  fertilize  the  lawn  will  also  benefit  these.  The  lawn  re- 
quires a  more  constant  care  than  the  shrubberies.  In  sum- 
mer the  grass  must  be  frequently  cut  and  thoroughly 
watered  during  dry  spells  by  means  of  lawn  sprinklers. 


Eftetyareatment.  159 

This  is  especially  necessary  near  the  residence  and  around 
flower-  and  carpet-beds  where  the  grass  must  be  kept  green 
and  velvety  all  summer.  The  lawns  should  be  cleaned  and 
rolled  in  spring,  and  all  dead  spots  must  be  re-sown  or 
sodded  over  in  a  proper  manner.  When  the  soil  becomes 
impoverished,  good  dressings  of  clean  manure  in  winter,  or, 
better  still,  a  sprinkling  of  some  concentrated  fertilizer  in 
spring,  must  be  resorted  to.  Fish  guano,  wood  ashes,  blood 
and  bone,  bone  dust  and  nitrate  of  soda  are  among  the 
most  useful  for  this  purpose ;  they  must  be  applied  in 
spring  just  before  the  grass  begins  to  grow. 

The  drives  and  walks  if  properly  made  need  very 
little  or  no  care  except  cleaning,  which  should  be  done  as 
often  as  necessary. 

The  flowers  that  form  a  part  of  the  natural  scenery  will, 
if  properly  selected  and  planted  in  suitable  positions,  for  the 
most  part  grow  without  attention.  If  a  stronger  sort  should 
usurp  too  much  space  and  crowd  out  rarer  varieties  this 
should  be  kept  in  check.  From  time  to  time  new  and 
interesting  kinds  may  be  introduced  in  lawns  and  shrub- 
beries. The  flower-beds  and  borders  should  be  kept 
absolutely  clean  and  neatly  trimmed,  and  no  weeds  must  be 
allowed  either  there  or  in  other  spaces  of  bare  ground  as  in 
shrubberies  and  open  ground  around  specimen  trees.  Hedge- 
rows and  lawns  must  be  kept  free  from  weeds  of  all  kinds 
such  as  dandelion,  docks,  evening  primroses,  and  thistles. 
The  weeding  of  the  lawn  should  be  attended  to  the  first 
summer,  and  afterwards  very  little  attention  is  necessary  to 
keep  weeds  away. 

Hedges,  when   intended  to  be  cut,  should   be  clipped 


160  &f  ter^ZTreatment* 

regularly,  so  as  to  make  the  growth  dense  and  impenetrable, 
and  the  refuse  must  not  be  left  in  or  around  the  hedge  after 
clipping.  A  narrow  strip  of  soil  should  be  kept  open  and 
cultivated  on  each  side  of  the  hedge  for  a  few  years  at  least, 
and  no  coarse  weeds  must  ever  be  allowed  to  get  a  foothold 
there,  as  it  will  be  almost  impossible  afterwards  to  get  rid 
of  them. 

In  this,  as  in  all  phases  of  gardening,  cleanliness  is  very 
important ;  borders  of  shrubberies  and  flower-beds,  edges 
of  lawns,  especially  along  the  main  path,  should  be  cleanly 
cut,  and  no  refuse  must  be  allowed  either  on  the  walks,  the 
Tawn.  or  amono;  flowers  and  shrubs. 

'  O 

Much  supplementary  work  is  needed  to  give  the  garden 
a  touch  of  finish  in  summer,  such  as  filling  of  vases,  planting 
and.  sowing  of  flower-beds,  shifting  of  specimen  palms  and 
cycads  from  greenhouses  or  conservatories  to  proper  places 
on  the  lawn,  all  of  which  requires  care  and  judgment.  A 
pond  or  other  body  of  water  is  apt  to  become  filled  with 
leaves,  the  decaying  foliage  of  water  plants  and  other  mat- 
ter, and  when  it  is  not  too  extensive,  or  if  the  water  can  be 
let  out  at  will,  the  bottom  should  be  cleaned  annually  or 
once  in  two  or  three  years.  Large  ponds  and  lakes  are  not 
apt  to  become  filled  so  soon,  and  very  often  no  cleaning  is 
necessary.  Water-lilies  and  other  plants  must  be  kept 
within  proper  limits,  so  as  not  to  mar  the  beauty  of  the  sur- 
face or  to  accumulate  too  much  decaying  matter  in  the 
water. 

From  these  concluding  remarks  on  the  making  and 
planting  of  the  pleasure-ground  we  will  turn  briefly  to  the 
study  of  the  most  important  plants  that  form,  or  can  be 


HfteryEreatment 


161 


made  to  form,  characteristic  features  of  the  scenery.  They 
will  be  considered  from  a  landscape-gardener's  point  of 
view  only;  their  natural  habitat,  the  soil  they  prefer,  their 
size,  form,  and  color — all  will  be  pointed  out  as  fully  as  it 
is  possible  to  do  in  a  space  so  limited. 


PART  II. 

SELECTION   AND    DESCRIPTION    OF    THE    BEST 
HARDY  ORNAMENTAL  PLANTS  FOR  THE  TEM- 
PERATE ZONE  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


163 


I. 

DECIDUOUS  TREES, 

Chiefly  planted  for  Shade  and  Shelter. 

HE  deciduous  trees  brought  together  under 
this  heading  are  chiefly  trees  of  considerable 
size,  with  broad,  umbrageous  crowns.  Some 
are  excellent  street  trees,  such  as  the  larger 
maples,  box  elder,  lindens,  and  elms,  and  they  are  also 
used  for  larger  plantations  in  pleasure-grounds  and  parks, 
or  as  shade-trees  in  smaller  places.  They  include  the  most 
useful  of  ornamental  trees,  but  the  larger  species,  when 
planted  in  small  grounds,  must  be  used  with  discretion,  so 
as  not  to  crowd  out  the  dwarf er  and  choicer  vegetation. 
Most  of  them  have  elliptical  crowns  or  present  a  rounded 
or  obovate  outline.  They  are  destitute  of  conspicuous 
flowers,  with  the  possible  exception  of  the  lindens,  which 
have  large  quantities  of  fragrant,  yellowish  blossoms  in 
July,  and  the  chestnut,  which  is  white  with  flowers  in 
June.  Still  they  are  essentially  grown  for  the  sake  of 
shade  and  shelter.  Many  of  them  assume  the  most  beauti- 
ful autumn  tints,  such  as  the  scarlet  oak,  the  red  maple, 

165 


166  Becifcuous  Urees, 

the  pepperidge,  the  sassafras  laurel,  and  the  sweet  gum. 
In  their  autumn  garbs  they  excel  the  best  spring  effects  of 
flowering  trees,  painting  hill  and  dale  in  exquisite  tints  of 
gold  and  scarlet.  Species  that  possess  the  special  merit  of 
changing  into  fine  autumn  colors  should  be  selected  in 
preference  to  others,  as  they  introduce  a  new  element  of 
ornament  and  beauty  into  the  garden. 

THE    LINDEN    FAMILY. 

Linden,  Tilia. — The  species  of  this  genus  are  fine  trees 
with  very  regular,  rounded  crowns  and  cordate  leaves, 
bright  green  or  silvery  beneath  ;  foliage  very  dense,  giving 
a  heavy  shade.  Both  the  European  lindens,  the  two 
varieties  of  Tilia  Europea,  and  the  American  linden  (T. 
Americana),  are  fine  trees  for  avenues.  While  flowering 
in  summer  the  sweet  odor  of  the  innumerable  flowers  add 
to  their  general  attractiveness.  The  silver  lindens  (Tilia 
argentea  of  Europe,  and  T.  heterophytta,  an  American  spe- 
cies) are  very  ornamental  in  a  young  state  and  suitable 
for  the  embellishment  of  lawns  as  specimen  trees.  The 
lindens  do  best  in  a  moderately  dry  and  fertile  soil  ;  they 
are  rapid-growing  trees,  useful  for  shade  and  shelter. 

THE     QUASSIA    FAMILY. 

Tree  of  Heaven,  Ailantlius  glandulosa. — An  elegant 
and  quick-growing,  medium-sized  tree  with  long  pinnate 
leaves,  similar  in  appearance  to  some  species  of  ash.  It 
forms  a  dense,  globular  crown,  producing  nice  effects  of 
shade  and  light.  The  species  will  thrive  in  almost  any 


S>ectouous  Hrees.  167 

soil ;  its  long  searching  roots  are  apt  to  impoverish  the 
ground,  and  its  weed-like  propensities  make  it  less  desirable 
than  it  would  otherwise  be. 

THE    MAPLE    FAMILY. 

Maple,  Acer. — The  maples  are  very  numerous,  scattered 
over  a  large  part  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  throughout 
America,  Europe,  and  Asia.  They  vary  in  size  from  shrubs 
to  tall  forest-trees.  All  have  more  or  less  palmately-lobed 
leaves.  Their  foliage  turns  into  a  beautiful  bright  yellow, 
scarlet,  or  crimson  in  autumn.  The  flowers  are  racemose 
or  corymbose,  sometimes  conspicuous,  as  in  the  American 
mountain  maple,  a  tall  and  beautiful  shrub. 

The  sycamore  maple  (Acer  pseudo-platanus)  is  a  fine 
tree  with  an  elliptical  crown  and  five-lobed  leaves.  The 
flowers  are  produced  in  pendulous  racemes.  The  Norway 
maple  (A.  platanoides)  is  similar  in  habit,  but  the  flowers 
are  produced  in  upright  corymbs.  There  are  several  varie- 
ties with  variegated  foliage  of  each  species.  The  best  forms 
of  the  sycamore  maple  are  A.  Scliwedlerii,  with  bronzy-red 
foliage,  variegatum,  with  white  variegated,  and  laciniatum, 
with  incised  green  and  yellow  leaves.  The  Norway  maple 
has  a  white  variegated  form,  albo  variegatum,  and  one  with 
yellow-margined  leaves,  flavo  variegatum.  Among  other 
large  forms  is  the  silver  maple  (A.  dasycarpum),  with  the 
under  side  of  the  leaves  silvery  white.  It  forms  a  moder- 
ately large  tree  with  slender  branches  and  an  obovate  out- 
line. The  large-leaved  maple  (A.  macrophyllum)  has  the 
largest  leaves  of  any  and  a  regular  habit.  It  is  seldom  seen 
in  cultivation,  but  has  no  rival  for  beauty  and  utility.  For 


168  2>ecifcuous  Urees. 

high  and  rocky  ground  the  sugar  maple  (^4.  saccharinum) 
is  excellent.  It  has  a  dense,  globular  crown  and  a  formal 
appearance.  Of  the  smaller  forms,  very  suitable  for  parks 
and  gardens,  the  red  maple  (^4.  rubruni)  is  a  most  elegant 
tree.  The  leaves  are  of  medium  size,  whitish  beneath,  and 
turn  into  bright  yellow  and  scarlet  tints  in  fall.  This  is 
the  best  maple  for  general  use  in  small  grounds.  The 
striped  maple  (A.  P ennsylvanicum)  is  a  small  tree  with 
elliptical  crown,  large  leaves,  and  light,  beautifully  striped 
bark.  Field  maple  (A.  campestre)  has  small  five-lobed 
leaves.  It  is  a  tree  about  twenty  feet  high  with  globular 
crown  and  corymbose  flowers.  Tartarian  maple  (^4.  tar- 
taricuni)  is  similar  in  size  and  habit,  but  has  almost  cordate 
leaves  with  very  superficial  lobes. 

Among  forms  that  may  be  considered  as  large  shrubs 
only,  the  vine  maple  (A.  cirdnatum)  and  the  mountain 
maple  (^4.  spicatum)  are  very  beautiful ;  the  last  one  in  par- 
ticular is  very  showy  when  in  flower,  the.  erect  racemes 
stand  well  above  the  foliage,  and  the  yellow  color  contrasts 
well  with  the  tender  green  of  the  leaves.  From  the 
extreme  east  of  Asia  come  the  beautiful  dwarf  varieties 
known  as  Japanese  maples,  which  are  somewhat  tender  in 
the  north.  There  are  several  forms  with  more  or  less 
deeply  cut  or  highly  colored  foliage,  varieties  of  Acer  pal- 
matum.  Acer  Japonicum  and  Acer  Ginnala,  which  are 
distinct  species,  are  also  known  by  the  same  popular  name. 
They  form  broad  masses  of  highly  colored  leaves  in 
autumn  if  not  injured  by  early  frosts. 

All  maples  will  grow  in  a  moderately  rich  and  moist 
ground  ;  some,  as  the  Tartarian,  the  field,  and  the  sugar 


1 7o 

maple  will  also  do  well  in  poor  and  stony  soil.  The  maples 
are  the  most  useful  and  ornamental  of  our  deciduous  trees. 
Box  Elder,  Negundo  fraxinifolium. — This  is  a  moder- 
ately large  tree  with  pinnate  leaves  and  roundish  crowns. 
It  is  an  ornamental  and  valuable  tree  for  avenues.  The 
silver-leaved  variety — with  white  margined  leaves — forms 
an  exceedingly  fine  lawn  tree. 

THE    WITCH-HAZEL    FAMILY. 

Sweet  Gum,  Liquidambar  styraciflua. — The  foliage  of 
this  beautiful  tree  is  five-lobed  like  that  of  the  maples,  but 
the  texture  is  firmer  and  the  lobes  more  acute.  The  habit 
is  regular,  broadly  pyramidal  in  outline.  Beautiful  in  sum- 
mer with  dark  glossy  leaves,  changing  into  a  deep  crimson 
in  autumn.  It  is  common  on  moist  ground  and  in  old  fields 
in  moderately  good  soil.  One  of  our  best  ornamental  trees, 
fine  for  specimens  on  the  lawn  when  young. 

THE    DOGWOOD    FAMILYo 

Pepperidge,  Nyssa  multiflora. — A  small  tree  of  irregular 
habit,  twisted  branches  and  horizontal  sprays.  This  is  a 
very  elegant  and  picturesque  tree  with  fine  glossy  leaves  in 
summer  and  bright  crimson  autumn  tints.  It  grows  well 
in  any  light  and  open  soil,  in  the  outskirts  of  woods 
and  frequently  in  old  fields.  Deserves  to  be  used  abun- 
dantly in  landscape-gardening. 

THE    EBONY    FAMILY. 

Persimmon,  Diospyrus  Virginica* — A  common  tree  of 
the  South  and  Middle  States  with  ovate  leaves  of  a  firm 


H>ecifcuous  Hrees, 


171 


texture,  upright  habit,  and  irregular  crowns  with  rounded 
outlines.  It  grows  in  any  kind  of  soil  in  moderately  moist 
positions. 


FIG.  86.— PERSIMMON  (DIOSPYRUS  VIRQINICA). 


THE    OLIVE    FAMILY. 


Ash,  Fraxinus  excelsior. — The  European  ash  is  a  noble 
and  picturesque  tree  with  dark  shining  green  foliage, 
ample  rounded  or  ovate  crowns,  and  straight  grayish  stems. 


172 


£)ectouous  ZTrees. 


The  leaves  are  pinnate.  It  grows  on  the  shores  of  highland 
rivers,  sometimes  in  dry  ground  but  often  on  the  water  level 
among  rocks  and  stones.  Cultivated,  it  thrives  well  in  any 
moderately  rich  soil.  There  is  a  variety  with  pendulous 
branches  which  when  grafted  on  the  common  ash  forms 
small,  shady  arbors  in  a  short  time.  The  ash  retains  a 
beautiful  green  and  luxuriant  foliage  until  late  in  fall. 


THE    LAUREL    FAMILY. 

Sassafras    Laurel,   Sassafras   officinale. — A   small   but 

ornamental  tree  with 
irregular  crown  of 
rounded  outlines  and 
straight,  slender 
stems.  Grows  in  rich 
or  moderately  gravel- 
ly soil  either  in  moist 
or  dry  positions. 
Finest  in  old  fields 
and  on  the  outskirts 
of  woods.  The  obo- 
vate,  three-cleft  leaves 
are  very  handsome 
glossy  green  in  sum- 
mer, changing  into  a 
dull  red  and  crimson 
in  autumn.  The  tree 

FIG.    87.-SASSAFRAS  LAUREL  (.SASSAFRAS  OFFICINALEj).        jg      ^  effective       OU 

account  of  its  characteristic  and  picturesque  habit. 


Deciduous 


173 


THE    NETTLE    FAMILY. 

Elm,  Ulmus  mantana,  U.  campestris,  U.  Americana. — 
These  are  well-known  trees  with  obovate  crowns,  very 
broad  at  the  top, 
oblique  sprays 
and  sometimes 
slender,  pendu- 
lous branches. 
The  elms  are 
excellent  trees 
for  avenues,  but 
often  become 
easy  prey  for 
insects  which . 
strip  them  of 
every  leaf  in 
dry  summers. 
They  prefer 
rich,  loamy  soil 
with  a  gravelly 
subsoil.  Ulmus 
campestris  is  ex- 
c  e  1 1  e  n  t  for 
hedges.  Of  this 
species  there  are 
several  good 
varieties,  one  with  yellow  leaves.  The  majority  of  its 
numerous  forms  are  of  little  or  no  importance.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  the  varieties  of  the  Scotch  elm  (  U.  Mon- 


FIQ.   88.— NETTLE  TREE   (CELTIS  OCCIDENTALS). 


i74  Deciduous  Urees. 

tana).  There  are  two  very  distinct  forms,  one  with  fasti- 
giate  the  other  with  pendulous  branches.  The  white  elm, 
(  U.  Americana)  is  of  a  more  elegant  habit  than  the  rest, 
with  more  slender  branches. 

Nettle  Tree,  Celtis  occidentalis. — An  elegant  tree  of 
medium  size  growing  in  rich,  moist  ground.  The  leaves 
are  more  narrow  than  those  of  the  elm.  The  crown  is 
irregular,  rounded,  broadest  at  the  base;  It  will  grow  in 
any  moderately  good  soil. 

Mulberry,  Morus. — The  mulberry  trees  are  seldom 
used  in  ornamental  gardening,  but  they  are  very  orna- 
mental when  young.  The  most  useful  species  for  this 
purpose  is  the  red  mulberry  (M.  rubra),  which  has  the 
finest  foliage.  All  are  useful  for  hedge-planting.  The 
black  mulberry  gives  a  well-known  fruit. 

Paper  Mulberry,  Broussonetia  papyrifera. — A  small 
shade-tree  with  very  ornamental  three-cleft  leaves,  hardy, 
south  of  New  York.  For  ornamental  purposes  this  is 
better  than  the  common  mulberry  trees.  Will  grow  in 
any  moderately  good  soil. 

Osage  Orange,  Madura. — A  coarse,  spreading,  rapid- 
growing  tree,  with  spiny  branches  and  ovate  lanceolate 
leaves.  It  is  excellent  for  strong  hedges  and  enclosures 
and  of  great  ornamental  value.  It  multiplies  by  means  of 
running  roots  and  is  apt  to  become  a  weed. 

THE    PLANE-TREE    FAMILY. 

* 

Sycamore  or  Plane,  Platanus. — Large  and  beautiful 
trees  with  truncate,  five-angled  leaves,  which  are  of  a  leath- 
ery texture  and  downy  on  the  lower  side.  The  crowns  are 


H>ecitwou8  Urees.  175 

irregularly  rounded,  somewhat  broader  at  the  base  than  at 
the  top,  with  beautiful  effects  of  light  and  shade.  The 
stem  is  grayish  and,  in  places  where  the  old  bark  strips  off, 
silvery  white.  The  Oriental  plane  (PI.  orientalis)  has 
leaves  more  lobed  and  also  broader  crowns  than  the 
American  plane  (PI.  occidentalis).  The  sycamore  is  com- 
mon on  the  river-banks  and  in  low  fertile  soil.  While 
small  it  is  a  most  beautiful  tree  for  any  garden,  but  being 
of  rapid  growth  it  will  in  time  grow  too  large  for  smaller 
grounds.  Under  cultivation  it  thrives  in  any  moderately 
good  soil. 

THE    WALNUT    FAMILY. 

Walnut,  Juglans. — These  are  large  trees,  with  spread- 
ing, rounded  crowns  and  fine  pinnate  leaves.  They  are 
all  ornamental,  especially  when  young ;  grand  and  fin- 
posing  when  old.  The  English  walnut  is  chiefly  planted 
for  the  sake  of  its  well-known  fruit.  The  black  walnut  is 
a  large  American  tree,  and  the  butternut  ( J.  cinerea)  a 
somewhat  smaller  but  ornamental  species.  The  walnuts 
prefer  rich  soil  with  a  light  and  open  subsoil. 

Hickory,  Carya. — The  hickories  are  large  and  beautiful 
trees  with  more  elongated  crowns  than  the  walnuts.  The 
leaves  are  long,  pinnate.  They  are  all  well-known  Ameri- 
can trees  common  in  deep  and  fertile  soil.  The  butternut 
(6!  amara),  the  water  hickory  (C.  aquaticd),  and  pecan-nut 
C.  olivceformis)  delight  in  low  alluvial  soil  along  rivers  arid 
swamps.  The  shellbark  hickories  (C.  alba,  C.  sulcatci)  grow 
on  higher  ground  in  rich  woods. 


i76 


IDecifcuous  {Trees. 


Caucasian  Walnut,  Pterocaria  caucagica,  is  a  beautiful 
hardy  tree  with  broad,  spreading  crowns,  and  much  smaller 
than  the  hickories  and  walnuts.  It  has  long  pinnate  leaves 
of  a  glossy  green  with  about  nineteen  leaflets.  The  fine 


<?fWS 


FIG.    89.— CAUCASIAN   WALNUT   (PTEROCARIA   CAUCASICA). 

specimen  illustrated  grows  in  56°  N.  latitude  in  Sweden  on 
moderately  high,  fertile  ground.  This  is  the  most  ornamen- 
tal tree  of  the  walnut  family. 


THE   OAK  FAMILY. 


Oak,  Quercus. — The  oaks  are  among  our  most  beautiful 
trees  and  very  plentiful  in  American  woods  ;  in  fact,  they 
form  the  main  body  of  most  mixed  woods,  both  here  and 
in  Europe.  The  American  forms  grow  more  rapidly  than 


Deciduous  TIrees. 


177 


the  common  English  oak,  and  many  species  have  exquisitely 
beautiful  leaves.  The  English  oak  ($.  robur)  grows  in 
high  and  fertile  ground  on  clayey  subsoil.  It  is  one  of  the 
largest  and  handsomest  of  European  forest-trees,  deserving 
universal  planting  for  the  sake  of  ornament  as  well.  The 
chestnut  oak  (Q. prinos)  is  a  smaller  but  not  less  beautiful 
species,  very  valuable  as  an  ornamental  tree  for  small 


FIQ.    90.  — PIN    OAK   (QUERCUS   PALUSTRIS). 

grounds.  The  crown  of  this  is  less  broad  and  more  regular 
than  that  of  .the  English  oak.  The  leaves  are  obovate  or 

o 

oblong,  with  large,  wavy  teeth.  The  scarlet  oak  ($.  coccinea) 
is  remarkable  because  of  its  beautiful  autumn  tints  and 
glossy,  sharply  pinnatifid  leaves.  Other  desirable  species 
are  the  pin  oak  ($.  palustris),  the  white  oak  ($.  alba),  and 
the  willow-leaved  oak  ($.  phellos).  These  are  among  the 
best  for  general  planting,  but  all  oaks  deserve  to  be  planted 


1 78  EJecifcuous  ZTrees, 

extensively,  both  for  pleasure  and  profit.  In  the  South  the 
live  oaks^orm  the  feature  of  many  a  wood,  on  rather  moist 
and  riclrground.  They  are  comparatively  low  and  broad 
in  outline,  and  on  the  spreading  branches  the  Spanish  moss 
grows  in  abundance.  In  northern  latitudes,  the  oak  woods 
are  remarkable  for  the  rich  and  varied  herbaceous  flora  that 
finds  a  shelter  beneath  the  fallen  leaves  in  winter,  and  a 
pleasant  shade  in  summer.  This  is  partly  because  the  roots 
of  the  oak  go  deep  and  do  not  rob  the  surface  soil  of  its 
nutriment,  while  the  fallen  leaves  make  it  richer  year  after 
year. 

Chestnut,  Castanea. — The  chestnuts  are  very  beautiful 
trees  when  young,  and  in  old  age  they  become  rugged  and 
picturesque.  The  leaves  are  very  long,  lanceolate,  sharply 
toothed,  smooth,  and  green.  The  crown  is  generally  more 
broad  than  high,  with  an  irregularly  rounded  outline,  the 
stem  stout  and  tapering  in  old  trees.  The  chestnuts  grow 
in  deep,  fertile  woods  on  undulating  ground,  sometimes 
among  rocks  and  stones ;  when  cultivated,  a  sandy  loam 
with  well-drained  subsoil  suits  them  best.  The  innumerable 
white  flowers,  produced  in  long  catkins,  make  the  trees 
beautiful  in  summer. 

Beech,  Fagus. — The  beech,  is  the  most  beautiful  of  all 
forest-trees  ;  it  forms  large  woods  in  middle  and  northern 
Europe,  chiefly  on  high  and  rocky  ground  and  hillsides, 
The  stem  is  smooth  and  grayish.  The  spray  light,  hori- 
zontal, and  the  crowns  almost  globular.  In  spring,  when 
the  silky  leaves  unfold,  the  beech  woods  are  in  their  most 
attractive  condition.  Unlike  the  oak,  the  beech  casts  a 
veiy  heavy  shade,  and  the  abundance  of  flowering  plants  of 


IDecitwous 


179 


the  oak-wood  is  not  seen  among  the  beeches.     A  few  orchids, 

o  " 

chiefly  Habenaria  chloranta,  and  the  star  anemone  (Trientalis 
Europeci),  are  the  most  common  plants.  Mountain  ash  and 
hagbeny  grow  here  and  there  on  the  outskirts.  The  Euro- 
pean beech  (Wagus  sylvatica)  differs  chiedy  from  the 
American  beech  (F.  ferruginea)  in  having  larger  and 


FIQ.   91.— CUT-LEAVED    BEECH    (FAQUS   SYLVATICA    LACINIATA). 

brighter  leaves  and  a  more  horizontal  spray.  The  copper 
beech  is  a  well-known  form  of  the  European  species,  as  are 
also  the  cut-leaved  variety  often  seen  as  a  lawn  tree, 
and  the  weeping  beech.  These  varieties  form  beautiful 
specimens  on  a  lawn.  All  assume  splendid  autumn  tints. 
The  beech  grows  best  in  a  sandy  loam  with  an  open  or 
stony  subsoil.  In  a  young  state  it  is  exceptionally  beautiful 
for  woods  and  coppices,  and  when  too  large  for  this  purpose 


Urees. 


it  may  be  cut  down,  and  a  new  growth  will  follow  quickly. 
Many  of  the  larger  forest-trees  may  be  treated  in  the  same 
manner  in  parks  and  gardens.  When  they  have  become 
too  large  they  should  be  cut  down  and  utilized,  and  a  second 
and  more  rapid  growth  is  sure  to  follow. 

Hop-Hornbeam,  Ostrya  Virginica.  —  This  is  a  fine  and 
slender  tree,  with  brownish  bark  and  birch-like  foliage, 
growing  in  rich  woods,  frequently  among  beech  and  birch. 

Hornbeam,  Carpinus  betulus.  —  A  medium-sized  or,  more 
often,  a  small  tree  with  birch-like  foliage  and  smooth  gray- 
ish stems.  The  spray  is  light  and  beautiful.  It  grows 
along  stony  rivers  in  moist  and  rich  soil,  but  will  thrive  in 
any  moderately  good  soil  when  cultivated.  This  is  one  of 
the  best  trees  for  hedges  and  screen  planting.  Its  elegant 
habit  and  moderate  size  make  it  a  particularly  valuable 
tree  for  smaller  grounds.  The  American  hornbeam  is  a 
smaller  species,  but  grows  under  the  same  conditions  and  is 
available  for  the  same  purpose. 

THE   BIRCH   FAMILY. 

Birch,  Betula.  —  All  the  birches  are  trees  with  com- 
paratively light  foliage  and  slender  sprays  of  more  or  less 
cordate  or  ovate  leaves.  They  are  very  fragrant  in  spring 
when  the  leaves  unfold,  and  the  tender  green  of  their  foliage 
makes  them  particularly  attractive  during  that  season.  The 
white  birch  is  very  beautiful  throughout  the  year  because 
of  its  white  trunk.  It  grows  in  poor  and  gravelly  soil  into 
medium-sized  trees,  with  more  or  less  bent  and  twisted 
stems  and  branches,  and  oblong  crowns.  There  are  many 


FIG.    92.— WEEPING    BEECH    (FAGUS   SYLVATICA    PENDULA). 


181 


1 82  5>eciDuous  Urees. 

fine  varieties,  such  as  red-leaved  birch  (B.  alba  purpured), 
with  coppery  foliage ;  the  cut-leaved  birch  (B.a.Dalecarlicd), 
with  slender  branches  and  laciniated  leaves ;  and  the  weep- 
ing birch  (B.  a.  penduld),  one  of  the  most  beautiful  lawn 
trees.  The  white  birch  forms  immense  forests  abounding 
in  a  rich  herbaceous  flora.  The  American  white  birch 
(B.  populifolid)  does  not  differ  greatly  from  the  common 
white  birch,  except  in  having  a  stiffer  and  less  elegant 
habit.  The  paper  birch  (B.papyraced)  has  beautiful  white 
bark,  which  peels  off  in  layers.  It  is  almost  similar  in 
habit  to  some  varieties  of  the  white  birch,  but  the  leaves 
are  broader  and  more  heart-shaped.  On  the  shores  of 
rivers,  often  growing  in  the  water  itself,  the  picturesque 
river  birch  (J5.  nigra)  is  frequently  seen  in  the  Northern 
States.  The  cherry  birch  (B.  lento)  has  denser  crowns 
than  any  of  the  preceding  kinds.  The  spray  is  horizontal, 
almost  beech-like,  and  the  globular  crowns  and  grayish 
stems  make  it  resemble  a  small  beech  at  a  distance.  The 
bark  is  brownish  gray,  resembling  that  of  a  cherry-tree. 
This  species  and  the  white  birch  are  the  most  valuable  from 
an  ornamental  point  of  view.  Birches  are  fine  trees  for 
planting  in  masses  in  groves  and  copses,  and  where  it  is  de- 
sired to  introduce  woodland  scenery  birch  and  oak  should 
be  the  principal  trees,  as  their  light  foliage  will  allow  a 
luxurious  growth  of  grass  and  flowers. 

Alder,  Alnus. — The  alder  grows  in  moist  places  in 
meadows  and  on  river  shores.  It  has  a  tall  elliptical  crown, 
grayish  stems,  and  oval  or  ovate  leaves.  The  common 
forms  are  not  very  ornamental,  but  they  are  excellent  for 
very  low  and  wet  ground.  The  cut-leaved  Alder  (Alnus 


Deciduous  Urees. 


183 


glutinosa  laciniata  or  imperialis)  is  the  only  really  valuable 
tree  of  the  genus.  It  has  slender  branches  and  beautiful 
fern-like  foliage  and  forms  a  fine  and  very  ornamental  lawn 
tree. 


THE    WILLOW    FAMILY. 


Willow,  Salix. — The  willows   are    rapid-growing  trees, 
found  in  moist  places,  in  marshes  and  meadows  on  lake  and 


FIG    93.— WEEPING   WILLOW   (SALIX    BABYLONICA). 

river  shores.  They  have  all  more  or  less  narrow,  lanceolate 
leaves  of  a  glaucous  or  silvery  color  on  the  lower  side. 
Their  branches  are  gray  or  silvery,  sometimes  bright  red  or 
yellow,  and  many  species  are  very  attractive  in  winter 
because  of  the  highly  colored  twigs.  All  are  of  a  more  or 
less  bushy  habit  when  young,  but  eventually  grow  into 
trees  of  considerable  size. 


184  IDecifeuous  Urees. 

Most  common  is  the  white  willow  (S.  alba),  with  gray- 
ish  branches  and  lanceolate  leaves  covered  with  white  silky 
hair.  The  golden  willow  (S.  vitellina)  is  only  a  variety 
of  the  white  willow  with  golden  yellow  branches.  Salix 
fragilis  has  beautiful  shining  leaves.  All  these  grow  into 
large-sized  trees.  The  osier  willow  (S.  viminalis)  is  a 
smaller  but  very  handsome  species.  The  laurel-leaved 
willow  (S.  pentandrd)  is  a  small  but  beautiful  tree  with 
ovate-lanceolate  leaves.  The  most  popular  and  useful  of  all 
is  the  weeping  willow  (S.  Babylonica),  a  familiar  tree  on 
the  shores  of  rivers  and  ponds. 

Poplar,  Populus,  are  rapid-growing  trees  useful  for  screen 
planting  and  for  planting  where  it  is  necessary  to  cover 
bare  spaces  quickly.  Most  common  are  the  Canada  pop- 
lar (P.  monolifera),  with  fine  cordate  leaves  and  a  regular 
habit ;  the  silver  poplar  (P.  alba),  with  whitish  silvery 
foliage ;  the  balsam  poplar  (P.  lalsamea),  with  fragrant 
leaves  in  spring,  and  the  Lombardy  poplar  (P.  dilatata), 
with  fastigiate  branches  and  a  columnar  habit.  There  is  a 
golden-leaved  variety  of  the  Canada  poplar  which  is  a  very 
fine  ornamental  tree.  All  are  beautiful  when  young,  but 
some  are  undesirable  because  of  their  long  running  roots  ; 
the  balsam  poplar  and  the  white  poplar  in  particular. 

Aspen,  Populus  tremula. — This  is  a  small  tree  with 
rounded  crown  and  grayish  silvery  bark,  of  no  ornamental 
value.  It  grows  in  poor  soil  almost  anywhere.  The 
American  aspen  (P.  tremuloides)  is  a  more  ornamental  tree, 
of  a  regular  habit. 


II. 


CONIFEROUS   TREES. 


CHIEFLY    EVERGREENS. 

HE  importance  of  hardy  evergreen  trees  in  the 
JA  North,  where  the  deciduous  trees  remain  bare 
for  a  long  time  of  the  year,  can  hardly  be 
over-estimated.  Unfortunately  many  of  the 
finest  coniferous  trees  and  shrubs  are  too 
tender  in  the  far  North  to  be  of  general  use.  But  among 
the  pines  proper,  among  the  spruces,  firs,  and  hemlocks 
there  is  so  great  a  variety  of  beautiful  trees,  that  with  them 
alone  a  great  diversity  of  evergreen  groups  and  plantations 
may  be  had  in  any  part  of  the  country.  Many  of  the  finer 
spruces  and  firs,  as  the  Nordmann  fir,  the  Colorado  blue 
spruce,  the  Cephalonian  and  Spanish  silver  firs  can  hardly 
be  excelled  by  any  other  class  of  trees  in  dignity  and 
beauty.  Cedars  are,  unfortunately,  tender  in  the  Northern 
States,  but  they  will  succeed  in  most  places  south  and  west 
of  New  York.  Coniferous  trees  are  best  planted  in  large, 
irregular  masses,  with  closer  plantations  of  the  more  com- 
mon kinds  and  choice  specimens  on  adjoining  open  lawns, 

185 


1 86  Coniferous  Urees. 

In  forming  a  pinetum  considerable  time  may  be  needed, 
and  it  should  be  planted  upon  a  previously  arranged  plan. 
It  is  best  to  form  a  nucleus  here  and  another  there,  in  suit- 
able places,  of  some  larger  trees  already  on  hand,  and  as 
these  increase  in  size  plant  younger  trees  about  them  or 
in  separate  groups,  sufficiently  far  apart  to  allow  a  full 
development  of  every  individual  tree.  In  this  manner  the 
plantation  will  look  finished  and  natural  from  the  begin- 
ning and  still  be  capable  of  enlargement  by  subsequent 
plantings.  If  a  group  of  coniferous  trees  is  wanted  for  im- 
mediate effect  they  may  be  planted  quite  close  together, 
and  as  soon  as  the  branches  touch,  the  superfluous  plants 
must  be  removed  and  planted  elsewhere. 

Coniferous  trees  are  most  attractive  in  spring,  when 
the  tender  green  of  the  young  shoots  is  in  beautiful  con- 
trast with  the  dark  color  of  the  older  branches.  In  large 
plantations  of  spruce  and  pine  fine  effects  may  be  produced 
by  introducing  choice  flowering  shrubs  and  herbaceous 
plants  in  open  glades,  and  on  small,  irregular  open  spaces 
among  the  trees. 

THE    PINE    FAMILY    PROPER. 

Pine,  Pinus. — The  pines  are  chiefly  large  forest  trees,  but 
are  sometimes  of  a  dwarf  and  compact  habit.  The  leaves 
are  more  or  less  rigid,  and  vary  in  length  from  a  couple  of 
inches  to  more  than  a  foot,  mostly  green,  but  sometimes  of  a 
beautiful  glaucous  color,  disposed  in  clusters,  two,  three,  or 
five  together.  Pines  form  vast  forests,  chiefly  consisting  of 
one  species,  and  almost  destitute  of  herbaceous  vegetation 
except  in  open  places.  Most  of  the  species  grow  in  moun- 


Coniferous  Urees. 


187 


tain  regions  or  on  sandy  plains,  while  a  few,  like  the  white 
pine,  are  found  in  low  and  rich  soil.  All  will  do  well 
under  cultivation  in  moderately  good  soil,  in  open  and  ex- 


FIQ.  94.— AUSTRIAN   PINE   (PINUS  AUSTRIACA). 


posed  positions.  Some  are  difficult  to  transplant  on  account 
of  their  long  and  bare  roots,  and  must  be  transplanted  as 
young  seedlings  in  order  to  succeed. 


i88 


Coniferous  Urees, 


Austrian  pine  (P.  Austriacd)  is  the  best  species  for 
general  use  and  ornament.  It  forms  a  close  and  rounded 
crown  with  long,  rigid  leaves,  grows  rapidly,  and  is  easily 
transplanted. 

Scotch  pine  (P.  sylvest/ris)  is  the  most  common  tree  of 
Northern  Europe,  with  short,  bluish-white  leaves  and  red- 
dish-brown trunks.  Especially  useful  for  screen  planting 
on  poor  and  sandy  soil,  on  the  sea-shore  and  in  other  ex- 
posed places.  It  is  quite  ornamental  while  young. 

Northern  pitch  pine  (P.  rigida)  is  a  beautiful  Ameri- 
can tree  growing  on  poor  sandy  and  rocky  ground  in  ex- 
posed positions.  A 
useful  and  ornamental 
tree.  The  white  pine 
(P.  Strobus)  is  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  spe- 
cies with  long,  glau- 
cous leaves  and  an  ele- 
gant habit.  It  is  easy 
to  transplant,  and  will 
grow  in  any  moderate- 
ly good  soil.  The  Bho- 
tan  pine  (P.  excelsd) 
is  a  nearly  related  tree 
with  much  longer,  slen- 
der,  and  drooping 
leaves  of  a  whitish 
color,  very  numerous  at 
the  top  of  the  branches. 
This  species  is  less  hardy  than  the  common  white  pine. 


FIG.   95.— WHITE    PINE  (PINUS    STROBUS). 


Coniferous  Urees* 


189 


The  stone  pine  (P.  cembra)  is  a  dwarf  and  compact 
species  of  a  regular  ovate  outline,  slow  growing,  hardy, 
and  ornamental,  and  one  of  the  best  for  use  in  smaller 
places.  The  dwarf  pine  (P.  Muglius)  is  a  very  compact 
and  spreading  form,  with  short  rigid  leaves.  It  is  almost 
a  shrub,  forming  broad  and  low  masses  when  planted 
on  a  lawn. 

Spruce,  Picea. — Spruces,  as  distinguished  from  firs,  have 


FIQ.  96.— DWARF  PINE  (PINUS  MUGHUS). 

pendulous,  not  upright,  cones,  and  leaves  spreading  every 
way.  They  are  of  an  upright  pyramidal  habit,  with 
branches  disposed  in  whorls  at  regular  intervals  along 
the  stem.  They  grow  in  rocky  and  mountainous  regions, 
and  form  the  main  forests  in  the  far  North,  sometimes  in  the 
company  of  pines. 

Norway  spruce  (P.  excelsa)  is  a  common  ornamental 
tree  with  dark-green  leaves,  close,  sometimes  drooping, 
branches,  and  an  upright,  elegant  habit.  Very  useful  for 
screen-planting,  and  in  a  young  state  for  groups  and  masses 
on  the  lawn  and  intermixed  in  large  shrubberies.  There 


I90 


Coniferous  ZTrees. 


are  several  varieties,  one  very  dwarf,  another  with  droop- 
ing branches.  White  spruce  (P.  alba)  is  of  a  broader  and 
more  compact  habit,  and  has  whitish  leaves.  A  very  hand- 
some ornamental  tree  for  groups  or  specimens.  Black  spruce 
(P.  nigrd)  has  shorter  and  darker  leaves.  This  is  a  small 
tree  growing  in  cold  and  damp  soil.  The  Himalayan  spruce 
(P.  Morinda)  is  the  most  beautiful  of  the  spruces,  with 
comparatively  long  leaves,  ample  branches,  and  a  very 
regular,  pyramidal  habit. 

Blue  Spruce,  Picea  pungens,  is  a  slow-growing,  compact, 
and  rigid  tree  with  sharp,  needle-like  leaves.     Often  very 

beautiful  on  account 
of  its  glaucous  blue 
color.  A  very  attrac- 
tive species  for  plant- 
ing on  rocky  hillsides 
or  in  small  places  as  a 
specimen  on  the  lawn. 
Fir,  Abies. — The 
firs  are  stately  trees 
with  erect  cones,  most- 
ly flattened  branches, 
and  comparatively 
long,  glossy,  green  or 
glaucous  leaves.  All 
grow  in  mountain  re- 
gions, sometimes  in 
hi^h  altitude  s  on 

FIG.  97.— CEPHALONIAN  SILVER  FIR    (ABIES  CEPHA- 

LONICA).  rocky  and  precipitous 

ground.     They  are  the  most  ornamental  of  all  coniferous 


II 


191 


Coniferous 


trees.    The  balsam  firs  (A .  bahamica,  pectinata, 

are  almost  similar  in  habit.     A.  pectinata  is  the  tallest  and 

most  valuable  of  them,  while  A.  piclita,  the  Siberian  bal- 


FIQ.  98.— WHITE   SILVER   FIR  (ABIES  CONCOLOR). 

sam  fir,  is  the  most  ornamental,  with  rather  long,  crowded 
leaves.  The  leaves  of  all  are  of  a  dark  and  lustrous  green  on 
the  upper  surface,  and  more  or  less  silvery  beneath.  The 


i92  Coniferous  {Trees* 

Spanish  silver  fir  (A.Pinsapo)  has  very  stout  and  rigid  leaves 
pointing  in  every  direction.  It  is  a  very  ornamental  tree  of 
a  broadly  pyramidal  habit  and  a  dark  shining  green  color. 
This  species  is  less  hardy  than  the  Cephalonian  silver  fir  (A. 


FIG.  99.— NORDMANN'S  SILVER    FIR  (ABIES  NORDMANNIANA). 

Cephaloiiica),  which  is  almost  similar  in  habit  but  with  more 
glaucous  leaves  and  perfectly  hardy.  The  last  two  will 
form  fine  specimen  trees  on  a  lawn.  The  white  silver  fir 
(A.  concolor)  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  evergreen  trees 


Coniferous  TTrees.  193 

with  spreading  branches  and  long  two-ranked  leaves  of  a 
pale  glaucous  color.  This  is  a  perfectly  hardy  and  very 
ornamental  tree  of  a  pyramidal  habit,  and  one  of  the  best 
specimens  for  small  lawns  where  there  is  place  for  a  few 
trees  only.  The  great  silver  fir  (A.  grandis)  is  hardly  less 
beautiful,  but  less  glaucous.  A.  nobilis  is  another  fine  tree 
of  an  almost  columnar  habit  with  stout  spreading  branches 
and  glaucous  leaves.  Nordmann's  silver  fir  (A.  Nord- 
manniana)  is,  however,  the  most  common  and  popular  of 
all  these  trees.  It  is  of  a  narrow  pyramidal  habit,  with 
short  but  ample  branches  and  long  leaves,  of  a  dark,  shining 
green  color  on  the  upper  side,  and  slightly  silvery  beneath. 
This  is  an  excellent  lawn  tree  and  comparatively  easy  to 
obtain. 

False  Hemlock,  Pseudotsuga  Douglasii. — A  tree  almost 
as  common  and  popular  as  the  Nordmann  fir,  of  a  less  formal 
habit,  with  slender  elegant  branches,  and  two-ranked,  light 
green  leaves.  Not  hardy  in  the  extreme  North. 

Hemlock,  Tsuga. — These  are  well-known  trees  in  rocky 
woods  on  hillsides  and  ravines,  often  seen  among  deciduous 
trees,  forming  little  groups  and  scattered  masses  among  birch 
and  oak.  They  have  slender,  feathery  branches  and  an  ele- 
gant habit,  with  dark  green  or  silvery  foliage.  Many 
varieties  of  the  common  hemlock  (T.  canadensis)  are  of  a 
broad  and  bushy  habit  in  a  young  state,  and  almost  rival 
the  Deodar  cedar  in  beauty.  T.  Hookeriana  is  a  species 
with  more  glaucous  leaves  than  the  common  hemlock,  a  very 
graceful  tree,  but  probably  not  hardy  in  the  extreme  North. 
The  hemlocks  are  useful  for  hedges,  for  screen  planting,  and 
as  an  undergrowth  in  woods  and  copses.  Small  groups  of 


194  Coniter ous  Urees, 

young  trees  are  very  effective  on  the  lawn,  and  they  may  be 
used  with  great  advantage  for  mixed  groups  of  coniferous 
trees.  In  ravines  and  among  stones  and  rocks  on  high  river 
banks  is  their  ideal  home,  and  they  may  be  used  to  form  a 
background  for  rockeries  with  the  best  result.  They  grow 
well  in  any  moderately  good  and  naturally  drained  soil.  As 
the  hemlock  may  be  pruned  without  injury,  the  habit  may 
be  rendered  more  compact  by  judicious  pruning  of  the 
young  trees,  but  a  free  and  natural  growth  is  generally  to 
be  preferred. 

Larch,  Larix  Europcea. — This  deciduous  tree  is  excellent 
in  woods  and  shrubberies  or  in  groups  of  evergreen  trees 
where  the  tender  green  of  its  leaves  in  spring  is  very  effect- 
ive. In  early  spring,  when  the  leaves  unfold,  the  tree  is 
very  fragrant.  The  European  larch  is  a  large  forest  tree 
with  valuable  wood,  and  it  is  one  of  the  best  and  most 
profitable  species  for  forest-planting.  It  is  of  an  erect  and 
slender  habit  with  an  ovate,  pointed  crown  and  light  feathery 
clusters  of  leaves.  It  grows  in  any  moderately  good  soil. 

Cedar,  Cedrus. — The  cedars  are  not  quite  hardy  in  the 
Northern  States.  They  are  very  ornamental  trees  with 
broad,  rounded  crowns  and  horizontal  branches  of  a  dark 
green  or  glaucous  color.  The  Cedar  of  Lebanon  (C.  Liba- 
notica)  is  probably  the  most  hardy.  It  will  grow  as  far  north 
as  New  York  in  sheltered  positions,  and  probably  much  far- 
ther north.  This  species  is  of  a  more  rigid  habit  than  the 
Deodar  (C.  deodara),  a  Himalayan  tree  of  great  beautyy 
with  a  light  feathery  spray,  slender  arching  branches,  and 
glaucous  leaves.  The  cedars  are  exceptionally  beautiful 
trees  for  small  clumps,  and  as  specimens  on  the  lawn.  A 


Coniferous  ZTrees,  195 

high  sandy  loam  and  a  somewhat  sheltered   position   are 
essential  to  success  in  their  cultivation. 


THE    CYPRESS    FAMILY. 

The  trees  of  this  family  are  distinguished  botanically 
by  their  small  and  often  fleshy  cones,  the  scales  of  which 
often  unite  to  form  a  dry  berry  as  in  juniper.  They  have 
more  or  less  scaly  or  prickly  leaves.  Some  of  the  largest 
known  trees  belong  to  this  family,  as  the  common  redwood 
of  the  Pacific  slopes.  The  dwarf est  and  smallest  members 
of  the  coniferous  family  also  belong  here. 

Japanese  Cypress,  Cryptomeria  japanica. — This  is  a  very 
picturesque  tree  with  a  slender  stem,  and  few  but  large 
branches  that  descend  from  the  stem  and  ascend  again 
at  the  apex.  The  leaves  are  crowded  and  scaly,  and  the 
sprays  are  flat  and  frondlike.  It  succeeds  best  as  an  under- 
growth in  deciduous  shrubberies  and  woods  on  hillsides, 
and  on  the  sides  of  ravines  in  moderately  good  soil  with  an 
open  or  gravelly  subsoil.  Planted  as  a  lawn  tree  in  the  full 
blaze  of  the  sun,  it  will  not  endure  in  the  North. 

White  Cedars,  Cliamcecyparis  (JRetinospora),  a  very 
large  genus  of  dwarf  or  medium-sized  trees  and  shrubs,  of 
very  varied  aspect  and  habit.  The  majority  are  perfectly 
hardy,  as  they  are  inhabitants  of  high  altitudes  and  of  the 
North.  The  largest  are  Lawson's  cypress,  the  Nootka  cedar, 
and  the  Japanese  cedar.  The  first  one  (Oh.  Lawsonianci)  is 
a  well-known  ornamental  tree  with  flat,  feathery  sprays.  It 
has  numerous  garden  varieties,  varying  greatly  in  form  and 
color.  The  best  of  these  are  :  albo-variegata,  with  white 


196 


Coniferous  ZTrees. 


and 
very 


leaves    and  branches    among    the  green    ones ;  dwarf  and 
compact,  of  a  conical  habit;  aureo-variegata,  with  the  young 

branches  tipped  gold- 
en yellow,  very  pictu- 
resque ;  erecta  mridis, 
of  a  columnar  habit 
and  a  beautiful  green 
color;  gracilis pendu- 
la,  with  long  and  slen- 
der, semi  -  pendulous 
branches ;  nana,  a 
globular  form, 
nana  glauca,  a 
beautiful  glaucous  va- 
riety. The  Nootka 
cedar  (C%.  Nootkaen- 
sis)  is  the  finest  and 
hardiest  species  of  this 
genus.  It  is  of  a  slen- 
der, graceful  habit, 
with  short  arching 
branches  and  imbri- 
cated foliage,  some- 
times bright  green, 
sometimes  glaucous. 
There  are  several  varieties  of  this  species.  The  Japanese 
cedar  (CJi.  obtusd),  which  grows  into  a  tree  a  hundred  feet 
high,  is  quite  common  in  gardens.  The  branches  are  slen- 
der, with  ample,  feathery  sprays,  and  scale-like,  ad  pressed 
leaves.  The  most  common  varieties  are :  aurea,  with  many 


FIQ.   100.— LAWSON'S  CEDAR   (CHAM/ECYPARIS  LAW- 
SONIANA). 


Coniferous  ZTrees.  197 

of  the  sprays  golden  yellow,  intermixed  with  green ;  nana, 
a  very  dwarf  variety  a  couple  of  feet  high  only,  broad  and 
spreading  ;  plumosa,  with  very  large  and  feathery  sprays  of 
a  fluffy  appearance.  There  is  a  sub- variety  of  this  cedar 
with  yellow  variegations  (plumosa  aurea),  and  one  in  which 
the  young  growth  is  creamy  white  (argented).  This  species 
is  one  of  the  most  useful  garden  plants.  The  smaller  varie- 
ties are  handsome  in  rockeries,  and  the  larger  ones  in  groups 
and  as  specimen  trees.  Oh.  pisifera  is  a  remarkable  and 
picturesque  species  with  very  long,  cord-like  branchlets.  It 
is  of  a  compact  habit  and  very  beautiful  and  characteristic 
when  well  grown.  In  the  variety  filifera,  this  peculiar 
habit  is  more  pronounced.  Oh.  squarosa  is  one  of  the  most 
common  of  the  smaller  coniferse.  It  has  fluffy,  feathery 
sprays  of  a  glaucous  or  silvery-gray  color,  and  forms  a  small 
shrub  or  tree  of  a  broadly  columnar  habit.  These  last 
kinds  are  excellent  for  rockeries.  The  American  white 
cedar  (<7A.  thuy  aides)  is  also  a  very  fine  and  ornamental 
tree,  useful  for  planting  in  deciduous  woods  and  shrub- 
beries as  an  undergrowth. 

Arbor- Vita,  Thuya. — Some  of  the  arbor- vitses  are 
trees  of  considerable  size,  but  many  of  the  garden  varieties 
are  compact  forms  of  a  more  or  less  globular  or  columnar 
habit.  The  American  arbor-vitse  (Thuya  occidentalis)  is 
a  common  tree,  growing  in  small  colonies  on  almost  any 
kind  of  ground,  from  rocky  hillsides  to  cold  swamps.  The 
garden  varieties  are  numerous  and  more  common  in  cultiva- 
tion than  the  type.  The  following  are  some  of  the  best 
forms  :  alba,  with  the  young  shoots  tipped  with  white  early 
in  the  season ;  aurea,  golden  yellow  ;  Elwangwiana,  a  dwarf 


i98 


Coniferous  Urees* 


bushy  form ;  Hoveyi,  a  globular  variety,  tinted  golden  yel- 
low ;  Vervoeneana,  oval,  golden-tinted ;  Warreana,  dwarf 
conical,  a  beautiful  variety.  The  giant  arbor-vitae  (Th. 

gigantea)  is  a  tall 
and  elegant  tree  with 
graceful,  irregular 
branches  and  flat, 
feathery  sprays.  This 
is  a  fine  species  for 
grouping  with  spruce 
and  fir.  Chinese  ar- 
bor-vitae  (Th.  orien- 
talis)  is  a  tree  of  a 
compact  pyramidal  or 
conical  habit,  less 
hardy  than  the  com- 
mon form.  There 
are  many  varieties 
with  differently  col- 
ored leaves.  The 
best  are  :  elegantis- 
sima,  with  golden- 
tipped  branches  in 
summer ;  glauca,  a 
beautiful  bluish- 
white  variety — one  of 
the  best ;  pyramidalis, 

F.Q.  101.-Q.ANT  ARBOR-VIT*  (THUYA  Q.QANTEA).          °f    a    Columnar     habit, 

bright     green     color 
and  robust  growth.  The  American  arbor-vitae  is  very  useful 


Coniferous  {Trees*  199 

for  evergreen  hedges ;  and  choicer  varieties  for  groups  and 
as  specimen  trees,  while  some  of  the  smaller  kiDds  look  fine 
in  a  rockery. 

Japanese  Arbor- Vitae,  Thuyopsis  dolabrata. — This  is  a 
beautiful  tree  of  a  pyramidal  habit  with  thick  shoots  and 
scale-like,  fleshy  leaves.  It  is  of  a  fine  green  color,  is  proba- 
bly the  most  ornamental  of  the  arbor-vitses,  and  very  hardy. 
Fine  for  a  specimen  tree  in  a  choice  position  on  the  lawn. 

Juniper,  Juniperus.  The  junipers  are  common  trees 
on  heaths,  in  barren  and  sandy  soil,  and — in  America — in 
old  fields.  The  common  juniper  (J.  communis)  is  a  very 
variable  tree,  generally  of  a  fresh  green  color,  with  a  more  or 
less  irregularly  pyramidal  habit.  There  are  two  common 
kinds  grown  in  gardens — the  Irish  and  the  Swedish  juniper. 
They  are  both  of  a  columnar  habit,  with  silvery  or  glaucous 
leaves.  As  an  ornamental  tree,  the  typical  form  is  by  far 
the  best.  Red  cedar  (J.  virginiana)  is  a  common  tree  on 
stony  and  sandy  soil,  on  hillsides,  and  in  old  fields.  Certain 
varieties  of  a  columnar  habit,  and  of  a  more  or  less  glaucous 
color,  are  common  all  over  the  country.  The  Chinese  juni- 
per (J.  chinensis)  is  also  common  in  cultivation.  The 
savin  (J.  Sabina)  is  a  low,  procumbent  shrub,  fine  for 
rockeries. 

There  are  a  few  singular  forms,  belonging  to  various 
divisions  of  the  coniferous  family,  which  are  quite  orna- 
mental but  rare  in  gardens. 

The  Umbrella  Pine,  Sciadopytis  verticillata,  is  one  of 
these.  It  is  a  dwarf,  slow-growing  tree  with  long,  rigid 
leaves,  collected  in  umbrella-like  rosettes  at  the  apex  of  the 


200  Coniferous  Hrees. 

branches.  It  is  a  fine  and  hardy  plant  for  a  rockery  or  as  a 
specimen  tree  on  the  lawn. 

The  Maidenhair  Tree  (Ginkgo  btloba)  is  a  large  and  or- 
namental, deciduous  tree,  with  the  habit  of  a  common  pear- 
tree,  and  fan-shaped,  lobed  leaves.  It  will  form  a  fine 
specimen  tree,  and  may  also  be  planted  in  a  shrubbery. 

The  Bald  Cypress  (Taxodium  disticJium)  is  more  com- 
mon ;  a  deciduous  tree  of  a  pyramidal  habit,  growing  in 
swamps  and  low  ground  generally.  Fine  for  shores  of  rivers 
and  lakes. 

The  Yew,  Taxus  baccata. — This  is  a  very  beautiful  but 
slow-growing  tree.  It  has  flat  sprays  of  dark  olive-green 
leaves,  and  is  generally  of  a  broadly  conical  habit.  It  is 
often  used  for  evergreen  hedges,  and  in  cemeteries,  for 
which  purposes  it  is  excellent.  There  are  several  beautiful 
forms,  now  little  known  and  seldom  used  because  of  their 
slow  growth.  All  are  fine  for  planting  as  an  undergrowth 
in  shrubberies  and  woods. 


III. 


FLOWERING  TREES. 

HE  following  trees  are  particularly  beautiful 
during  their  flowering  period  in  spring  and 
early  summer.  They  form  important  features 
of  every  landscape  in  Northern  latitudes  for 
a  considerable  time  of  the  year;  some,  in  ad- 
dition to  their  attractive  flowers  in  spring,  change  into 
beautiful  autumn  tints  before  the  fall  of  the  leaf,  and  many 
are  covered  in  winter  with  showy  clusters  of  fruit.  The 
Siberian  crab,  American  thorns,  and  the  European  moun- 
tain ash  are  a  few  of  the  deciduous  trees  that  are  ornamental 
in  one  way  or  another  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year. 
Many  of  the  species  included  under  this  heading  are  trees 
of  considerable  size,  with  large  and  beautiful  foliage  and 
shady  crowns,  useful  as  avenue  and  shade-trees,  such  as  the 
horse  chestnuts.  The  locust  family  contains  a  number  of 
species  with  beautiful  pinnate  or  twice-pinnate  leaves; 
they  are  trees  of  considerable  size,  useful  in  landscape-gar- 
dening for  every  ornamental  purpose.  The  locusts  are  fine 
trees  for  streets  and  avenues.  All  the  species  form  beauti- 
ful and  striking  objects  in  masses  of  trees  and  shrubs.  In 


201 


202  jflowering  tTrees. 

many  groups,  such  trees  as  the  thorns,  the  hagberry,  the 
buckeyes,  yellow-wood  and  flowering  ash  may  be  used  for 
the  more  central  parts  with  good  results.  Catalpas,  Pau- 
lownias,  and  Chinese  magnolias  are  exceptionally  beautiful 
for  specimens  on  the  lawn. 

THE  MAGNOLIA  FAMILY. 

Tulip  Tree,  Liriodendron  tulipifera. — This  is  a  well 
known,  tall  and  handsome  tree,  with  broad,  lyrate  leaves 
and  showy,  greenish-yellow  flowers  marked  inside  with  rich 
orange,  and  resembling  a  tulip  in  shape.  The  flowers  are 
produced  in  great  numbers  late  in  the  spring.  The  tulip 
tree  is  found  in  different  kinds  of  soil,  but  chiefly  on  mod- 
erately rich  and  well  drained  ground.  As  a  small  tree, 
twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  it  is  very  ornamental  with  a 
broadly  pyramidal  or  conical  crown.  It  grows  rapidly 
and  must  be  removed  as  soon  as  it  becomes  too  large  for  a 
place. 

Chinese  Magnolia,  Magnolia  conspicua. — A  small  tree 
with  a  rounded  crown,  smooth  branches  and  obovate,  pointed 
leaves  about  six  inches  long.  The  fragrant  flowers  are  of 
a  milky-white  color,  erect,  six  inches  in  diameter,  expanding 
before  the  leaves  in  early  spring.  There  is  a  variety  or 
hybrid  with  purplish  flowers  known  as  Soulange's  magnolia, 
which  is  equally  valuable.  The  purple  magnolia  ( M.  pur- 
purea)  is  a  Japanese  shrub  or  small  tree  with  obovate 
leaves  and  showy  flowers,  white  inside,  purple  without. 
Magnolia  stellata  is  also  a  very  early  flowering  species  of 
great  beauty.  These  are  fine  trees  for  specimens  on  the 


203 


lawn,  and  are  among  the  best  for  small  places.     They  will 
thrive  in  any  moderately  good  soil  that  is  not  too  wet. 


FIQ.  102.— CHINESE  MAGNOLIA   (MAGNOLIA  CONSPICUA). 

Sweet  Bay,  Magnolia  glauca. — A  small  American  tree, 
very  fine  when  cultivated,  growing  in  swamps  and  low 
grounds  generally.  It  has  oblong  leaves,  green  on  the  upper 
surface,  glaucous  beneath,  and  white  fragrant  flowers  in 
early  summer.  Fine  for  groups  and  in  shrubberies  in  rich, 
not  necessarily  low,  ground. 


204  flowering  ZTrees* 


Umbrella  Tree,  Magnolia  umbrella.  —  This  is  a  low  orna- 
mental tree  with  broad,  spreading  crowns  and  obovate- 
lanceolate  leaves  from  one  to  two  feet  long,  placed  in  rosettes 
at  the  apex  of  the  branches,  with  a  very  large  white  flower 
in  their  midst.  A  very  beautiful  shade-tree  for  general  use. 

Great-leaved  Magnolia,  Magnolia  macropJiylla.  —  A  small 
or  medium-sized  tree  with  extremely  large  leaves,  two  to 
three  feet  in  length,  and  white  flowers,  sometimes  a  foot  in 
diameter. 

Cucumber  Tree,  Magnolia  acuminata,  is  a  large  tree  with 
oblong  pointed  leaves  and  greenish-yellow  flowers.  This  is 
a  fine  shade-tree. 

In  the  South,  the  large-flowered  Magnolia  grandiflora, 
with  evergreen,  leathery  leaves,  is  one  of  the  most  important 
members  of  the  magnolia  family.  All  the  magnolias  do 
well  in  moderately  good  soil,  but  prefer  a  rich,  sandy  loam. 

THE    BUCKEYE    FAMILY. 
i 

Koelreuteria,  Kcelreuteria  paniculata.  —  This  is  a  rare  and 
beautiful  tree  with  pinnate  leaves  consisting  of  numerous 
coarsely-toothed  leaflets,  and  very  large  terminal  panicles  of 
yellow  flowers.  The  crown  is  irregularly  rounded  ;  the 
habit,  slender  and  elegant.  An  excellent  small  tree  for 
shrubberies.  Thrives  well  in  common  garden  soil. 

Horse  Chestnut,  ^Esculus  Hippocastanum.  —  This  robust- 
growing  tree,  with  its  shady,  conical  crown,  handsome  fin- 
gered leaves  and  erect  racemes  of  white  flowers  marked  with 
yellow  and  purple,  is  one  of  the  finest  and  hardiest  of  all 
shade-trees.  It  is  of  rapid  growth  and  attains  a  consider- 
able size.  The  red-flowered  horse  chestnut  (A.  rubicundd) 


jflowering  Urees.  205 

is  a  smaller  and  more  compact  tree,  flowering  when  quite 
small.  The  flowers  are  of  a  showy,  rosy  red.  Preferable 
for  small  places  in  masses  of  trees  and  shrubs.  Rich  or 
moderately  rich  soil. 

Buckeye,  Pavia. — The  red  buckeye  (P.  rubra)  is 
a  small,  handsome  tree  with  a  broad  crown,  smooth, 
fingered  leaves  smaller  than  in  the  horse  chestnut,  and 
loose  racemes  of  bright  red  flowers.  This  is  the  finest  tree 
of  the  family,  and  very  ornamental  when  cultivated.  It  is 
excellent  as  a  specimen  tree,  or  in  groups  and  shrubberies. 
The  yellow  buckeye  (P.  flava)  is  similar  in  habit,  but 
larger,  with  less  showy,  pale  yellow  flowers.  One  of  the 
most  useful  is  the  dwarf  buckeye  (P.  parviflora),  which  is 
only  a  broad,  leafy  shrub.  The  small  whitish  flowers  with 
conspicuous  threadlike  stamens  are  disposed  in  slightly 
branched,  erect  panicles  ten  inches  long  or  more.  It  flowers 
late  in  the  season  and  is  then  very  ornamental  for  groups 
or  as  single  specimens  on  the  lawn.  The  buckeyes  grow  wild 
in  rich  woods,  generally  on  high  and  naturally  drained 
ground.  Under  cultivation,  they  do  well  in  any  moderately 
good  soil.  They  are  among  our  best  ornamental  trees. 


THE  LOCUST  FAMILY. 


Laburnum  or  Golden  Chain,  Laburnum  vulgare. — A 
small  tree  with  trifoliate  leaves  and  long  drooping  racemes 
of  yellow  flowers  early  in  May.  The  Scotch  laburnum  (L. 
alpinum)  is  similar  in  habit,  but  flowers  later.  Both  are  of 
an  elegant  habit  and  very  ornamental  when  in  full  flower. 
Fine  for  shrubberies  or  smaller  groups  on  the  lawn.  They 
thrive  in  any  ordinarily  good  soil. 


206 


fflowerina  Urees. 


Locust  Tree,  Robinia  Pseudacaeia. — A  fine  ornamental 
tree  of  a  very  pictursque  habit,  with  light  rounded  sprays 
of  pinnate  leaves  and  loose,  drooping  racemes  of  fragrant 
white  flowers  appearing  late  in  the  spring.  A  fine  tree  for 


FIG.   103.-LOCUST    (ROBINIA  PSEUDACACIA). 

small  avenues,  shrubberies  and  masses  of  trees  and  shrubs. 
It  grows  in  high,  often  poor  and  gravelly  soil.  The  rose- 
acacia  (H.  liispida)  is  a  very  small  tree  or  shrub  of  a  strag- 
gling and  spreading  habit,  growing  in  rocky  and  stony  soil 
on  the  banks  of  rivers  and  lakes.  It  has  fine  racemes  of 


ZTrees.  207 


rose-colored  flowers  and  pinnate  leaves.  The  clammy  locust 
(H.  viscosa)  is  intermediate  in  size  between  the  two.  It 
has  clammy  branches,  pinnate  leaves,  and  pale  rose-colored 
flowers  in  May  or  June.  All  the  Robinias  are  excellent 
for  rather  poor  and  gravelly  or  stony  soil,  and  for  general 
use  in  ornamental  gardening. 

Yellow-wood  or  Virgilia,  Cladrastis  tinctoria.  —  This  is  a 
small,  handsome  tree,  with  regular,  rounded  crowns,  smooth 
grayish  stems,  pinnate  leaves  with  ovate,  parallel-  veined  leaf- 
lets, and  drooping  panicles  a  foot  or  more  long,  of  fragrant, 
creamy  white  flowers  in  early  summer.  It  is  without  ex- 
ception the  finest  of  the  small  ornamental  trees  of  the  family, 
beautiful  as  a  lawn  tree  and  may  also  be  used  with  good 
effect  in  mixed  shrubberies.  Thrives  best  in  a  rich,  sandy 
loam. 

Pagoda  Tree,  SopJwra  Japonica.  —  Small  tree  with 
rounded  crowns,  pinnate  leaves,  and  drooping  panicles  of 
creamy  white  flowers  late  in  summer.  The  weeping  pagoda 
tree  (S.  J.pendulci)  is  one  of  the  finest  trees  of  its  class,  writh 
almost  perpendicular  branches.  Both  are  beautiful  for 
specimen  trees  on  a  lawn. 

Red  Bud,  Cercis.  —  There  are  three  very  ornamental 
species  of  this  genus  which  flower  in  spring  before  the 
leaves  unfold.  The  reddish-purple  flowers  are  produced 
in  dense  clusters  along  the  bare  branches,  and  the  trees  are 
very  effective  in  that  state.  Leaves  oval,  rounded,  or  heart- 
shaped,  undivided.  The  hardiest  is  the  American  red  bud 
(C.  Canadensis),  a  tree  of  an  irregular,  erect  habit.  The 
Japanese  red  bud  (C.  Japonica)  and  the  Judas  tree  (C.  sill- 
quastrum)  have  larger  and  brighter  blossoms  and  are  suffi- 


208  fflowertu    Urees. 


ciently  hardy  in  most  of  the  States.  They  are  beautiful  in 
groups  of  flowering  trees  and  shrubs,  or  in  specimen  groups 
on  the  lawn,  three  or  more  together. 

Kentucky  Coffee  Tree,  Gymnocladus  Ganadensis.  —  A  tall 
and  slender  tree  with  spreading  branches  and  twice-pinnate 
leaves,  from  two  to  three  feet  long.  Flowers  white,  in 
terminal  racemes,  in  early  summer.  A  tree  with  a  light 
and  airy  appearance,  irregularly  rounded  crowns,  and  slen- 
der stems,  with  rough,  brownish  bark.  It  looks  best  in 
larger  masses  of  trees,  where  it  forms  a  very  ornamental 
object.  Thrives  best  in  moderately  rich  soil. 

Honey  Locust,  Gleditscliia  triacanthos.  —  An  erect,  medi- 
um-sized tree  with  smooth,  brownish  stems  protected  by 
clusters  of  long  branched  thorns,  and  rounded  crowns  of 
light  pinnate  or  doubly  pinnate  foliage.  The  flowers  of 
this  tree  are  not  conspicuous,  but  it  is  included  here  for 
the  sake  of  convenience.  It  is  a  very  ornamental  tree 
fine  for  mixed  plantations  and  shrubberies.  In  the  country 
it  might  also  be  used  for  avenues.  Common  in  rich  woods, 
and  will  grow  in  any  moderately  good  soil. 

THE    EOSE    FAMILY. 

Ornamental  Cherries,  Cerasus.  —  There  are  several  double 
flowering  cherries  of  oriental  origin.  They  are  exceedingly 
beautiful,  dwarf  trees  of  an  erect  or  pendulous  habit. 
Siebold's  Chinese  cherry  (C.  serrulata)  is  one  of  the  finest 
of  them.  It  grows  to  a  height  of  about  fifteen  feet  and  is 
covered  with  numerous  white  or  pale  rose-colored,  double 
flowers  early  in  spring.  The  weeping  cherry  (C.  semper- 
florens)  has  drooping  branches  and  numerous  white,  axillary 


flowering  Urees.  209 

flowers  somewhat  later  in  the  season.  Several  species  of 
oriental  plums  are  also  sold  by  nurserymen  under  the  names 
of  flowering  and  weeping  cherries  (see  Prunus).  There 
are  a  couple  of  American  species  of  great  ornamental  value 
which  are  commonly  grown  in  gardens.  The  chokeberry 
(6Y.  Virginiand)  is  the  most  common  of  these.  It  is  a  slen- 
der tree  with  shining  green  leaves  and  white  flowers  in 
pendulous  racemes  early  in  the  season.  The  wild  black 
cherry  (C.  serotind)  is  a  handsome  tree,  with  flowers  in  long 
drooping  racemes,  later  than  the  previous  species.  The 
wild  red  cherry  (C.  Pennsylvania)  is  another  fine,  erect 
growing  tree  with  a  dense,  rounded  crown  completely  cov- 
ered in  May  with  pure  white  flowers.  All  are  fine  for 
shrubberies,  and  among  larger  masses  of  evergreen  trees. 
The  common  cherry  (C.  avium)  is  not  generally  grown  for 
ornament  but  it  may  be  used  with  advantage  in  ornamental 
gardening.  There  is  a  double-flowered  variety  of  great 
beauty. 

Hagberry,  Cerasus  Padus. — This  small  but  very  orna- 
mental tree,  which  forms  an  important  feature  of  European 
woodland  scenery  in  early  summer,  has  broad,  pendulous 
racemes  of  pure  white  flowers.  It  grows  on  the  outskirts 
of  deciduous  woods  and  sometimes  among  pine,  spruce, 
and  juniper  trees,  along  mountain  streams  and  roads.  More 
valuable  than  the  last  two. 

There  are  numerous  double-flowering  varieties  of  the 
peach  which  also  deserve  mention.  The  colors  are  white, 
pale  rose,  and  rosy  red. 

Plum,  Prunus. — Nearly  all  species  are  ornamental  shrubs 
or  trees,  with  numerous  white  flowers  in  spring.  Of  special 


210  ff  lowering  ZTrees. 

interest  are  the  doubled-flowered  Chinese  and  Japanese  vari- 
eties. P.  Sinensis  has  numerous  single  or  double  flowers, 
of  a  white  or  rosy-red  color,  disposed  in  clusters  along  the 
branches.  Prunus  subhirtella  (syn.  Cerasus  Japonica  pen- 
dula  and  O.  pendida)  has  drooping  branches,  and  small 
white  or  rose-colored,  single  or  double  flowers,  disposed  in 
clusters  along  the  branches.  This  is  a  very  ornamental  tree 
of  a  pendulous  habit,  fine  for  specimens  on  choice  lawns. 
The  red-leaved  plum  (P.  Pissardii)  is  a  small,  erect-grow- 
ing tree  with  oval  crowns  and  purplish  leaves.  The  flowers 
are  insignificant,  small,  and  white.  Prunus  Simonii  is  an- 
other Chinese  species  of  comparatively  little  ornamental 
value. — Cherries  and  plums  will  do  well  in  light  and  gravelly 
soil,  and  they  are  therefore  especially  useful  where  the  soil 
is  thin  and  poor.  In  sandy  loam  most  species  will  thrive 
better  than  in  almost  any  other  soil,  but  moist  and  low 
positions  are  not  suitable. 

Thorns  and  Hawthorns,  Gratcegus. — These  are  among 
the  most  beautiful  flowering  trees,  of  neat  and  compact 
habit,  with  finely  cut  leaves.  The  foliage  turns  into  the 
most  striking  colors  in  autumn, — gold,  crimson,  and  scarlet 
together  on  the  same  tree.  It  is  chiefly  the  American 
thorns  that  assume  these  gorgeous  autumn  tints. 

The  hawthorn  (O.  Oxijacanthd)  is  a  small  tree  branch- 
ing down  to  the  ground,  of  a  fine  conical  habit,  with  dense, 
dark-colored  foliage.  The  leaves  are  rather  small,  obovate^ 
slightly  trifid,  or  pinnatifid.  The  flowers  are  numerous, 
white,  sweet-scented,  corymbose,  on  short  lateral  branchlets 
along  the  main  branches.  The  double  white  thorn  is  one 
of  the  finest  of  lawn  trees,  and  so  are,  also,  the  various  red 


jf  lowering  Urees. 


211 


or  scarlet  varieties  with  single  or  double  flowers.  The 
hawthorns  are  occasionally  grafted  on  tall  stems  for  speci- 
men trees,  but  grown  in  their  natural  way  they  are  perhaps 
still  more  effective,  with  foliage  and  flowers  down  to  the 

gi'ound.  The  common 
type  is  excellent  as  a 
hedge  plant — in  fact 
it  is  the  best  plant 
known  for  this  pur- 
pose. All  the  varie- 
ties thrive  best  in  a 
sandy  loam. 

Scarlet  thorn,  C. 
coccinea. — This  is  one 
of  the  finest  of  the 
American  thorns,  with 
numerous  large,  white, 
corymbose  flowers  in 
May,  and  clusters  of 
coral-red  fruit  in  win- 
ter. It  grows  on  high 
river  banks,  in  thick- 
ets, and  on  the  out- 
skirts of  rich  woods,  forming  a  rounded,  bushy  tree. 

Black  thorn,  C.  tortientosa. — One  of  the  most  beautiful 
flowering  trees  of  the  Middle  States,  with  large,  downy 
or  woolly  leaves,  oval  or  ovate  in  outline,  with  a  deeply 
cut  edge.  The  flowers  are  very  large ;  in  upright  cor- 
ymbs, white,  with  reddish  stamens;  followed  by  large, 
scarlet  fruit.  Habit,  dwarf  and  compact,  often  with 


FIG.   104.— NARROW-LEAVED  THORN  (CRAT/EGUS 
SPATHULATA). 


2i2  flowering  Urees. 

straight  stem  and  globular  crown.  Grows  in  rich  woods 
and  thickets. 

Cockspur  thorn,  C.  Crus-galli. — A  small  tree  with 
ovate,  wedge-shaped,  shining  green  leaves  and  clusters  of 
large  white  flowers  tinted  red,  and  with  reddish  stamens. 
Fruit  scarlet,  fine  in  autumn.  The  leaves  of  this,  as  also 
of  the  previous  species,  change  into  beautiful  autumn  tints'. 

Narrow-leaved  thorn,  C.  spathulata. — A  very  small 
and  compact  tree,  with  spiny  stem  and  branches,  and 
small  spathulate  leaves.  Flowers  white,  small,  many  in  a 
corymb,  followed  by  small  clusters  of  coral-red  fruit.  The 
evergreen  thorn  (<7.  Pyracantha)  is  a  very  slender  tree  or 
shrub  with  small,  evergreen  leaves  and  innumerable  clus- 
ters of  beautiful  orange-scarlet  fruits,  persistent  throughout 
the  winter.  Much  used  for  training  on  walls,  and  also  as  a 
specimen  shrub  on  a  lawn. 

Crab-Apples,  Pyrus ;  Chinese  crab  apple  (P.  specta- 
bilis). — A  beautiful,  small  tree  with  oval-oblong,  serrated 
leaves  and  umbels  of  large,  white,  blush  or  rose-colored 
flowers,  which  are  semi-double  or  double.  Flowers  in 
May. 

Japanese  crab-apple,  P.  flwibunda. — A  very  small  tree 
or  shrub  with  innumerable  rosy-red  flowers  late  in  spring. 
Very  beautiful.  The  variety  atrosanguinea  has  much 
deeper,  blood -red  flowers.  The  cherry-like  fruit  is  quite 
ornamental  late  in  autumn. 

Siberian  crab-apples  (P.  prunifolia  and  P.  baecata) 
have  also  very  ornamental  flowers  followed  by  small, 
cherry-like  fruit.  There  is  a  fine  double-flowered  variety 
of  P.  baecata. 


ZTrees.  213 

American  crab-apple  (P.  coronarid)  is  a  small,  erect 
tree  with,  stout,  horizontal  branches  down  to  the  ground, 
forming  beautiful  thickets  in  old  fields  and  pastures  or 
growing  in  the  outskirts  of  rich  woods.  The  flowers  are 
large  and  sweet-scented,  and  very  numerous  in  early  sum- 
mer. A  very  handsome  tree  to  plant  in  groups  on  the 
lawn  or  mixed  in  shrubberies.  All  do  best  in  rich  loamy 
soil. 

Mountain  Ash,  Pyrus  aucuparia. — This  is  one  of  the 
most  ornamental  trees  of  the  family,  with  long,  pinnate 
leaves,  slightly  hairy  and  grayish  beneath,  and  erect  corymbs 
of  white  flowers  in  spring,  followed  by  showy  clusters  of 
scarlet  fruit  in  autumn.  Very  beautiful  in  composite 
groups  of  trees  or  several  together  on  a  lawn.  Also  used 
in  some  countries  for  avenues  along  country  roads,  with 
beautiful  effect.  Grows  well  on  light  and  comparatively 
poor  ground.  The  American  mountain  ash  (P.  Americana) 
and  the  elder-leaved  mountain  ash  (P.  sanibucifolia)  are 
also  fine  ornamental  trees. 

White  Beam,  Pyrus  Aria. — A  tree,  somewhat  larger 
and  more  robust  than  the  last  mentioned,  with  simple  or 
slightly  pinnatifid,  grayish  leaves,  and  large,  white  flowers 
in  loose  corymbs.  Requires  a  deeper  and  richer  soil  to 
develop  its  full  beauty.  Habit  regular,  with  fine  rounded 
crowns. 

THE    DOGWOOD    FAMILY. 

Flowering  Dogwood,  Cornus  Florida. — A  bushy  and 
straggling  tree  common  in  rocky  woods  and  on  river  banks. 
Very  showy  in  spring  when  in  full  flower.  Extremely 


214 


jflowerino  Urees. 


beautiful  in  mixed  shrubberies  and  in  groups  of  three  or 
more  on  the  lawn.  There  is  a  variety  with  red  flowers, 
those  of  the  common  one  being  pure  white. 


FIG.  105.— FLOWERING  DOGWOOD  (CORNUS  FLORIDA). 


ff lowering  Urees,  215 

THE    STOKAX    FAMILY. 

Silver  Bell  or  Snowdrop  Tree,  Halesia  tetraptera. — This 
is  a  broad  and  bushy  tree  with  black,  twisted  stems  and 
branches  and  cherry  -  like  foliage. 
The  beautiful,  bellshaped,  pure  white 
flowers  appear  in  spring  as  the  leaves 
unfold.  It  is  then  one  of  our  most  ^^  "*• 

«  ,  FIG.  106.  — BRANCH  OF  SILVER 

showy  trees,  growing  along  streams,          BELL  TREE  (HALESIA 

,   .     ,  -.  ,  ,  ,  .  TETRAPTERA). 

on  high  rocky   banks,  leaning  over 

the  water  in  a  picturesque  manner.  Fine  for  shrubberies 
and  on  the  outskirts  of  large  masses  of  trees,  or  for  small 
groups  on  the  lawn. 

THE   BIGNONIA   FAMILY. 

Catalpa  or  Indian  Bean,  Catalpa. — The  catalpas  are 
showy,  late  flowering  trees  and  very  valuable  on  this 
account.  Growth  very  rapid  and  strong,  forming  trees  with 
nicely  rounded  crowns  in  a  few  years.  The  common  catalpa 
(C.  lignonioides)  has  erect,  thyrsoid  panicles  twelve  inches, 
or  more  long,  with  white  flowers,  spotted  with  yellow  and 
purple,  and  large,  heart-shaped  leaves  on  long  stalks.  The 
Japanese  catalpa  (C.  Koempferif)  has  much  smaller,  creamy- 
white  flowers  and  glossy,  green,  heart-shaped  leaves.  They 
both  flower  in  July.  The  variety  known  as  Tea's  hybrid 
flowers  very  freely.  It  is  of  a  more  spreading  habit.  The 
catalpas  will  grow  well  in  any  moderately  good  soil. 

THE   FIGWORT   FAMILY. 

Paulownia,  Paulownia  imperialis. — This  very  ornamen- 
tal tree  resembles  the  catalpas  in  form  and  habit.  The 


2l6 


ZTrees. 


leaves  are  large  and  heart-shaped,  and  the  flowers,  which 
appear  before  the  leaves  in  spring,  are  collected  in  very 
large,  terminal  panicles.  The  color  is  a  beautiful  violet- 


FIQ.    107.— PAULOWNIA  (PAULOWNIA  IMPERIALISM 

blue.  A  fine  lawn  tree,  tender  in  the  extreme  North.  It 
growrs  well  in  an  open,  sandy  lawn  in  a  sunny  and  sheltered 
position.  Perfectly  hardy  south  of  New  York. 

THE    OLIVE    FAMILY. 

Flowering  Ash,  ffraxinus  Ornus. — A  very  handsome 
tree  with  pinnate  leaves,  rounded  crowns,  and  of  a  grace- 
ful habit,  with  large  masses  of  creamy- white  flowers  tinged 
brown  late  in  spring.  A  fine,  showy  tree  for  sheltered 
positions  south  of  New  York.  Fine  as  a  specimen  on  a 
lawn  or  by  the  margin  of  a  lake  or  river.  Perfectly  hardy 
in  Europe  and  growing  luxuriantly  as  far  as  the  fifty-sixth 
degree  north  latitude. 


IV. 

ORNAMENTAL  SHRUBS. 

AVING  considered  the  flowering  trees  which 
are  most  useful  in  the  hand  of  the  landscape- 
gardener  we  have  become  more  familiar  with 
their  habit,  habitat,  and  use  in  gardening.  It 
now  remains  to  make  a  choice  selection  of 
flowering  shrubs  of  a  nature  that  will  please  and  satisfy  all. 
Flowering  shrubs  are  very  numerous  and,  as  they  are  all 
more  or  less  beautiful,  it  is  a  somewhat  difficult  task  to 
make  a  selection  within  the  proper  limit. 

Shrubs  should  not  be  used  so  much  by  themselves,  in 
separate  groups  and  masses,  as  in  combination  with  flower- 
ing trees  and  other  forms  of  vegetation,  in  rounding  off  and 
finishing  larger  masses  of  trees,  in  making  detached  groups 
and  single  specimens  on  the  outskirts  of  such  masses. 
Many  too,  may  be  used  as  an  undergrowth  in  plantations 
of  deciduous  trees;  especially  evergreen  shrubs,  such  as 
mahonias,  kalmias,  rhododendrons,  holly,  and  similar  forms  ; 
others  to  give  a  touch  of  higher  color  to  groups  of  evergreen 
trees,  and  more  sparingly  in  larger  masses,  if  there  are 

secluded  lawns  hemmed  in  by  coniferous  trees  only.      On 

217 


2i8  Ornamental  Sbrnbs. 

the  banks  of  streams  and  miniature  lakes,  shrubs  and  ever- 
green trees  are  often  more  desirable  than  larger  deciduous 
trees,  which  are  apt  to  make  such  waters  look  more  insig- 
nificant than  they  really  are,  while  the  endeavor  should  be 
to  produce  quite  the  opposite  result  by  means  of  judicious 
planting.  When  planted  in  groups,  too  dissimilar  forms 
must  not  be  brought  together  in  one  and  the  same  group  ; 
for  while  diversity  is  desirable  and  necessary,  there  is  a 
limit  to  contrast  over  which  we  cannot  pass  without  making 
our  work  disagreeable  instead  of  pleasing. 

On  bare  hillsides  and  sandy,  sterile  ground,  low  tufted 
and  spreading  shrubs  may  be  used  instead  of  grass  for  cov- 
ering the  surface,  such  as  crowberry,  sand  myrtle,  cross- 
leaved  heath,  and  purple  heather.  They  are  insignificant 
as  individuals  and  effective  in  large  masses  only.  St.  JohnV 
wort  and  several  plants  of  the  heath  family  are  useful  for 
covering  the  ground  in  shady  places. 

A  failure  is  often  made  in  growing  ericaceous  plants, 
Vacciniums,  Andromedas,  and  similar  forms,  simply  because 
they  are  grown  under  too  artificial  conditions.  It  is  gener- 
ally supposed  that  these  plants  require  a  peaty  soil,  but  in 
reality  they  are  found  growing  in  rich  and  damp  woods 
among  the  common  trees,  in  very  ordinary  soil,  especially 
in  sandy  loam  covered  with  a  layer  of  decayed  leaves. 
Many  grow  in  swamps  in  several  inches  of  water,  during 
the  better  part  of  spring  and  all  rainy  seasons.  A  shal- 
low layer  of  sandy  loam  mixed  with  leaf-mould  on  clay 
subsoil,  in  situations  where  the  ground  can  be  submerged 
in  water  for  weeks  together,  are  the  most  natural  con- 
ditions for  these.  Others  will  grow  anywhere  in  rich 


Ornamental  Sbrubs, 


219 


open  soil  and  may  be  used  as  an  undergrowth  in  thickets 
and  shrubberies. 

Suggestions  as  to  the  proper  employment  of  all  the 
different  kinds  will  be  found  in  the  descriptions. 

THE    CROWFOOT    FAMILY. 

Yellow  Root,  Xantliorrliiza  apiifolia. — A  low,  spreading 
bush  with  deeply  cut,  pinnate  leaves  and  drooping  racemes 
of  dull,  purplish  flowers.  It  is  grown  on  account  of  its  very 
ornamental  foliage ;  and  useful  for  covering  banks  and  in 
shady  places  in  rockeries.  Prefers  a  rich,  not  necessarily 
damp  soil,  and  grows  to  a  height  of  one  or  two  feet. 


FIG.   10S.— TREE  PEONY  (PXEONIA  MOUTAN). 


Tree  Peony,   Pceonia  Moutan, — An  exceptionally  fine 
plant  of  an  almost  globular  habit,  beautiful,  irregular,  pin- 


220  Ornamental  Sbrubs* 

natifid  leaves  of  a  glaucous  color,  and  with  single  or 
double  flowers,  six  or  more  inches  across,  white,  flesh-col- 
ored and  different  shades  of  rose,  purple,  or  crimson.  About 
three  feet  high.  Suitable  for  small  groups  or  as  single 
specimen  plants  on  the  lawn.  Prefers  a  well-drained  sandy 
loam. 

THE    BARBERRY    FAMILY. 

Barberry,  Berleris  vulgaris. — A  spiny,  erect-growing 
shrub,  four  or  five  feet  high,  with  small  obovate-oblong 
leaves  and  axillary  clusters  of  yellow  flowers  followed  by 
bright  scarlet  fruit.  It  is  sometimes  used  as  a  hedge  plant, 
but  more  commonly  in  mixed  shrubberies.  The  species 
known  as  B.  Darwiniis  a  broad,  spreading  bush  w7ith  very 
spiny  branches  and  scarlet  fruit  in  winter.  A  similar  and 
equally  useful  kind  is  B.  Thunbergii.  Both  are  fine  in 
rockeries. 

Mahonia,  Berberis  aquifolia. — One  of  the  few  evergreen 
shrubs  which  are  hardy  in  the  North,  and  very  useful  on  this 
account.  The  leaves  are  leathery,  pinnate,  with  spiny  edges. 
It  bears  clusters  of  yellow  flowers  in  spring.  Very  useful 
as  an  undergrowth  in  shrubberies  and  in  sheltered  positions 
in  a  rockery.  Sometimes  used  in  clumps  on  the  lawn  where 
it  is  less  at  home.  Naturally  a  plant  of  deep,  shady  woods. 

B.  repens  is  a  dwarf er  and  hardier  kind,  growing  into 
broad  masses  seldom  more  than  a  foot  high. 

THE    ROCK-ROSE    FAMILY. 

Most  of  the  plants  of  this  family  are  tender,  evergreen 
shrubs  that  may  be  used  in  the  South.  Some  are  very  beau- 
tiful, with  highly-colored  flowers  and  large,  glossy  foliage. 


Ornamental  Sbrubs. 


221 


A  few  of  the  rock-roses  (HeliarUhemum)  will  succeed  in 
sunny,  sheltered  positions  in  a  rockery.  The  most  common 
are  :  H.  vulgare,  flowers  originally  yellow,  now  much  varied 
in  color.  A  procumbent  shrub.  H.  poUfolium,  with 
small  linear  leaves  and  white  flowers.  There  is  also  a 
rose-colored  variety. 

THE    HYPERICUM    FAMILY. 

Hypericum  or  St.  John's  -  Wort. — Mostly  herbaceous 
plants  of  moderate  ornamental  value.  H.  Kalmianum  is 
a  low,  spreading  shrub,  with  glaucous  leaves  and  bright 
yellow  flowers  late  in  summer.  H.  aureum,  a  kind  found 
on  the  banks  of  mountain  rivulets  in  partial  shade.  Leaves 
oblong,  glaucous,  flowers  very  large,  orange-yellow.  Forms 
a  medium-sized  shrub  of  regular  habit,  flowering  in  August. 
H.  calycinum  is  a  procumbent  shrub,  a  foot  high,  with  ovate 
leaves  and  large  yellow  flowers  late  in  summer.  One  of  the 
best  for  covering  bare  spots  under  tall  shade-trees  and  also 
fine  in  rockeries. 

THE    TAMARISK    FAMILY. 

Tamarisk,  Tamarix. — Graceful  shrubs  of  a  cypress-like 
appearance,  with  minute,  awl-shaped  leaves,  and  very  long, 
arching  branches,  covered  with  numerous  small,  reddish 
flowers  in  summer.  The  most  common  are  T.  Africana 
and  T.  Gallica.  There  is  a  beautiful  vigorous  species,  T. 
articulata,  from  China  and  the  Orient,  which  is  equally 
hardy.  Sea-side  shrubs,  for  sandy  and  exposed  shores,  in 
company  with  sea  buckthorn  and  pine.  All  grow  well  in 
light  and  sterile  soil,  in  sunny  positions. 


222  Ornamental  Sbrubs. 

THE    MALLOW    FAMILY. 

Rose  of  Sharon,  Hibiscus  Syriacus. — A  tall  and  beauti- 
ful shrub  of  an  erect  habit  and  an  obovate  outline,  with 
broadly  ovate,  three-lobed  leaves,  and  single  or  double 
axillary  flowers  late  in  summer.  There  are  numerous  varie- 
ties, varying  in  color  from  pure  white  to  deep  crimson  and 
purple.  The  single  white,  single  purple,  and  the  variety 
known  as  poeoniaflora  are  among  the  best,  though  many  of 
the  double  varieties  are  also  beautiful.  They  are  fine  in 
groups  of  three  or  more  on  the  lawn  in  any  moderately 
good  soil. 

THE    KITE    FAMILY. 

Hop  Tree,  Ptelea  trifoliata. — A  tall  shrub  with  orna- 
mental trifoliate  leaves.  Fine  in  shrubberies. 

THE    SUMACH    FAMILY. 

Smoke  Tree,  l?kus  Cotinus. — A  large  shrub  with 
smooth,  obovate  leaves  and  large  panicles  of  flowers  in 
early  summer.  The  inflorescence  remains  after  the  fall  of  the 
flowers  throughout  the  summer,  and  becomes  light  and 
feathery  in  appearance.  The  plants,  covered  with  these 
pale  reddish  panicles,  are  very  ornamental.  Of  the  common 
American  sumachs  few  are  worth  cultivation.  They  are 
generally  of  a  coarse  and  weedy  appearance.  A  variety  of 
the  smooth-leaved  sumach  (J2.  glabralaciniata)  with  deeply 
cut  leaves*  is,  however,  a  very  beautiful  and  useful  foliage 
plant.  Ordinary,  good  soil. 

THE    BUCKTHORN    FAMILY. 

Buckthorn,  Rliamnus  catharticus. — Thorny  shrub  use- 
ful in  screen  planting.  Leaves  ovate.  Flowers  greenish 


©rnamental  Sbrubs.  223 

in  axillary  clusters.  Eh.  Frangula  is  a  more  ornamental 
shrub,  with  smooth,  obovate  leaves  and  numerous,  small 
whitish  flowers. 

New  Jersey  Tea,  CeanoiJms  Americanus. — A  small, 
spreading  shrub  with  oblong-ovate  leaves  and  large  clusters 
of  white  flowers.  Undergrowth  in  shrubberies  and  thickets 
in  moderately  good  soil. 

THE    ILEX    FAMILY. 

American  Holly,  Ilex  opaca. — This  is  a  small-sized  tree 
or  a  large  shrub,  often  leafy  to  the  ground.  It  is  one  of  our 
few  hardy  evergreen  trees,  smaller,  but  perhaps  more 
beautiful  than  the  European  holly.  The  leaves  are  oval  with 
slightly  spiny  and  wavy  margins ;  shiny,  very  dark  green. 
The  red  fruit  is  very  ornamental  in  winter.  Hollies  are  most 
effective  when  grown  in  mixed  woods  or  shrubberies  among 
young  birch  and  large  flowering  trees  and  shrubs.  It  may 
be  planted  as  an  undergrowth  in  deciduous  woods,  mixed 
with  rose  bay,  rhododendron,  azalea,  and  mahonia  aquifolia. 
The  holly  is  unfortunately  little  appreciated  and  seldom 
planted,  although  it  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  our 
native  trees. 

THE    SPINDLE-TKEE    FAMILY. 

Spindle-Tree,  Euonymus  Europeus. — Shrub  four  or  five 
feet  high,  with  ovate-lanceolate  leaves  and  greenish  flowers. 
Ornamental  in  winter  only,  when  the  showy,  red  fruit  is 
very  effective.  The  American  species  (E.  atropurpureus 
and  E.  Americanus)  are  also  planted  occasionally.  In 
woods  and  thickets  as  an  undergrowth  only,  or  mixed  with 
choicer  plants  in  shrubberies. 


224  Ornamental  Sbrubs. 

The  evergreen  Japanese  species  (E.  Japonicus),  which 
is  hardy  as  far  north  as  New  Jersey,  is  a  very  ornamental 
shrub  with  dark,  leathery  foliage.  The  variety  radicans  is 
useful  for  covering  bare  slopes  and  also  in  rockeries  and  on 
walls. 

THE    BLADDEE-NUT    FAMILY. 

Bladder-Nut,  Staphylea  pinnata. — :A  pretty  shrub  with 
pinnate  leaves  and  numerous  drooping  racemes  of  white 
flowers.  This  and  the  three-leaved  bladder-nut  are  fine  in 
mixed  shrubberies. 

THE  PEA  FAMILY. 

Dyer's  Greenweed,  Genista  tinctoria. — A  small,  bushy 
shrub  with  long  terete  branches  and  lanceolate  leaves ;  the 
whole  plant  green.  Flowers  numerous,  bright  yellow,  late 
in  spring.  Useful  for  sea-shores  and  sandy,  sterile  soil,  for 
naturalizing  in  masses  on  sunny  slopes  and  in  rockeries. 

Scotch  Broom,  Sarothamnus  scoparius. — A  taller  shrub 
four  to  five  feet  high  with  angular  branches  and  small  trifoli- 
ate or  simple  leaves.  Flowers,  very  showy  bright  yellow, 
axillary.  A  fine  plant  for  shrubberies  in  sunny  positions, 
or  for  naturalizing  and  planting  in  company  with  the 
former. 

Purple  Cytisus,  Cytisus  purpureus. — A  dwarf,  bushy 
shrub  with  small  trifoliate  leaves  and  large  axillary  purple 
flowers,  very  numerous  in  summer.  This  is  an  exception- 
ally fine  plant  on  the  edge  of  a  shrubbery,  in  sunny  positions, 
or  in  a  rockery. 

All  the  above  species  do  best  in  a  sandy  loam. 


Ornamental  Sbrubs.  225 

Furze,  Ulex  Europeus. — This  is  a  dwarf,  spiny  shrub 
growing  in  masses  on  commons  and  barren  ground  in  western 
Europe.  Leaves  spinate,  with  minute,  hairy  leaflets.  Flowers 
yellow,  sweet-scented,  and  very  numerous  in  spring  and 
autumn.  The  dwarf  furze  (  U.  nanus)  is  low  and  spreading, 
seldom  more  than  a  foot  high  ;  very  floriferous ;  flowers 
yellow  all  summer.  Good  for  naturalization  on  sunny  hill- 
sides. Very  effective. 

False  Indigo,  Amorpha  fruticosa. — A  tall,  graceful 
shrub  with  pinnate  leaves,  slender  branches  and  spicate  pani- 
cles of  deep,  purplish-blue  flowers  from  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves.  For  mixed  shrubberies,  river-banks  or  rockeries,  in 
moderately  rich  soil. 

Pea  Tree,  Caragana  arborescens. — Large  shrub  with 
abruptly  pinnate  leaves  and  yellow  flowers  in  axillary 
fascicles.  C.frutescens  is  a  much  dwarf er  plant  of  grace- 
ful habit,  and  the  less  showy.  C.  spinosa  is  a  very  effective 
and  useful  hedge  plant.  All  are  Siberian  plants  of  great 
hardiness ;  fine  for  shrubberies  in  sunny  positions. 

Bladder  Senna,  Colutea  arborescens,  and  C.  cruenta :  the 
first  with  axillary  racemes  of  yellow  flowers,  the  second 
with  flowers  of  a  reddish-yellow  color ;  both  have  pinnate 
leaves,  are  upright  spreading  shrubs  with  light  foliage  and 
of  a  graceful  habit.  Fine  when  planted  together  in  small 
groups  on  sunny  lawns.  Thrive  well  in  ordinary,  light  soil 

Rose  Acacia. — See  flowering  trees. 

THE    EOSE  FAMILY. 

Double  Flowering  Plum,  Prunus  triloba. — A  very  beau- 
tiful shrub  of  a  dwarf  and  graceful  habit,  with  numerous 


226 


Ornamental  Shrubs. 


double,  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  crowded  along  the 
slender  branches  in  early  spring.  Exceedingly  fine  in 
groups  of  three  or  more  on  the  lawn,  in  any  moderately 
light,  well-drained  soil.  One  of  the  showiest  plants  in 


spring. 


Dwarf  Almond,  Amygdalus  nana. — Small  shrub,  with 
more  or  less  double,  delicately  rose-colored  flowers  in  spring 
before  the  leaves.  Smaller  than-  Prunus  triloba,  equally 
valuable  and  useful  for  the  same  purpose. 


FIG.  109—  ROSE  ACACIA  (ROBIN  IA  HISPIDA). 


sEE  PAGE  206. 


Meadow-Sweet,  Spirea. — The  meadow-sweets  are  slender 
and  graceful  shrubs  common  in  rich  woods  and  meadows. 
Some  of  our  best  summer  flowers  belong  to  this  genus. 
The  guelder  rose -leaved  spirea  or  "  seven  barks"  (8. 
Opulifolid)  is  the  largest  and  coarsest  species.  It  grows 
five  or  six  feet  high  with  arching  branches,  shaggy,  yellow 


228  Ornamental  Shrubs. 

stems  and  roundish,  palmately  three-lobed  leaves.  The  white 
flowers  are  produced  in  corymbs  on  short,  lateral  branches. 
An  American  plant  of  rocky  banks  and  river  shores.  S. 
aricefolia  is  one  of  our  finest  ornamental  plants  with  slender, 
graceful  branches,  roundish,  ovate,  bluntly  lobed  leaves  and 
large  compound  panicles  of  beautiful  yellowish- white  flowers 
terminating  the  branches  as  late  as  July.  S.  prunifolia 
is  a  Japanese  shrub  flowering  early  in  the  season,  with 
plum-like  leaves.  The  cultivated  plant  has  double,  pure 
white  flowers  disposed  along  the  branches  in  great  profusion. 
One  of  the  best,  8.  Cantoniensis  (Reevesiand),  is  a  small 
beautiful  species  with  lanceolate  leaves  and  large  terminal 
umbels  of  pure  white  flowers  early  in  summer.  S.  Thunbergii 
is  easily  distinguished  by  its  slender  branches,  small  linear 
leaves,  and  white  axillary  flowers.  One  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful of  all  is  8.  trilobata,  a  species  with  roundish,  trilobate 
leaves  and  large,  close  corymbs  of  pure  white  flowers  early 
in  the  season.  S.  Van  Houttii  is  another  very  floriferous 
kind  with  pure  white  flowers  in  June.  More  common  are  : 
8.  BiUardiij  with  rose-colored  flowers  in  summer ;  S.  salici- 
folia  with  oblong-lanceolate  leaves  and  terminal  panicles  of 
flesh-colored  or  white  flowers ;  S.  callosa,  with  lanceolate 
leaves  and  dense  corymbs  of  white  or  rose-colored  flowers 
along  the  branches  and  8.  Bumalda,  with  broad  terminal 
corymbs  of  rose-colored  flowers,  a  dwarf,  upright  species. 
8.  sorbifolia  has  rather  large  pinnate  leaves  and  white 
flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle  late  in  July.  S.  ulmifolia  and 
8.  hypericifolia  are  also  common.  The  first  five  mentioned 
species  are  probably  the  best  for  general  use.  Spireas 
flower  from  the  earliest  spring  till  late  in  summer,  in  sue- 


Ornamental  Sbrubs.  229 

cession  as  follows :  prunifolia,  Tlmnbergii,  Cantoniensis, 
frilobata,  hypericifolia,  aricefolia,  ulmifolia,  Opulifolia,  cal- 
losa,  salicifolia,  sorbifolia. 

Exochorda,  E.  grandiflora. — A  large,  straggling  shrub, 
with  slender,  graceful  branches,  producing  an  abundance 
of  large,  pure  white  flowers  early  in  May  which  completely 
cover  the  upper  part  of  the  plant.  Very  fine  for  growing 
in  dense  thickets  among  dark-foliaged  plants  or  near  water 
margins  among  other  shrubs  and  climbers ;  or,  if  well  grown, 
in  small  groups  on  a  lawn.  Ordinary  garden  soil. 

Corchorus,  Kerria  japonica. — A  small,  bushy  plant  with 
smooth  branches  and  thin  ovate-lanceolate  leaves.  The 
flowers  are  double,  rather  large  and  yellow,  disposed  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves.  Shrubberies. 

White  Corchorus,  Rhodotypus  kerrioides. — A  very  orna- 
mental shrub  of  graceful  habit  with  ovate-acuminate  leaves 
and  large,  white,  axillary  flowers  in  spring.  Small  groups 
on  the  lawn.  Shrubberies. 

Cinquefoil,  Potentilla  fruticosa. — A  dwarf  and  very 
compact  plant  forming  a  globular  mass  two  to  three  feet 
high.  Leaves  pinnate,  not  large.  Flowers  in  loose  clusters 
terminating  the  young  lateral  shoots,  large,  yellow,  numer- 
ous throughout  the  summer.  A  useful  plant  for  rockeries, 
border  of  shruberies  and  for  naturalizing  in  masses  on  rocky, 
sunny  banks.  Thrives  best  in  a  good  sandy  loam. 

Flowering  Raspberry,  Riibus  odoratus. — A  fine,  erect 
shrub,  three  or  four  feet  high,  with  palmately  lobed,  ob. 
tuse  leaves.  Flowers  large,  rose-colored,  in  clusters,  and 
produced  throughout  the  summer.  A  shrub  with  very  or- 
namental foliage,  for  shrubberies,  or  as  an  undergrowth  in 


230  Ornamental  Sbrubs. 

woods  and   thickets.      The  white-flowered  raspberry    (R. 
Nuikanus)  has  larger,  pure  white  flowers,  and  the  Rocky 
Mountain     bramble  (R.  delicio&us),  white  or  rose-colored 
flowers  resembling  a  single  rose.     The  wild 
brambles    or  blackberries  (R.   Occidentals, 
R.  villosus)  and  the  dewberry  (It.  Canaden- 
sis)  as  well  as  mauy  forms  of  the  European 
bramble  (R.  fruticosus)  may  be  used  to  pro- 
duce thickets  on  stony  and  rocky  banks,  or 
as  an  undergrowth  in  certain  parts  of  the 
FIQ.  111. -ROSE      shrubbery  with    the   most    beautiful   effect. 

BRAMBLE  (RUBUS  J 

DELICIOSUS).        The  smaller  kinds  are  handsome  in  rockeries. 
All  do  best  in  rich,  woodland  soil. 

The  Rose,  Rosa. — The  choicer  varieties  of  hybrid  and 
other  hardy  roses  cannot  be  considered  in  this  treatise; 
only  species  that  can  be  utilized  in  producing  landscape 
effects,  such  as  the  sweetbriar  and  the  showy  Japanese  rose. 
These  are  useful  both  in  shrubberies  and  rockeries  and  for 
planting  in  groups  on  the  lawn.  'The  sweetbriar  (Rosa  ru- 
biginosa)  is  a  tall  and  graceful  shrub  with  slender,  arching 
branches.  Leaves  pinnate  with  roundish,  serrate  leaflets  and 
solitary,  bright  pink  flowers  in  June.  Plant  and  flowers 
both  are  fragrant.  The  dog  rose  (Rosa  canina)  is  similar  in 
habit  to  the  last,  with  smooth  leaves,  dark  and  glossy  on  the 
upper  side.  Flowers  in  clusters  pure  white,  flesh-colored,  or 
of  a  bright  rosy  tint,  and  very  numerous.  These  may  be 
used  for  forming  picturesque  thickets  in  company  with  the 
brambles,  or  in  mixed  shrubberies  or  small  groups  on  the 
lawn.  They  are  both  very  good  hedge  plants.  The  white 
rose  (R.  alba)  is  an  old  and  useful  hardy  shrub,  with  many 


Ornamental  Sbrubs.  231 

double  or  semi-double  varieties,  white  or  red.  The  yellow 
rose  (JR.  lutea)  is  a  floriferous,  compact,  rounded  shrub, 
three  or  four  feet  high,  with  bright  yellow  blossoms  in 
June.  li.  multiflora  is  a  small  rose  of  very  slender  habit 
with  long,  pinnate  leaves  and  terminal  panicles  of  single, 
white,  anemone-like  flowers.  It  is  a  quick  grower,  useful 
in  rockeries  and  on  walls  and  verandas.  The  recently  in- 
troduced crimson  rambler  is  a  double  red  variety  of  this 
species.  The  Japanese  rose  (.Rosa  rugosa)  is  a  robust  and 
healthy  shrub  from  five  to  fifteen  feet  high,  with  thickish, 
bright  green  foliage  and  numerous  large,  single  flowers  of  a 
bright  rose-color.  There  is  also  an  old  white  variety  and 
many  new  single  and  semi-double  forms.  The  flowers  are 
followed  by  clusters  of  showy  coral-red  hips.  This  rose  is 
very  beautiful  in  groups  on  the  lawn.  It  may  be  used 
with  good  effect  in  the  rockery  and  in  mixed  shrubberies. 
These  kinds  are  perfectly  healthy  and  hardy;  they  do  well  in 
any  good  garden  soil. 

Cotoneaster^  Cotoneaster  Simonsii. — A  small,  almost 
evergreen  shrub  with  leathery,  dark  green  leaves  and  in- 
significant white  flowers  followed  by  showy  fruit.  Nice  in 
a  rockery  in  masses. 

Juneberry,  Amelancliier  Canadensis. — A  slender  shrub 
of  woods  and  thickets,  with  numerous  racemes  of  showy- 
white  flowers  and  ovate  or  oblong  serrate  leaves.  There 
are  many  forms  or  sub-species  of  this,  viz.:  Botryapium, 
alnifolia,  and  oblongifolia,  all  of  equally  ornamental 
value.  The  European  species,  A.  vulgaris,  is  also  a 
very  showy  plant.  They  are  excellent  for  producing  fine 
woodland  effects  is  company  with  other  shrubs  and  trees 


232  ©ruamental  Sforubs. 

of  a  similar  habit.     Rich  woods  and  river  banks,  generally 
in  good  soil. 

Japanese  Quince,  Oydonia  Japonica. — This  is  a  well 
known,  medium-sized  shrub  of  a  broad  and  spreading  habit. 
The  branches  are  stiff  and  thorny,  producing  numerous  spurs 
which  develop  clusters  of  large  scarlet,  red,  or  rose-colored 
flowers,  before  the  leaves.  C.  Maulei  is  a  smaller  shrub 
with  brick-red  flowers  followed  by  showy  quince-like  fruits 
of  a  golden-yellow  color.  May  be  used  together  in  small 
groups  on  the  lawn  or  as  specimen  plants.  Rich,  sandy 
loam. 

THE  ALLSPICE  FAMILY. 

Carolina  Allspice,  Calycanthus  floridus. — A  fragrant 
shrub  with  rather  large  oval  or  oblong  leaves,  producing 
all  summer  mauy-petaled  axillary  flowers  of  a  lurid  purple. 
Several  other  species  are  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  their 
sweet  fragrance.  None  are  showy,  but  they  have  rich, 
healthy  foliage,  which  is  very  ornamental.  All  are  natives 
of  rich,  southern  woods. 

Japanese  Allspice,  Chimonanthus  fragrans. — A  slender 
shrub  with  sweet-scented  flowers  in  spring,  before  the 
leaves  appear.  Somewhat  tender. 

THE    CURRANT    FAMILY. 

Red  Flowering  Currant,  Ribes  sanguineum. — This  is  one 
of  the  showiest  of  small  shrubs  in  spring.  The  rosy-red 
flowers  are  produced  in  great  profusion  in  pendulous 
racemes.  Leaves,  three-  to  five-lobed.  A  broad,  roundish 
shrub,  three  or  four  feet  high.  The  golden  flowering  cur- 


Ornamental  Sbrubs,  233 

rant  (R.  aureum)  is  also  a  very  attractive  plant  with  gol- 
den-yellow flowers  in  early  spring,  li.  Gordonianum  is  a 
hybrid  between  these  two  species,  with  yellow  and  crimson 
flowers  and  the  habit  of  Ji.  sanguineum.  The  mountain 
currant  (It.  alpinum)  has  smooth,  roundish,  deeply  three  or 
five-lobed  leaves  and  long  racemes  of  yellow  flowers  in 
spring.  The  wild  black  currant  (R.  floridiuii)  is  a  hand- 
some if  not  showy  plant,  with  cordate,  acutely  three- 
to  five-lobed  leaves,  and  long  drooping  racemes  of 
whitish  flowers.  The  foliage  of  this  species  changes  into 
beautiful  autumn  colors.  All  the  flowering  currants  are 
fine  in  smaller  shrubberies  and  in  groups  on  the  lawn. 
They  may  also  be  employed  with  advantage  in  front  of 
coniferous  trees  as  a  background  for  rockeries.  They  thrive 
best  in  a  moderately  rich  soil. 

Common  Mock  Orange,  Pliiladelphm  coronarius. — This 
is  without  doubt  one  of  the  handsomest  of  all  cultivated 
shrubs.  The  branches  are  erect  with  opposite,  smooth,  ob- 
long-ovate leaves.  Flowers,  in  large  clusters,  milky- white, 
large  and  odoriferous.  P.  grandiflorus  is  another  tall  and 
graceful  species,  with  recurving  branches  and  ovate-acumi- 
nate downy  leaves ;  flowers  scentless,  pure  white,  axillary, 
and  in  clusters  terminating  the  lateral  branches.  Both  of 
these  flower  late  in  spring.  Still  later,  in  early  summer, 
come  :  P.  inodorus  with  much  smaller  flowers,  and  P.  lati- 
folius  with  ovate,  five-nerved  leaves  and  loose  clusters  of 
white,  faintly  scented  flowers.  P.  Gordonianus  is  the  last 
to  flower.  It  is  a  beautiful  species  with  gracefully  arching 
branches  and  flowers  produced  in  racemes  on  the  lateral 
branches.  The  mock  oranges — that  is,  the  species  known 


234  Ornamental  Sbrubs* 

in  a  native  state — grow  on  rocky  river  banks,  in  rich  soil, 
chiefly  in  mountain  regions.  In  cultivation,  they  are  used 
with  exquisite  effects  in  shrubberies  and  for  small  groups 
on  lawns. 

Crested  Mock  Orange,  Deutzia  crenata. — A  fine,  erect 
shrub,  with  ovate,  minutely  crenate  leaves  and  axillary 
racemes  of  white,  purple-tinted  flowers  late  in  spring. 
D.  scabra  is  a  mere  form  with  roughly  rugose,  more  serrate 
leaves.  Flowers  similar.  D.  gracilis  is  a  very  dwarf  and 
compact  shrub,  handsomer  in  front  of  taller  shrubs.  It  has 
ovate- lanceolate  leaves  and  numerous  crested  racemes  of 
snowy  white  flowers.  Use  and  culture  the  same  as  for 
mock  orange. 

Hydrangea,  Hydrangea  paniculata  grandiflora. — One  of 
our  showiest  ornamental  shrubs,  handsome  in  groups  or  as 
single  specimens  on  lawns.  Flowers  in  large,  terminal 
panicles,  white,  lasting  for  a  long  time  in  summer.  Leaves, 
ovate-oblong,  toothed,  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  three. 
This  beautiful  shrub  will  thrive  in  moderately  good  soil,  in 
open  and  sunny  positions.  It  is  very  fine  in  front  of  ever- 
greens or  taller  shrubs. 

THE    WITCH   HAZEL    FAMILY. 

Witch  Hazel,  Hamamelis  Virginica. — A  tall  shrub  of  a 
spreading  habit,  with  obovate  leaves  like  those  of  the  com- 
mon hazel  and  small,  yellowish  flowers  close  to  the  branches 
late  in  autumn.  It  is  fine  for  the  borders  of  streams  and 
lakes,  in  moist,  rich  ground  and  in  large  shrubberies  among 
trees. 

Fothergilla,  FotJiergilla  alnifolia. — A  small,  handsome 


Ornamental  Sbrubs.  235 

shrub  with  alder-like  foliage  and  white  flowers  early  in 
spring.  Will  thrive  in  moist  positions  on  the  shores  of 
rivers  or  lakes. 

THE   AKALIA    FAMILY. 

Angelica  Tree,  Aralia  spinosa. — An  erect-growing  shrub 
with  straight,  spiny  stems,  sometimes  twenty  feet  high, 
with  very  large  twice-  or  thrice-pinnate  leaves  consisting  of 
ovate  leaflets.  Flowers  in  terminal  umbels  in  summer. 
The  Chinese  angelica  tree  (A.  Ckinensis)  is  a  somewhat 
tender  plant  with  white  flowers  in  terminal  panicles. 

Dimorphanthus  Mandchuricus  (Aralid)  is  considered  a 
mere  variety  of  the  last.  It  has  considerably  branched 
stems,  a  lighter  foliage  and  very  large  panicles  of  white 
flowers  late  in  summer.  This  is  a  perfectly  hardy  plant 
fine  for  specimens  on  the  lawn.  Forms  broad  masses  of 
luxuriant  foliage  and  is  exceptionally  beautiful  in  summer 
when  in  full  flower.  The  aralias  require  rich,  well-drained 
soil.  The  angelica  tree  may  be  grown  in  shady  positions, 
among  trees  or  tall  shrubs.  All  produce  a  wonderfully 
rich,  sub-tropical  effect. 

THE    DOGWOOD    FAMILY. 

Red  Osier  Dogwood,  Cornus  sanguined. — A  shrub  of  a 
spreading  habit  with  opposite  leaves,  bright  red  branches, 
and  cymes  of  white  flowers  in  eariy  summer.  C.  stolonifera 
is  of  a  rambling  habit,  more  spreading,  grows  into  large 
masses  of  foliage  four  or  five  feet  high  with  smooth,  ovate 
leaves  and  small  cymes  of  white  flowers.  These  are  beau- 
tiful in  winter  on  account  of  their  bright  red  branches. 


236  Ornamental  Sbrubs. 

Fine  in  shrubberies  and  woods  as  an  undergrowth  or  for 
the  formation  of  broad  thicket-like  masses  of  shrubs  near 
water.  The  numerous  other  f  orms  may  be  used  in  a  similar 
manner.  All  do  well  in  a  moderately  good  soil. 

THE    HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY. 

Snowberry,  SympJioricarpus  racemosus. — A  shrub  com- 
mon in  gardens,  with  erect  and  slender  branches  and  oval 
leaves.  Flowers,  inconspicuous,  followed  by  white  berries 
in  autumn.  Shrubberies.  Ordinary  soil. 

Honeysuckle,  Lonicera. — The  Tartarian  honeysuckle 
(L.  Tartaricd)  is  the  most  showy  species  of  the  upright 
honeysuckles.  It  is  a  most  beautiful  shrub  with  opposite, 
oval,  cordate  leaves  and  flowers  in  axillary  clusters.  The 
variety  known  as  grandiflora  is  a  very  attractive  form  with 
large,  bright  rose-colored  flowers.  There  is  also  a  large- 
flowered  variety  with  white  blossoms.  These  are  useful  in 
shrubberies  and  in  groups  on  the  lawn.  They  grow  to  a 
height  of  five  or  six  feet.  Among  other  desirable  kinds 
are :  L.  fragrantissima,  a  straggling  shrub  with  fragrant 
flowers  early  in  spring;  L.  ccerulea,  with  creamy- white, 
sweet-scented  flowers ;  L.  Standishii  and  L.  Xylostewrn, 
bushy,  graceful  plants  with  yellow  flowers.  All  will  do 
well  in  moderately  rich  soil. 

Bush  Honeysuckle,  Diervilla  (  Weigelia). — These  are 
exceedingly  showy  plants  with  opposite  leaves  and  axillary 
or  terminal  clusters  of  large,  funnel-shaped  flowers.  D. 
grandiflora  has  very  large,  pink  flowers  and  ovate,  reticu- 
lated leaves.  It  is  of  a  very  bushy  habit.  There  are 
several  beautiful  varieties,  one  with  white- variegated 


Ornamental  Sbrubs.  237 

leaves.  D.  liortensis  is  a  much  smaller  shrub,  with  white  or 
red  flowers  and  ovate,  acuminate  leaves.  There  is  a  fine 
form  of  this  with  variegated  leaves,  yellow  margined  in 
spring,  turning  into  white  later  on.  Under  the  name  of 
D.  hybrida  many  handsome  varieties  with  differently  colored 
flowers  are  common  in  gardens.  D.  rosea  is  a  very  florifer- 
ous  kind  with  numerous  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  early 
in  summer.  This  is  probably  the  most  desirable  species. 
D.  rosea  nana  is  a  very  compact  variety,  and  nana  variegata 
a  fine  spreading  shrub  with  white-margined  leaves.  The 
bush  honeysuckles  make  fine  specimens  for  lawns ;  they  are 
still  more  effective  in  groups  of  three  or  more.  All  thrive 
in  a  moderately  rich  soil.  Dry  and  barren  ground  is  not 
suitable. 

Viburnum. — The  plants  belonging  to  this  genus  are 
known  under  widely  different  popular  names.  They  are 
all  more  or  less  ornamental,  sometimes  very  showy,  shrubs, 
producing  a  wealth  of  flowers  in  late  spring  or  early 
summer. 

Snow-Ball  Tree  or  Guelder  Rose,  V.  Opulus  sterilis. — 
A  well  known  large  shrub  with  stout,  upright  branches  and 
three-lobed  leaves.  Flowers  are  white  and  produced  in  dense 
balls  in  summer.  The  Japanese  snow-ball  tree  (  V.plicatum) 
is  somewhat  smaller  in  all  parts  and  more  compact  with  fine 
ovate,  plicate  leaves  and  white  flowers  in  globose  cymes  in 
May  or  June.  Both  are  very  ornamental  for  small  groups 
and  shrubberies.  The  wild  form  of  the  guelder  rose  (  V. 
Opulus)  is  also  a  very  desirable  plant,  growing  on  river 
banks  and  in  moist  woods.  Many  of  the  American  vibur- 
nums are  very  ornamental  plants,  covered  with  pure  white, 


238 


Ornamental  Sbrubs, 


cyinose  flowers  in  spring  or  early  summer.     V.prunifoUum 
is  one  of  the  best  of  these ;  a  large  shrub  with  recurving, 


spreading  branches,  plum-like  leaves  and  numerous  clusters 
of  flowers  in  spring.      V.  molle  flowers  at  midsummer,  has 


©rnamental  Sbrubs.  239 

large  cordate  leaves  and  very  attractive  flowers.  V.pubescens 
is  a  low,  spreading  shrub  with  very  showy  flowers  and 
ovate-oblong,  downy  leaves.  The  wayfaring-tree  (  V.  Lan- 
tana)  is  a  very  attractive  shrub  with  large  handsome  leaves. 
It  is  commonly  used  in  shrubberies.  The  sheepberry 
(  V.  Lentago)  is  another  desirable  and  attractive  shrub,  ten 
or  fifteen  feet  high,  with  glossy  leaves  and  broad,  flat  cymes 
of  flowers.  All  grow  best  in  comparatively  rich  soil.  They 
are  excellent  for  shrubberies,  and  the  finer  forms  are  also 
very  desirable  for  specimens  on  the  lawn. 

Elder,  Sambucus  nigra. — A  very  large  shrub  or 
bushy  tree  with  large,  pinnate  leaves,  stout  branches,  and 
numerous  flat  cymes  of  yellowish-white  flowers  in  summer. 
The  golden-leaved  elder  (8.  n.  aurea)  is  a  very  ornamental 
foliage-plant  with  yellow  leaves.  Very  robust  and  of 
rapid  growth,  fine  for  large  shrubberies  in  rich  soil.  Cana- 
dian elder  (8.  Canadensis)  is  a  much  smaller,  more  spread- 
ing plant.  A  neat  and  ornamental  species  is  the  Hart's 
elder  (8.  racemosa)  with  ovate  panicles  of  flowers  followed 
by  scarlet  fruit  in  autumn.  All  are  available  for  large,  leafy 
shrubberies. 

THE  HEATH   FAMILY. 

Farkleberry,  Vaccinium  arboreum.  —  A  tall  shrub 
with  glossy,  oval  leaves  and  numerous  white  flowers  in 
leafy  racemes  or  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Common  in 
open,  rocky  woods.  The  deerberry  (V.  stamineum)  is  a 
small  bushy  shrub  a  couple  of  feet  high,  with  oblong-lance- 
olate or  ovate  leaves,  and  numerous  axillary,  greenish-white 
flowers  with  long  protruding  stamens.  These  are  fine  for 


240  Ornamental  Sbrubs. 

planting  in  moist,  open  shrubberies  as  an  undergrowth. 
Prefer  rich,  sandy  loam  mixed  with  leaf-soil.  They  are 
very  attractive  when  in  flower. 

Andromeda,  or  Lily  of  the  Valley  Tree,  Andromeda 
floribunda.  —  A  very  handsome  plant  of  rocky  woods, 
growing  three  or  more  feet  high,  leafy  to  the  ground  and 
very  broad  and  spreading,  with  small,  oblong-lanceolate, 
evergreen  leaves  and  showy  white  flowers  in  terminal, 
nodding  racemes  growing  in  the  greatest  profusion  early  in 
summer.  A.  speciosa  is  an  equally  valuable  shrub  with  fewer 
and  larger  pure  white  flowers  in  drooping  racemes.  A. 
Mariana,  or  stagger-bush,  is  another  exceedingly  pretty 
species.  There  is  also  a  hardy  Japanese  species  (A.  Japonica) 
of  a  more  erect  habit  with  white  flowers.  The  andrornedas 
should  be  grown  in  half-shady  positions,  in  woods  or  in 
open  shrubberies  as  an  undergrowth,  or  in  prepared  beds  in 
suitable  places  on  the  lawn.  They  require  a  somewhat 
moist  and  rich  vegetable  soil,  such  as  a  sandy  loam  mixed 
with  decayed  leaves. 

Sorrel  Tree,  Oosydendrum  arboreum. — A  tall  shrub  or 
bushy  tree,  with  oblong-lanceolate  leaves  and  beautiful 
white  flowers  in  loose  panicles  late  in  summer.  This  is  an  ex- 
ceedingly fine  plant  for  shrubberies  in  rich  soil,  on  the  border 
of  groves  and  other  plantations,  and  on  banks  of  rivers  and 
lakes.  The  rich  foliage  turns  into  fine  autumn  tints. 

All  the  above  forms,  when  cultivated,  should  be  grown 
in  as  natural  positions  as  possible,  on  shady  banks  or 
between  trees  of  light  foliage.  Grown  in  artificial  positions, 
in  formal  beds,  they  are  entirely  out  of  place. 

Mountain  Laurel,   Kalmia  latifolia. — One   of  our  few 


Ornamental  Sbrubs.  241 

evergreen  shrubs,  a  beautiful  plant  with  large  ovate-lanceo- 
late leaves  of  a  leathery  texture,  and  terminal  clusters  of 
very  showy  white,  or  rose-colored  flowers  in  late  spring  or 
early  summer.  It  forms  a  broad,  bushy  mass  of  foliage 
and  flowers,  four  or  five  feet  high,  sometimes  more.  Grows 
in  rich  woods  on  high  ground,  never  in  swamps  or  water. 
Exceptionally  fine  for  planting  among  deciduous  trees  in 
groves  and  thickets  as  an  underbrush. 

K.  augustifolia  is  a  much  smaller  plant,  growing  in 
large  masses  in  shady  swamps  or  damp  woods.  Fine  for 
naturalizing  in  similar,  or  somewhat  dryer,  positions  in 
pai'ks  and  gardens. 

Rhododendron  or  Rose  Bay. — All  rhododendrons  are 
very  ornamental  shrubs,  chiefly  evergreen ;  growing  in 
rocky  woods  and  along  streams  and  rivulets  in  mountain 
regions.  They  are  useful  for  planting  in  beds  and  masses 
among  deciduous  trees  to  produce  woodland  scenery.  Many 
creeping  vines  and  tender  herbaceous  plants  find  an  ideal 
home  in  the  shelter  of  their  evergreen  foliage.  For  this 
purpose  our  native  species  are  best,  as  they  are  perfectly 
hardy  and  equal  any  exotic  form  in  size  and  beauty.  H. 
maximum  is  a  large  shrub  with  broadly  lanceolate  leaves, 
six  to  ten  inches  long,  and  white  or  rose-colored  flowers  in 
large  terminal  clusters.  R.  Catawbiense  is  a  much  smaller 
species  of  a  more  compact  and  spreading  habit,  with  leaves 
about  half  as  long  as  those  of  the  preceding  kind.  Flowers 
of  large  size,  purple,  appealing  early  in  summer.  R.  Pon- 
ticum  is  the  rhododendron  commonly  grown  in  gardens. 
It  is,  in  the  North,  of  a  dwarf  and  compact  habit,  with 
dense,  dark-green  foliage  and  bell-shaped  flowers  of  various 

16 


242  Ornamental  Sbrubs, 

colors  late  in  the  spring.  There  are  many  beautiful  hybrids 
and  varieties,  with  more  or  less  blotched  or  spotted  flowers, 
ranging  from  white  to  crimson  and  purple.  These  are  gen- 
erally planted  in  prepared  beds  to  form  close  masses  of 
foliage.  A  compost  of  peat  and  leaf-mold,  liberally  mixed 
with  the  garden  soil,  that  is  dug  in  on  the  spot,  is  the  sim- 
plest and  best.  All  require  considerable  moisture,  and  the 
beds  should  be  soaked  occasionally  in  dry  weather. 

Azalea,  Swamp  Honeysuckle. — Our  native  azaleas  are 
the  most  gorgeous  of  all  indigenous  plants,  and  deserve 
universal  culture.  They  should  be  used  liberally  in  landscape 
gardening  to  form  large  masses  of  color  among  deciduous 
trees  in  spring.  All  are  deciduous.  A.  nudiflora  is  the  most 
common  in  swamps  and  moist  woods.  The  beautiful  rosy- 
pink  flowers  develop  before  the  leaves.  It  is  a  shrub  of  a 
slender,  graceful  habit,  four  or  five  feet  high.  A.  viscosa 
flowers  later  in  summer  after  the  leaves  have  fully  devel- 
oped. The  flowers  are  almost  white,  clammy.  A.  calendu- 
lacea  is  a  native  of  rocky  woods,  growing  in  rich  leaf  soil 
among  deciduous  trees  and  mountain  laurel.  Flowers  very 
showy,  flame-colored  or  yellow.  Under  cultivation  all 
three  thrive  in  ordinary  rich  woodland  soil. 

There  is  a  very  attractive  evergreen  species,  A.  amcena 
which  is  quite  hardy  in  New  York.  It  forms  compact 
masses  a  couple  of  feet  high,  and  is  usually  completely 
covered  with  red  flowers  early  in  spring.  Azalea  mollis 
is  a  Japanese  species  of  compact  habit,  elliptic,  softly 
pubescent  leaves,  and  with  large  masses  of  flame-colored 
flowers  in  spring.  A.  Pontica  is  another  desirable  kind 
with  orange-yellow  flowers.  A  number  of  varieties  and 


244  Ornamental  Sbrubs. 

hybrids  of  the  last  two  species,  with  variously  colored 
flowers,  are  known  in  gardens  as  Ghent  azaleas.  They  are 
very  desirable  and  beautiful  in  masses  or  in  beds  on  the 
lawn,  and  should  not  be  grown  singly  or  in  too  small 
groups.  Ordinary,  moderately  good  sandy  loam  answers 
very  well  for  all  species,  but  it  is  better  when  mixed  with 
a  liberal  addition  of  leaf  soil. 

White  Alder,  Clethra  alnifolia.—rY\i\$  is  a  fine,  hardy, 
deciduous  shrub  for  growing  in  moist  places,  or  in  moder- 
ately rich  soil  in  a  shrubbery.  The  leaves  resemble  those 
of  the  alder.  Flowers  white,  fragrant,  in  erect  terminal 
racemes  in  summer. 

The  following  are  low,  evergreen  shrubs  or  trailing 
plants,  of  rich  and  shady  woods  or  open,  barren  plains  and 
hillsides : 

Purple  Heather,  Calluna  vulgaris. — Tufted,  spreading 
shrub,  growing  in  immense  masses  on  sandy  heaths  or  dry 
hillsides  in  Northern  Europe.  Spreads  readily  from  seeds 
along  roads  and  ditches.  The  purple  flowers  which  appear 
in  July  and  August  are  very  numerous,  and  are  disposed  in 
terminal  racemes.  Foliage  is  persistent,  of  a  brownish 
color  in  summer.  Good  for  naturalizing  on  sunny  hillsides 
among  broom  and  furze. 

Cross-leaved  Heath,  Erica  tetralix. — A  very  small, 
roundish  shrub,  as  commonly  seen,  from  six  to  eight  inches 
high.  Not  spreading.  Flowers  large,  urn-shaped,  of  a 
fine  rosy  color,  growing  in  headlike  clusters.  Common 
among  purple  heather;  fine  for  naturalizing  and  in  rock- 
eries. K  carnea,  a  plant  with  bright  flesh-colored  flowers, 
may  be  used  for  the  same  purpose. 


Ornamental  Sbrnbs.  245 

Sand  Myrtle,  Leiophyllum  buxifolium. — A  dwarf,  ever- 
green plant  of  pine  barrens,  with  oval  leaves,  very  minute, 
and  white  flowers  in  early  summer.  Fine  for  patches  in 
rockeries  or  naturalized  in  sandy  soil. 

Bearberry,  Arctostapfiylos  Uva-ursi. — A  low,  trailing 
plant  with  obovate,  evergreen  leaves  forming  mats  of  dark, 
smooth  foliage.  The  flowers  are  racemose  and  white.  A 
nice  trailing  plant  for  rockeries  and  shady  hillsides. 

The  following  dwarf,  trailing  shrubs  grow  in  shady 
woods  among  the  fallen  leaves  and  are  fine  for  similar  posi- 
tions in  thickets  and  shrubberies  :  Creeping  wintergreen 
(Gaultheria  procumbens  and  G.  Shallon)  ;  trailing  arbutus 
(Epigcea  repens),  a  well  known  spring  flowering  plant  with 
beautiful  white  or  rosy-red,  sweet-scented  flowers. 

THE   VEKVAIN    FAMILY. 

Callicarpa,  Callicarpa  pupurea. — A  small,  beautiful 
shrub  with  hairy,  ovate-acuminate  leaves,  inconspicuous 
flowers,  and  numerous  small  violet  berries  set  in  clusters 
all  along  the  branches  in  winter.  Fine  in  shrubberies. 
Moderately  good  soil. 

THE    OLIVE    FAMILY. 

Jasmine,  Jasminum  nudiflorum. — This  is  a  very  attrac- 
tive, rambling  shrub  with  small,  ternate  leaves  and  numer- 
ous yellow  flowers  on  the  bare  branch,  late  in  winter.  The 
branches  are  green,  and  effective  on  this  account.  It  may 
be  grown  either  as  a  climbing  shrub  for  covering  trellises 
on  a  wall,  or  as  a  specimen  among  evergreen  trees  or  shrubs, 
where  its  masses  of  bright  yellow  flowers  early  in  the  season 


246  Ornamental  Sbrubs. 

show  to  the  best  advantage.  It  will  grow  in  any  moder- 
ately good  garden  soil,  but  should  not  be  planted  in  too 
moist  or  exposed  positions.  For  covering  fences  it  has  few 
equals. 

Golden  Bells,  ForsytMa  suspensa. — A  very  beautiful 
shrub  covered  with  bright  yellow,  bell-shaped,  four-petaled 
flowers  on  the  bare  branches  in  spring.  Flowers  on  very 
slender  peduncles.  Branches  long,  recurving,  or  hanging 
with  simple  and  trifoliate  leaves.  Forms  broad,  graceful 
masses  five  or  six  feet  high  and  often  considerably  broader. 
Also  cultivated  under  the  name  of  F.  Fortunei. 

F.  viridissima  is  a  shrub  of  stouter  habit  with  recurv- 
ing branches  and  comparatively  large,  dark-green,  broadly 
lanceolate  leaves  and  numerous  golden-yellow  flowers  late 
in  spring.  These  are  fine  in  groups  of  three  or  more  or  as 
single  specimen  plants  on  the  lawn.  All  are  excellent  for 
planting  in  rocky  places. 

Lilac,  Syringa. — The  lilacs  are  the  most  popular  of  all 
flowering  shrubs.  None  are  more  useful  in  ornamental 
gardening. 

The  common  lilac  (8.  vulgaris)  had  originally  lilac 
or  pale  violet  flowers,  but  is  now  found  in  innumer- 
able varieties  both  single  and  double.  The  pure  white 
variety  is  one  of  the  best  of  these.  Next  come  :  the  large- 
flowered  white,  alba  grandiflora  ;  Charles  X.,  with  reddish 
purple  flowers  ;  ccerulea,  of  a  bright  bluish  color ;  molacea, 
deep  violet,  a  fine  form  ;  and  grandiflora,  with  bright  pur- 
plish-red flowers  in  large  panicles.  They  flower  in  spring. 

The  Chinese  lilac  (S.  Chinensis)  is  a  much  lower  shrub, 
about  four  feet  high,  with  small  ovate-lanceolate  leaves  and 


©rnamental  Sbrubs. 


247 


compound   panicles  of  bright  lilac  flowers  in  June.     This 
is  a  very  neat  and  beautiful  plant. 


FIQ.  114. -CHINESE  LILAC  (SYRINQA  CHINENSIS). 

Japanese  lilac  (S.  Japonicd). — A  handsome  plant  with 
oblong-ovate,  acuminate  leaves  and  large,  terminal  clusters 
of  creamy-white  flowers.  Large  shrub  of  a  robust  habit, 
flowering  late  in  June. 

Persian  lilac  (S.  Persica). — This  is  a  small  shrub  with 
lanceolate,  or  sometimes  pinnatifid,  leaves  and  loose,  ter- 
minal clusters  of  purple-lilac  or  white  flowers  in  June. 
Very  fine  and  graceful. 

Hungarian  lilac  (JS.  josikoea)  has  inferior  flowers,  late  in 
June,  but  it  is  a  robust  and  vigorous  shrub,  very  leafy  and 
ornamental  in  summer. — The  use  of  lilacs  in  shrubberies 
and  groups  is  universal.  The  smaller  kinds  are  exception- 
ally fine  for  specimens  on  the  lawn. 


248 


©rnamental  Sbrubs. 


Privet,  Ligustrum. — The  privets  are  almost  evergreen, 
and  have  the  appearance  of  evergreen  shrubs  in  summer. 
They  are  generally  grown  in  hedges  and  shrubberies. 
When  growing  privet  as  an  ornamental  plant  on  the  lawn, 
no  pruning  or  shearing  should  be  allowed,  as  it  is  more 
attractive  when  allowed  to  develop  naturally.  Privet 
makes  good  hedges  for  divisions  in  a  garden. 

The  best  species  and  those  almost  exclusively  grown  in 
this  country  are :  common  privet  (L.  vulgare),  with  rather 
small,  broadly  lanceolate  leaves,  and  the  broad-leaved  privet 
(L.  ovalifolium),  with  oval,  more  or  less  pointed  leaves.  Priv- 
ets flower  in  summer ;  the  flowers  are  rather  small  and  col- 
lected in  terminal  racemes.  All  grow  well  in  almost  any  soil. 

Fringe  Tree,  Chiananthus  Virginica. — This  is  a  very 
large  shrub  with  recurving  branches,  large  oval  or  obovate 


FIG.  115.-FRINQE  TREE  (CHIONANTHUS  VIRGINICA). 


Ornamental  Sbrubs.  249 

leaves,  and  loose,  feathery  panicles  of  pure  white  flowers 
appearing  early  in  summer.  Fine  in  shrubberies  and  on 
the  shores  of  rivers  or  lakes,  or  in  small  groups  on  the  lawn 
in  moderately  rich  soil. 

THE    LAUREL    FAMILY. 

Spice-Bush,  Lindera  Benzoin. — A  fine,  spreading  shrub 
with  large,  beautifully  green,  obovate-oblong  leaves,  and 
numerous  small,  yellow  flowers  in  lateral  clusters  on  the 
bare  branches  in  spring.  Aromatic-scented  shrub,  fine  for 
shrubberies  in  low  and  rich  ground. 

THE    MEZEREUM  FAMILY. 

Daphne  Mezereum. — An  erect-growing  shrub  a  foot  or 
two  high  with  purplish  rose-colored,  very  fragrant  flowers 
early  in  spring.  Leaves  lanceolate,  glaucous  green.  It  is 
excellent  between  trees  and  shrubs  as  an  undergrowth. 

THE    OLEASTER    FAMILY. 

Silver  Berry,  Elceagnus  argentea. — Graceful  shrub  with 
silvery  foliage  and  small,  yellow  flowers  in  July.  Fine  for 
shrubberies  and  seaside  gardens.  The  oleaster  (E.  Jiorten- 
sis)  with  quite  whitish-silvery  leaves,  and  larger,  yellow 
flowers  in  axillary  fascicles  is  also  a  common  species  in  gar- 
dens, especially  the  narrow-leaved  form  angustifolia. 

Sea  Buckthorn,  HippopJice  rhamnoides. — A  spiny  shrub 
with  linear-lanceolate  leaves  of  silvery  white  and  yellow 
flowers  in  May,  followed  by  showy,  orange-colored  berries. 
An  excellent  sea-side  plant  and  very  ornamental  in  its  way. 


250  Ornamental  Sbrubs. 

THE   SPURGE  FAMILY. 

Box,  Buxus  sempervirens. — The  box  is  one  of  the  few 
evergreen  shrubs  which  are  hardy  in  all  parts  of  America. 
It  may  be  used  with  excellent  effect,  either  as  an  under- 
growth in  thickets  and  shrubberies  or  in  groups  on  the 
lawn.  It  is  used  in  formal  gardening  for  close-cut  hedges, 
for  bordering  walks  and  for  divisions  in  kitchen-gardens. 
When  allowed  to  grow  in  a  free  manner  it  is,  however,  most 
attractive.  It  may  be  used  for  covering  steep  hillsides  in 
company  with  many  coniferous  trees.  Although  of  slow 
growth  it  attains  considerable  size  in  rich  ground. 

THE    OAK   FAMILY. 

The  Hazel,  Corylus  avettana. — Not  usually  grown  for 
ornament,  but  useful  for  hedges  between  the  vegetable  gar- 
den and  the  ornamental  grounds,  or  around  fields  and 
orchards.  There  is  a  purple-leaved  variety  of  considerable 
ornamental  value.  The  hazel  is  very  useful  as  a  tall  under- 
growth in  woods  and  groves. 


V. 
CREEPERS  AND  VINES. 

INES  and  climbing  plants  are  invaluable  in 
modern  landscape-gardening,  and  may  be  used 
in  many  ways  to  produce  strikingly  beautiful 
effects.  Most  vines  and  creepers  are  natives 
of  woods  and  copses,  where  they  grow  to  the  tallest  tree- 
tops,  or  hang  garlands  and  wreaths  of  flowers  over  the 
lower  shrubs  of  a  thicket.  They  are  often  found  in  rocky 
woods  clinging  to  the  face  of  a  cliff  or  growing  over  iso- 
lated blocks  and  stones,  according  to  their  nature. 

In  masses  of  trees  and  shrubs  similar  effects  may  be 
produced  by  means  of  judicious  planting,  and,  having  the 
advantage  of  choosing  the  most  beautiful  plants,  the  result 
should  be  richer  and  more  varied  than  it  is  possible  for  us 
to  find  in  the  woodland.  To  introduce  strong  climbing 
plants  among  trees  and  shrubs  might  on  the  other  hand 
result  in  the  destruction  of  these.  Climbers  would  not  be 
likely  to  succeed  among  trees  with  dense  crowns  like  the 
beech  or  of  so  luxurious  a  growth  as  the  horse  chestnut. 
Elm,  and  ivy,  locust  and  Virginian  creeper,  climbing  roses 
and  evergreen  trees  are  beautiful  and  pleasing  associations 
of  these  two  classes  of  plants. 

251 


252  Creepers  anfc  Dines. 

In  artificial  rockeries,  many  creepers  and  vines  are  espe- 
cially in  place,  such  as  periwinkles,  silk  vines,  and  ivy. 
On  walls  and  fences,  on  the  columns  and  balustrades  of 
verandas,  and  in  similar  positions,  such  exquisite  plants  as 
clematis,  Boston  ivy,  and  honeysuckle  are  very  useful  and 
attractive.  The  plants  described  below  are  chiefly  woody 
climbers;  a  few  are  herbaceous,  perennial  or  annual,  and 
useful  for  summer  effects  only.  The  best  are  Boston  ivy, 
clematis,  ivy,  wistarias,  climbing  roses,  and  trumpet-flowers. 

THE    CROWFOOT    FAMILY. 

Virgin's-Bower,  Clematis. — Most  small  flowering  kinds 
are  known  by  this  popular  name,  especially  the  following : 
C.  flammula,  a  slender,  climbing  plant  with  smooth,  pin- 
nate leaves,  chiefly  oval  or  oblong,  sometimes  three-lobed, 
leaflets,  and  numerous  panicles  of  white,  sweet-scented 
flowers.  A  vigorous  grower,  flowering  from  the  young 
wood  throughout  the  summer;  C.  vitalba,  the  traveller's 
joy  of  Europe,  is  a  less  vigorous  grower  with  cymes  of 
white,  almond-scented  flowers  in  July,  and  finely  cut,  pin- 
nate leaves.  C.  Virginiana  is  a  common  American  plant  in 
moist  woods  and  thickets  and  on  river-banks  among  trees 
and  shrubs.  Leaves  ternate  with  cut  or  lobed  segments. 
Flowers  small  white,  in  ample  panicles  on  the  summer's 
growth.  All  have  numerous  feathery  clusters  of  fruit  later 
in  the  season. 

Purple  Clematis,  Clematis  viticella. — A  fine  climber 
with  ternate  or  entire  leaves,  ovate-cordate  in  outline ;  and 
large  blue  or  purple  flowers,  with  four  obovate  sepals,  pro- 
duced singly  on  lateral  shoots  in  summer.  C.  Jackmanni 


Creepers  ant)  Dines* 


253 


is  an  excellent  garden-form  belonging  to  this  type.  Flow- 
ers large,  violet-purple,  with  four  almost  orbicular,  acute 
sepals.  Leaves  ternate  with  long  petioles.  A  continuous 
summer  bloomer,  very  free-flowering.  There  is  also  a  white 
variety. 

Large-flowered  Clematis,  Clematis  coerulea. — This  is 
the  finest  of  all  the  forms,  with  flowers  six  inches  or  more 
in  diameter,  consisting  of  more  than  six  sepals  of  a  blue  or 


FIG.    116.— LARGE-FLOWERED  CLEMATIS  (CLEMATIS  CCERULEA  PATENS). 

purplish  color,  pure  white  in  the  beautiful  variety  known 
as  patens.  Leaves  pinnate  with  three  simple  cordate  leaf- 
lets. This  is  a  slender  climber,  flowering  in  spring,  with 
many  varieties.  C.  florida  is  a  more  tender  species  valuable 
as  a  greenhouse  plant. 

Clematis  of  the  Jackmanni  and  coerulea  types  may  be 
used  with  advantage  as  bedding  plants,  the  branches  being 
tied  down  to  cover  the  ground.  They  are  among  the  best 


254  Creepers  anfc  Dines* 

for  verandas  and  on  trellises  against  a  wall  with  a  southern 
exposure.  The  small-flowering  forms  may  be  used  in  shrub- 
beries where  they  must  be  allowed  to  grow  freely.  They 
grow  best  in  a  rich  and  moist  ground  in  sunny  positions. 

THE    BARBERRY    FAMILY. 

Akebia,  Alcebid  quinata. — A  slender  vine  or  twining 
shrub,  with  pretty,  palmately  divided  leaves  consisting  of 
five  oblong  leaflets.  The  flowers  are  brownish,  inconspicu- 
ous, but  sweet-scented,  and  the  fruit  which  bursts  open  on 
ripening  is  bright-colored  and  attractive.  The  akebia  is 
very  attractive  on  rocky  banks  and  also  in  small  rockeries. 

THE    MOONSEED    FAMILY. 

Moonseed,  Menispermum  Canadense. — A  climbing  shrub 
with  peltate  leaves  and  numerous  yellow  flowers  in  pendu- 
lous racemes  or  panicles.  Moist  ground  in  woods  and 
thickets;  flowers  late  in  summer.  Grown  chiefly  for  the 
sake  of  its  handsome  foliage. 

THE    FUMITORY    FAMILY. 

Mountain  Fringe,  Adlumia  cirrJiosa. — A  delicate  and 
beautiful  biennial  climber,  growing  freely  from  seeds  when 
once  established.  Leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnate  with  ten- 
dril-like petioles.  Flowers  delicate,  flesh-colored,  in  ample, 
leafy  panicles  throughout  the  summer.  For  naturalizing  in 
shady  shrubberies  or  in  hedges  where  it  will  grow  up 
annually. 


Creepers  anfc  Dines*  255 

THE    VINE    FAMILY. 

Wild  Vines,  Vitis  Labrusca,  cestivalis,  and  others.  These 
may  be  used  with  advantage  to  cover  rocky  banks  and  hill- 
sides or  for  growing  on  tall  trees  in  shrubberies.  All  have 
beautiful,  more  or  less  five-lobed,  leaves  and  clusters  of 
sweet-scented  flowers  in  spring. 

Virginian  Creeper,  Ampelopsis  quinquefolia. — This  vig- 
orous climber  with  its  handsome  five-fingered  leaves  looks 
well  on  tall  trees  with  light  foliage  or  in  the  crowns  of 
red  cedars.  May  also  be  used  on  walls  or  for  covering  the 
ground  in  shady  places  under  trees  with  dense  foliage. 
The  leaves  change  into  bright  autumn  tints. 

Boston  Ivy,  Ampelopsis  Veitchii  (tricuspidata). — A  slen- 
der, Japanese  creeper  attaching  itself  to  walls  or  rocks  by 
means  of  short  tendrils.  Leaves  cordate,  tricuspidate,  hang- 
ing vertically,  green  in  summer,  changing  into  bright  scarlet 
in  thetfall.  A  quick-growing  and  beautiful  plant,  the  best 
for  covering  walls.  Thrives  best  in  rich  sandy  loam,  and 
will  grow  equall"  well  in  the  full  glare  of  the  sun  or  in 
partial  shade. 

THE    STAFF-TREE    FAMILY. 

Staff  Tree,  Celastrus  scandens. — A  vigorous  twining 
shrub  with  ovate-oblong,  rather  thin  leaves,  and  racemes  of 
whitish-green  flowers  terminating  short,  lateral  branches. 
Fruits  in  clusters,  bright  orange-scarlet  in  autumn.  On 
columns  and  fences ;  ornamental  when  in  fruit. 

THE    PEA    FAMILY. 

Wistaria,  Wistaria  Sinensis. — A  very  large  twining 
shrub  of  rapid  growth.  Leaves,  long,  pinnate ;  flowers 


256  Creepers  ant)  IDines. 

blue,  in  large  pendulous  racemes,  terminal  on  lateral  shoots 
developing  with  the  leaves  in  spring.  There  are  several 
varieties,  one  with  white  flowers.  W.  Japonica  has  white 
flowers  and  another  Japanese  species,  W.  multijuga,  has 
racemes  one  or  to  two  feet  long,  of  deep  lilac  flowers  with 
purple  wings. 

All  the  wistarias  are  fine  for  growing  on  verandas  or 
in  trees  with  light  foliage,  such  as- the  elm  or  locust.  They 
thrive  best  in  a  good  sandy  loam  but  will  do  well  in  almost 
any  moderately  good  soil. 

Scarlet  Runner,  Phaseolusmultiflorus. — An  annual  twin- 
ing vine,  with  trifoliately  pinnate  leaves,  and  axillary 
racemes  of  bright  scarlet  flowers  in  summer.  Sown  in  spring 
for  covering  fences  or  bowers. 

THE    ROSE    FAMILY. 

Prairie  Rose,  Rosa  setigera. — This  is  the  only  perfectly 
hardy  climbing  rose.  It  deserves  general  cultivation  for 
the  great  beauty  and  profusion  of  its  mostly  double  flowers. 
There  are  several  varieties  of  which  Baltimore  Belle,  with 
flowers  of  a  blush-color,  and  Queen  of  the  Prairie,  with 
bright  rosy-red  flowers,  are  the  best  and  the  most  commonly 
grown.  The  tall  climbing  branches  are  covered  with  straight 
prickles  and  handsome  pinnate  foliage.  Fine  for  trellises  on 
walls  or  verandas,  in  rockeries,  or  on  bare  hillsides.  Planted 
among  coniferous  trees,  such  as  Norway  spruce,  they  will 
grow  to  a  great  height.  The  delicate  foliage  in  spring  and 
the  bright  flowers  later  on  contrast  beautifully  with  the 
dark  green  of  the  evergreens.  For  this  purpose  they  must 
be  allowed  a  sufficient  root-space,  and  a  southern  exposure 


258  Creepers  anfc  Dines. 

is  the  best.  A  rich  soil  is  essential  to  rapid  growth,  and  it 
is  best  to  prepare  special  beds  or  trenches,  filled  with  good 
loam  and  plenty  of  manure,  in  gardens  where  the  soil  is 
poor. 

THE    GOURD    FAMILY. 

Wild  Cucumber  Vine,  Echinocystus  lobata. — A  graceful 
annual,  wild  in  thickets  and  damp  woods,  in  sunny  positions. 


FIQ.  118.-PRAIRIE  ROSE     (ROSA  SETIQERA). 

A  beautiful  vine  for  covering  arbors,  or  on  trellises  against 
a  wall.  Leaves  five-lobed  and  numerous  racemes  of  white 
flowers  almost  covering  the  plant  in  summer.  May  be 
grown  with  good  effect  on  the  south  side  of  a  shrubbery 
and  will  generally  remain  there  \vhen  once  established.  It 
has,  however,  a  tendency  to  become  a  weed.  A  very  rapid 
grower.  Many  annual  climbers  of  this  family  are  quite 
ornamental,  with  luxuriant  foliage  and  pretty,  if  not  con- 
spicuous, flowers  followed  by  picturesque  fruits. 


Creepers  an&  Dines,  259 

The  Bryony  (Bryonia  dioicd)  is  a  tuberous-rooted 
plant  of  a  habit  almost  similar  to  the  preceding  one,  with 
five-lobed  leaves  and  white  flowers  in  summer.  It  is  well 
worthy  of  cultivation  and  may  be  grown  with  success  in 
hedge-rows  or  thickets  in  a  moderately  good  soil.  The 
slender  stems  die  down  annually  but  the  root  is  hardy. 

THE    ARALIA    FAMILY. 

Ivy,  Hedera  Helix. — This  is  without  doubt  the  best  and 
most  useful  climber  in  places  where  it  is  hardy.  It  may 
be  grown  with  success  on  northern  walls,  as  it  generally 
suffers  more  from  the  sun  in  winter  than  from  the  cold. 
In  Europe,  it  grows  in  the  extreme  North,  generally  in 
deciduous  or  evergreen  woods  where  it  finds  a  slight  pro- 
tection. It  is  found  in  innumerable  varieties  in  most  Euro- 
pean countries,  some  growing  on  the  trunks  of  trees  in 
sunny  positions,  others  in  deep  shade.  Where  it  cannot  be 
grown  with  success  in  exposed  positions  it  is  useful  for  cov- 
ering the  ground  under  large  shade-trees  or  in  shrubberies. 
Some  of  the  smaller  varieties  are  exceptionally  beautiful  in 
rockeries.  The  leaves  are  generally  five-lobed,  thick  and 
leathery,  evergreen,  but  differ  greatly  in  size  and  shape. 
There  are  also  many  beautiful  forms  with  variegated  foliage 
turning  more  or  less  reddish  in  winter  or  spring.  When 
old,  the  ivy  flowers  freely  and  has  then  a  unique  appearance, 
as  it  is  almost  covered  with  headlike  clusters  of  creamy 
white  flowers.  The  leaves  are  not  lobed  on  flowering  shoots 
but  entire  and  of  an  ovate  outline.  The  best  varieties  are 
Canariensis,  with  large,  shining-green  foliage,  also  called 
Irish  ivy  ;  Itoegneriana,  with  large,  broadly  cordate  leaves ; 


260  Creepers  ant)  Dines. 

variegata  and  marmorata,  with  variegated  foliage,  and  con- 
glomerate,  a  small  and  compact  kind,  fine  for  rockeries. 

THE    HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY. 

Honeysuckle,  Lonicera. — Woodbine  and  honeysuckle 
are  general  favorites  on  account  of  their  handsome,  sweet- 
scented  flowers  and  neat,  twining  habit.  They  are  very 
useful  for  porches  and  verandas,  as  well  as  for  covering  ar- 
bors, fences,  and  enclosures.  Some  of  the  smaller  kinds  are 
beautiful  in  rockeries  and  as  climbers  among  other  shrubs 
in  open  and  sunny  positions.  All  require  a  moderately 
rich  and  moist  soil.  For  planting  in  thickets  and  copses  or 
on  the  banks  of  a  river  or  lake  no  twining  shrub  can  be 
more  useful  than  the  evergreen  Japanese  honeysuckle  (L. 
Halleana),  which  forms  dense  masses  of  dark,  shining  foli- 
age close  to  the  ground,  twining  here  and  there  among  the 
branches  of  neighboring  shrubs.  The  flowers  are  tubular, 
two-lipped,  white,  changing  into  a  pale  yellow,  produced 
freely  throughout  the  summer.  L.  japonica  is  another  al- 
most evergreen  species  with  flowers,  red  on  the  outside, 
whitish  within.  The  common  honeysuckle  (L.  Caprifoliuiii) 
is  an  exceedingly  beautiful  plant  with  glaucous,  connate 
leaves  and  large,  terminal  clusters  of  bright  orange-yellow 
or  flame-colored  flowers  in  early  summer.  The  woodbine 
(L.  Peridymenum)  has  bright  red  flowers,  ovate  obtuse, 
mostly  glaucous  leaves,  and  is  similar  in  habit  to  the  pre- 
ceding kind.  These  grow  in  open  woods  in  Europe,  cover- 
ing rocks,  shrubs,  and  small  tree-stems  with  their  delicate 
flowers.  The  trumpet  honeysuckle  (L.  sempervirens)  is  an 
American  species  with  showy,  scarlet  flowers  in  spiked 


Creepers  anfc  IDines.  261 

whorls,  all  summer.  The  Japanese  golden-leaved  honey- 
suckle (L.  bracJiypoda  aureo-reticulata)  is  a  kind  commonly 
grown  on  arbors  and  verandas.  It  has  yellow,  axillary 
flowers  and  foliage  reticulated  with  golden  veins. 

THE    BIGNONIA    FAMILY. 

Trumpet-Flower,  Tecoma  radicans. — A  vigorous  climb- 
ing shrub  with  long,  pinnate  leaves  and  terminal  clusters  of 
orange-scarlet  flowers.  The  Japanese  trumpet-flower  (T. 
grandiflora)  climbs  less  freely,  has  narrower  leaflets  and 
large  bell-shaped  flowers  with  spreading  limbs  of  a  scarlet- 
crimson  color.  The  former  is  fine  on  walls,  fences,  and  en- 
closures, the  latter  in  the  rockery,  or,  if  kept  low  as  a  speci- 
men plant,  on  the  lawn.  Rich  and  moderately  moist  ground. 

Bignonia,  Bignonia  capreolata. — A  very  beautiful  native 
climbing  shrub  growing  on  fences  and  trees  in  open  and 
sunny  positions.  Leaves  pinnate  consisting  of  a  single  pair 
of  oblong-lanceolate  leaflets,  and  orange-scarlet  flowers  in 
axillary  clusters.  Stem,  slender,  climbing  by  means  of  ten- 
drils. Planted  beside  trees  of  light  foliage  or  in  hedge- 
rows. 

THE    CONVOLVULUS    FAMILY. 

Morning  Glory,  Ipomcea purpurea. — A  beautiful  annual 
with  funnel-shaped  flowers  of  different  colors  from  white  to 
blue  and  crimson,  freely  produced  in  summer.  Grown  on 
fences  or  in  hedgerows  and  shrubberies.  Propagated  by 
means  of  seeds  sown  in  early  spring. 

Hedge-Bindweed,  Calystegia  sepium. — A  slender,  per- 
ennial climber,  fine  for  hedgerows  or  shrubberies.  Flowers 
are  mostly  pure  white,  showy ;  throughout  the  summer. 


262  Creepers  anfc  Dines. 

THE    NIGHTSHADE    FAMILY. 

Matrimony  Vine,  Lycium  Barbarum. — An  old-fashioned, 
somewhat  thorny,  climbing  shrub  with  obovate  or  spathu- 
late  leaves  and  axillary  clusters  of  pale  purplish  flowers. 
Chinese  matrimony  vine  (L.  Ghinense)  is  a  much  more 
slender  plant  producing  numerous  oblong,  scarlet  ber- 
ries in  pairs  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  They  are  neat 
and  ornamental  plants  for  steep  banks  or  rockeries.  The 
more  vigorous  kinds  may  be  grown  on  stone  enclosures,  to 
cover  bare  hillsides,  or  among  shrubs  and  trees  on  the 
shores  of  rivulets  or  lakes. 

THE    DOGBANE    FAMILY. 

Periwinkle,  Vinca  minor. — A  dwarf,  trailing  plant  for 
growing  in  shrubberies,  or  for  covering  bare  ground  under 
shade  trees,  and  also  in  rockeries.  Leaves  ovate,  shining 
green,  opposite.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 
beautiful  blue  or  white.  The  large  periwinkle  (  V.  major) 
is  very  much  larger  in  all  its  parts,  differing  but  slighly  in 
habit.  Leaves  sometimes  variegated  white  or  reticulated 
golden-yellow  veins.  Both  grow  best  in  a  moderately  rich 
soil.  The  last  one  is  not  hardy  in  the  North. 

THE   MILKWEED    FAMILY. 

Silk  Vine,  Periploca  Grceca. — This  is  a  slender,  rapid- 
growing  twining  shrub,  with  opposite,  ovate-acute  leaves 
and  inconspicuous  flowers.  It  may  be  used  with  advantage 
for  almost  any  purpose. 


Creepers  anfc  Dines.  263 

THE    BIRTHWOET    FAMILY. 

Pipe  Vine,  AristolocJiia  Sipho. — This  is  a  very  rapid- 
growing  twining  vine,  with  large,  cordate  leaves  and  incon- 
spicuous greenish-brown  flowers.  Grown  for  the  sake  of 
its  luxuriant  foliage,  which  gives  ample  shade  for  bowers 
and  verandas.  May  also  be  planted  with  excellent  effect 
among  shrubs,  near  the  margin  of  water,  and  to  cover  large 
rocks  or  trunks  of  deciduous  trees. 

THE    SMIL  AX    FAMILY. 

Greenbriar,  Smilax  rotundifolia. — This  handsome  climber 
well  deserves  cultivation  for  the  sake  of  its  beautiful  leaves. 
In  moderately  good  soil  it  grows  to  a  considerable  height 
and  looks  very  ornamental,  especially  in  the  crowns  of  ever- 
green trees.  The  leaves  assume  beautiful  autumn  tints. 


VI. 

HERBACEOUS  PLANTS. 

all  temperate  countries,  the  herbaceous  flora 
forms  a  very  important  part  of  the  natural 
scenery.  The  ground  is  closely  carpeted  with 
grass  and  flowers,  forests  and  fields  vie  with 
each  other  in  variety  and  color.  Along  rivu- 
lets and  streams  a  hundred  forms  of  the  daintiest  flowers 
make  their  home ;  and  water  plants  abound  in  ponds  and 
lakes.  Even  the  rocks  and  cliffs  and  dry,  sterile  sandfields 
produce  a  flora  as  beautiful  as  it  is  characteristic. 

These  plants  are  just  as  important  factors  in  landscape 
gardening  as  in  nature  itself;  but  it  is  necessary  to  understand 
fully  their  nature  and  habit  in  order  to  use  them  rightly  and 
with  the  most  pleasing  effects.  Most  herbaceous  plants  will 
grow  well  in  light  and  moderately  rich  garden  soil,  whether 
they  are  natives  of  dry  and  sunny  fields  or  of  moist  and 
shady  woods.  But  it  is  necessary  to  bear  in  mind  the 
character  and  habit  of  each  and  every  species  and  use  it 
only  in  the  position  for  which  it  is  best  adapted  by  nature. 
The  following  selection  contains  only  choice  and  orna- 
mental plants,  and,  as  it  is  sufficiently  rich  in  number  and  va- 

264 


Iberbaceous  plants,  265 

riety  to  be  useful  for  every  purpose,  the  most  beautiful  results 
may  be  obtained  by  using  these  alone  in  a  proper  manner. 
A  great  number  of  species,  each  represented  by  small  and 
insignificant  individuals,  are  not  desirable  in  landscape  gar- 
dening. Broad  masses  of  one  kind  are  more  effective  than 
an  incongruous  mixture  of  a  great  many  contrasting  forms. 
In  a  previous  chapter  the  more  important  classes  of  her- 
baceous plants  have  been  treated  as  to  their  nature,  habit, 
habitat,  and  correct  use  in  ornamental  gardening,  and  sug- 
gestions of  the  same  nature  will  also  be  given  in  the 
following  descriptions  : 

THE    CROWFOOT   FAMILY. 

Anemones  and  Windflowers,  Anemone. — The  anemones 
are  very  important  woodland-  and  hillside-plants,  generally 


FIQ.  19. —PASQUE-FLOWER  (ANEMONE  PULSATILLA),  GROWING  IN  STONY  SOIL  ON  A  HILLSIDE. 

found  in  great  numbers  throughout  the  north  temperate 
zone.  The  pasque-flower  (A.  PidsatiUa)  is  one  of  the 
earliest  flowering  plants,  with  large,  nodding  flowers  of 
a  pale  blue  or  purple  color,  springing  from  a  tuft  of  much 


266 


ifoerbaceous  plants. 


divided  leaves ;  grows  on  sunny  hillsides  among  the  grass, 
often  in  sterile  soil.  A.  patens  and  the  American  pasque- 
flower (A.  p.  Nuttalliana)  are  equally  desirable  plants  with 
purplish,  sometimes  creamy-white  flowers,  two  inches  across 
These  are  fine  for  planting  among  the  grass  on  a  sunny, 
sloping  lawn,  in  light  or  moderately  good  soil.  Among 
species  found  in  woods  and  forests  the  best  are :  the  com- 
mon wind-flower  (A.  nemorosd),  a  well-known  dwarf  species 

with  white  flowers,  purplish  on 
the  outside;  and  the  large  wood 
anemone    (A.     sylvestris)   with 
pure  white  flowers  on  slender 
stalks  a  foot  high  or  more,  and 
ternate    or    palmately   divided 
leaves.     These    are    excellent 
for    naturalizing    in     shrub- 
beries   and    thickets    or    in 
shady  places  on  the  lawn, 
the  larger  kind  in  smaller 
patches,    the    smaller    to 
cover     the    ground     uni- 
formly.    A   species   useful 
for  the  same  purpose  and 
common  in  woods  in  North- 
ern   Europe    is    the   golden 
wind-flower    (A.     ranuncu- 
loides),  a  dwarf  but  very  showy  plant  flowering  in  June. 

The  Japanese  wind-flower  (A.  Japonica)  is  one  of  the 
most  useful  border  plants,  opening  its  buds  in  August  or 
even  later.  The  numerous,  rosy-purple  flowers  are  borne 


FIQ.   120.— JAPANESE  WIND-FLOWER   (ANEMONE 
JAPONICA). 


Iberbaceous  plants*  267 

on  scapes  two  feet  in  height  or  more.  The  foliage  is  very 
ornamental.  A  white  variety  (A.  j.  alba),  has  pure  white 
flowers  three  inches  in  diameter,  and  elegant  ternate  or 
palinately  divided  leaves.  These  exceptionally  beautiful 
plants  may  be  used  in  rockeries,  in  sunny  borders  of  a 
shrubbery  and  similar  positions,  with  the  most  pleasing 
result.  They  thrive  best  in  a  rich  and  moist  soil.  The 
numerous  forms  of  the  garden  anemone  (A.  Jiortensis)  and 
the  poppy  anemone  (A.  coronaria)  are  useful  in  beds  and 
borders  in  early  summer.  The  flowers  of  these  dwarf 
tuberous-rooted  plants  are  generally  double  or  semi-double, 
varying  in  color  from  white  to  scarlet,  pale  blue  and  crim- 
son. They  must  be  planted  and  treated  in  the  same  way 
as  bulbs  for  summer  bedding,  and  do  best  in  moist,  sandy 
loam  and  half -shady  positions.  Hence  they  are  excellent 
for  planting  in  shrubberies  or  in  suitable  places  in  the 
rockery.  The  scarlet  anemone  (A.  fulgens)  is  a  nearly  re- 
lated form,  with  flowers  of  the  most  vivid  scarlet  color — a 
very  floriferous  kind  with  ternately  divided  leaves  and  of  a 
tufted  habit,  growing  to  the  height  of  a  foot  or  more.  One 
of  the  finest  species  for  rock-gardens  is  the  Apennine  ane- 
mone (A.  Apennina),  an  exceedingly  handsome  plant  with 
large,  bright  blue  flowers  and  twice  pinnately  divided 
leaves,  growing  six  or  eight  inches  high  and  producing  a 
quantity  of  flowers  late  in  the  spring.  For  the  same 
purpose  the  hepatica  (A.  Hepatica)  is  equally  desirable 
and  easier  to  obtain.  This  is  a  very  dwarf  plant  with 
three-lobed,  leathery  leaves,  growing  in  small  tufts  close  to 
the  roots  of  trees  in  woods  and  forests,  and  producing 
numerous  bright  blue  flowers  early  in  spring.  This  is  also 


268  Iberbaceous  plants, 

fine  for  naturalizing  on  shady  hillsides,  in  thickets  and 
shrubberies. 

Meadow-Rue,  Thalictrum. — Several  of  the  plants  belong- 
ing to  this  genus  have  exceedingly  beautiful  foliage  and 
grow  to  a  considerable  height ;  they  are  chiefly  woodland 
and  meadow  plants.  The  rue  anemone  (T.  anennonoides) 
closely  resembles  the  common  wind-flower  in  habit  and  size. 
The  flowers  are  similar  but  of  a  purer  white,  appearing  in 
early  spring  in  woods  and  thickets.  The  early  meadow-rue 
(T.  dioicum)  is  a  plant  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  glaucous 
leaves,  and  greenish-yellow  flowers  in  compound  panicles. 
It  grows  in  rocky  woods  and  may  easily  be  naturalized. 
The  tall  meadow-rue  (T.  Cornuti)  is  the  most  important  one 
from  an  ornamental  point  of  view.  It  grows  to  a  height»of 
six  or  eight  feet,  producing  immense  compound  panicles  of 
white  flowers,  and  is  found  in  masses  on  the  borders  of  rivers 
or  lakes,  or  in  moist  ground  generally,  where  it  is  very  effec- 
tive. This  species  may  be  used  with  good  effect  in  sunny 
positions  in  beds  and  borders  or  in  a  low  and  moist  place 
in  the  rockery. 

Spring  Adonis,  Adonis  vernalis. — An  early  spring  flower 
with  finely  divided  leaves  and  large  yellow  flowers.  Habit 
dwarf,  tufted.  Stems  single.  Beautiful  in  rockeries,  in  open 
places  in  the  shrubbery,  and  as  a  border  plant.  Should  be 
grown  in  masses  in  rich  garden  soil.  The  pheasant's  eye 
(A.  cestivalis  and  A.  autumnalis)  flowers  in  summer  and 
autumn,  grows  about  a  foot  high,  has  numerous,  finely  cut 
leaves  and  small  flowers  of  an  intense  scarlet-crimson  color. 
Should  be  sown  early  in  spring  in  borders  or  rockeries. 

Crowfoot,  Buttercup,  Ranunculus. — There  are  numerous 


Herbaceous  plants.  269 

handsome  plants  of  this  genus.  Most  common  in  gardens 
are  the  so-called  bachelor's  buttons,  double  forms  of  several 
species.  The  garden  ranunculus  (H.  Asiaticus)  is  a  very 
dwarf  plant  with  double  flowers  of  a  more  or  less  intense 
yellow,  scarlet,  or  crimson  color.  It  is  a  tuberous  plant 
fine  for  moist  places  in  the  rockery  or  in  a  border.  Maybe 
treated  in  the  same  manner  as  bulbs  for  spring  bedding 
where  it  is  not  perfectly  hardy.  The  buttercup  (H.  acris) 
is  of  a  very  variable  habit,  generally  growing  a  couple  of  feet 
high  with  rather  large,  golden-yellow  flowers,  and  palmately 
divided  leaves  consisting  of  from  three  to  seven  segments. 
The  pretty  border  plant  known  as  yellow  bachelor's  button 
is  a  double  form  of  this.  The  species  itself  is  too  weedy  for 
general  use.  The  white  buttercup  (JR.  aconitifolius)  is  a 
much  more  useful  and  ornamental  plant  of  a  close,  tufted 
habit,  with  five-parted  leaves,  and  numerous  pure  white 
flowers  with  yellow  stamens.  The  white  bachelor's  button 
is  a  double  variety  of  this  species  and  a  very  fine  border 
plant.  Both  may  be  used  with  good  effect  in  a  rockery. 
The  heart-leaved  ranunculus  (jff.  amplexicaulis)  is  a  dwarf 
Alpine  plant  with  smooth,  heart-shaped,  stem-clasping  leaves 
and  pure  white  flowers.  Fine  for  rockeries  in  moist  places 
among  boulders  and  stones.  The  Parnassia-leaved  ranun- 
culus (12.  pamassifolius)  is  a  still  dwarfer  plant  with 
rounded  foliage  and  large  white  flowers.  A  beautiful  rock- 
plant.  The  marsh  crowfoot  (It.  Lingua)  is  one  of  the 
largest  plants  of  the  genus,  growing  in  moist  places  on  the 
shores  of  tarns  and  lakes.  The  flowers  are  bright  yellow, 
two  inches  across,  on  tall  scapes  from  the  axils  of  the 
upper  leaves.  Stem  three  or  more  feet  high  with  long 


270 


Herbaceous  plants. 


halbert-shaped  leaves.  A  fine  plant  for  naturalizing  on 
the  shores  of  rivers  and  lakes  ;  grows  in  masses  and  is  very 
effective. 

The  water  anemone  (jff.  aquatUis)  is  a  charming  little 
water-plant  plentiful  in  ditches  and  shallow  waters  gener- 
ally. Forms  nice  masses  of  floating,  three-lobed  leaves,  and 
numerous  pure  white  flowers  with  yellow  anthers.  This  is 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  water-plants  for  shallow  lakes 
and  ponds. 

The  lesser  celandine  (JR.  Ficarici)  grows  in  rich  woods 
and  thickets  and  flowers  early  in  spring.  It  forms  small 

tufts  of  shining,  heart- 
shaped  leaves  and  nu- 
merous golden-yellow 
flowers.     Very  dwarf 
in   habit,  hardy,  and 


111 


FIQ.  121.-LESSER  CELANDINE  (RANUNCULUS  FICARIA). 

shrubberies. 

The  Baneberry  (Actcea)  and  Bugbane  (Oimicifugd)  are 
well  known  plants  with  ample,  thrice  ternate  leaves  and 
long  spikes  or  racemes  of  white  flowers  in  spring.  They 
grow  from  two  to  eight  feet  high  according  to  variety  and 
are  common  in  rich  woodlands.  They  are  useful  for  plant- 
ing in  moist  places  in  rockeries  or  for  producing  woodland 
scenery  in  the  shrubbery. 

Marsh  Marigold,  Caltha  palustris.  —  A  common  plant  in 
moist  meadows  and  on  the  shores  of  low-land  streams  growing 
as  single  plants  and  in  small  groups.  The  large,  bright  yel. 
low,  cup-shaped  flowers  appear  early  in  spring  and  form  a 
feature  of  the  landscape  for  a  considerable  time.  Planted 


Herbaceous  (Mauts. 


271 


on  the  border  of  a  lake  or  pond  in  rich  masses  close  to  the 
water's  edge  this  is  a  very  effective  plant. 

Globe-flower,  Trollius  Europeus. — This  is  one  of  our  most 
beautiful  garden  plants.  The  plants  grow  singly  among  the 
grass  in  meadows,  and  sometimes  in  rich  open  woodlands, 
and,  like  the  preceding  kind,  form  quite  a  feature  of  the  scen- 
ery. The  globular,  yellow  flowers  are  borne  on  erect,  leafy 
stems  a  foot  or  more  high.  Leaves  on  long  petioles  pal- 
mately  parted  with  deeply  cut  edges,  handsome.  The  Asiatic 
globe-flower  (T.  Asiaticus)  and  the  American  globe-flower 
(T.  laxus),  the  former  with  orange-yellow  flowers,  are  also 
fine  meadow  plants.  All  are  excellent  for  moist  positions 
in  a  rockery  or  on  a  lawn  and  especially  on  a  low  river 
shore. 


FIG.  122.— CHRISTMAS  ROSE  (HELLEBORUS  NIGER  ALTIFOLIUS). 

Christmas  Rose,  Helleborm  niger. — While  the  snow  is 
still  on  the  ground  the  Christmas  rose  opens  its  chaste  and 
beautiful  flowers,  earlier  or  later  in  the  season,  according 
to  the  locality  where  it  is  grown.  The  flowers  measure 
several  inches  across  and  are  slightly  suffused  with  purple 


272  Iberbaceous  plants, 

in  the  typical  form.  The  broad-leaved  variety,  altifolius, 
has  very  large,  pure  white  flowers.  The  leaves  are  large, 
pedate,  of  a  leathery  texture  and  deep  green.  A  moist  and 
sheltered  position  in  a  rockery  or  under  evergreen  shrubs  is 
the  best.  The  flowers  develop  fully  only  when  the  buds 
and  foliage  are  kept  moist  and  cool.  Broad  masses  of  this 
plant  early  in  the  season  are  exceptionally  beautiful,  espe- 
cially among  evergreen  shrubs  and  trees.  Several  species 
of  helleborus  flowrer  later  in  the  season  and  are  generally 
known  as  Lenten  roses.  Most  beautiful  among  these  are 
H.  Colchicus,  bright  purple,  H.  Olympicus,  purple,  and  H. 
orientalis  with  rose-colored  flowers.  These  flower  in  March 
and  April  and  are  useful  for  the  same  purpose  as  the  Christ- 
mas rose.  All  do  best  in  a  rich,  sandy  loam  mixed  with 
plenty  of  leaf  mold  and  well-decayed  manure. 

Winter  Aconite,  Erantliis  liyemalis. — This  is  a  very 
attractive,  dwarf  perennial,  flowering  in  the  earliest  spring. 
It  grows  about  six  inches  high,  producing  numerous  bright 
yellow  flowers  on  single  stems.  The  winter  aconite  is  de- 
sirable for  naturalizing  in  light  and  rich  loamy  soil  in  half- 
shady  positions  or  in  rich,  open,  rocky  woods.  It  may  also 
be  grown  in  shrubberies  and  hedgerows  with  the  most 
beautiful  effect. 

Fennel  Flower,  Nigella  Damacena. — An  annual  with 
finely  cut  leaves  and  bluish-white  flowers  surrounded  by 
foliage.  A  neat,  erect-growing  herb  eight  inches  or  more 
high,  readily  increased  by  seeds ;  fine  in  borders  or  rockeries. 
Moderately  good  garden  soil. 

Columbine,  Aquilegia. — A  family  of  very  ornamental 
plants  of  open  woodlands  and  mountain  regions,  grown  in 


274  Iberbaceous  plants. 

beds  and  borders  and  especially  in  rockeries.  The  common 
columbine  (A.  vulgaris)  is  a  well  known  border  plant  with 
many  beautiful  varieties,  single  or  double,  varying  from  pure 
white  to  pale  blue  and  purple.  It  is  a  very  floriferous  plant 
with  fine  masses  of  foliage  of  biternate  leaves.  Height  about 
two  feet.  The  golden  columbine  (A.  clvrysantha)  is  an  ex- 
ceptionally fine  border  plant  about  as  large  as  the  preceding 
kind  but  of  a  more  elegant  habit!  Flowers  are  of  a  pale 
yellow  on  the  outside,  brighter  within. 

The  following  are  all  rock-plants  growing  in  high  moun- 
tain regions  or  in  rocky  woods :  Alpine  columbine  (A.  al- 
pina).  A  very  fine  plant  about  a  foot  high,  with  biternate 
leaves  and  linear  leaflets.  Flowers  are  very  large  blue  or 
blue  and  white,  borne  on  erect  stems.  Canadian  columbine 
(A.  Canadensis).  Flowers  red  and  yellow,  borne  in  loose 
panicles  on  leafy  stems,  about  eighteen  inches  high.  Common 
in  the  crevices  of  rocks  on  the  borders  of  woods. — Long- 
spurred  columbine  (A.  cceruled).  Flowers  large,  extremely 
beautiful,  blue  and  white.  Habit  elegant.  Leaves  biter- 
nate, comparatively  small,  not  numerous.  One  of  the  best 
rock-plants,  a  native  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. — Glandular 
columbine  (A.  glandulosa).  A  very  beautiful  species  sel- 
dom a  foot  high.  Flowers  large  and  showy  with  deep 
blue  or  lilac  sepals  and  pure  white  petals.  Spurs  very 
much  shorter  than  in  the  preceding  kind. — Siberian  colum- 
bine (A.  Sibericd).  A  species  nearly  related  to  the  former 
but  larger  and  of  a  denser  habit  with  lilac  or  white  and  lilac 
flowers.  There  is  also  a  very  handsome,  pure  white  variety. 
These  are  very  fine  in  rockeries  but  may  also  be  grown 
sucessfully  in  borders  if  the  soil  is  not  too  heavy.  They  are 


Herbaceous  plants* 


275 


roost  appropriate  in  the  crevices  of  calcareous  rocks  in  open 
and  sunny  positions. 

Larkspur,  Delphinium. — Large  perennial,  biennial,  or 
annual  herbs  from  one  to  six  feet  high,  with  palmately 
divided  foliage,  and  racemes  or  panicles  of  showy  blue, 
white,  or  scarlet  flowers.  Some  of  the  species  are  very  old 
border  plants.  All  are  valuable.  The  common  larkspur  (Z^. 
exaltatum)  is  most  popular  as  a  border  plant.  It  grows  to 

a  height  of  five  or  six  feet,  producing 
masses  of  blue  or  white  flowers  in 
large  and  dense  racemes.  Leaves 
palmately  parted,  all  along  the 
tall  stems.  The  large-flowered 
larkspur  (D.  grandiflorum)  is  of 
a  dwarf er,  more  elegant  and 
spreading  habit.  Flowers  are 
large,  intensely  blue  and  in 
some  varieties  white.  The 
Chinese  larkspur  (D.  cJiinense) 
is  a  new  variety  of  this  species ; 
a  more  profuse  bloomer  with 
loose  panicles  of  the  most 
intensely  blue  flowers  late 
in  the  season.  The  showy 
larkspur  (I),  formosum)  is 
also  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able kinds  with  sky-blue 
flowers,  earlier  than  the 
preceding  kind.  Added  to  these  the  hybrid  larkspur 
(I),  hylridum),  which  in  size  and  habit  resembles  the  com- 


FIQ.  124.  COMMON  LARKSPUR— (DELPHINIUM 
EXALTATUM). 


276  Iberbaceous  BMants. 

raon  larkspur,  brings  a  profusion  of  deep  blue  flowers  in 
July  or  August.  The  following  are  very  handsome  annuals : 
field  larkspur  (D.  eonsolided),  common  in  fields,  a  loose  and 
straggling  plant  with  few-flowered  racemes.  Flowers  blue, 
white,  or  pink,  showy.  Rocket  larkspur  (D.  Ajacis),  a  com- 
mon garden  plant  with  single  or  double  flowers  of  many 
colors.  Both  are  excellent  border  plants.  The  red-flowered 
larkspur  (D.  nudicaide)^  a  dwarf  plant  with  peltate  leaves 
and  upright,  almost  leafless  racemes  of  beautiful  scarlet-red 
flowers,  and  the  dwarf  larkspur  (I),  tricorne),  a  plant  seldom 
a  foot  high,  with  five-parted  leaves  and  showy  blue  flow- 
ers ;  are  best  grown  in  rockeries.  All  the  Delphiniums  do 
best  in  a  rich  and  light  sandy  loam.  The  taller  forms  are 
fine  on  the  border  of  shrubberies  or  in  the  common  border. 
All  are  readily  increased  by  means  of  seeds. 

Monkshood,  Aconitum  Napellus. — An  elegant  butpoison- 
ous  perennial  with  dark,  pedately  lobed  leaves,  leafy  stems 
three  to  four  feet  high,  and  single  racemes  of  hooded  flowers, 
blue  with  a  metallic  lustre.  The  variegated  monkshood 
(A.  variegatum)  is  a  still  more  elegant  plant  with  branched 
racemes  of  white  and  blue  flowers.  Both  flower  in  June  or 
July  ;  they  are  among  the  old  standard  border  plants.  The 
roots  are  poisonous  and  must  never  be  left  in  the  hand  of  a 
child.  Thrive  well  in  any  rich  garden  soil. 

Peony,  Pceonia  officinalis,  albiflora,  and  tenuifolia.— 
The  various  species  of  peony  are  our  most  showy  garden 
plants,  valuable  for  borders,  rockeries,  and  as  specimen  plants 
on  the  lawn.  They  are  of  a  very  graceful  habit  with  beau- 
tiful foliage  and  bright  or  sometimes  delicately  colored 
flowers.  The  double-flowered  forms  are  special  favorites; 


Iberbaceous  plants.  277 

they  vary  in  color  from  pure  white  to  rose  and  deep  crim- 
son. The  Chinese  peony  (P.  alb iflora)  flowers  in  summer; 
it  grows  to  a  height  of  three  feet,  with  bright  green  pin- 
natifid  leaves,  and,  originally,  had  white,  single,  fragrant 
flowers.  The  varieties  now  grown  are  all  double,  white- 
or  rose-colored.  The  common  peony  (P.  officinalis)  has 
coarser  pinnatifid  leaves,  a  more  upright  habit,  and  large 
red  flowers,  seldom  single,  mostly  semi-double  or  double, 
varying  from  white  to  deep  crimson.  The  cut-leaved  pe- 
ony (P.  tenuifolia)  has  bipinnate  leaves  with  deeply  cut 
divisions.  Foliage  feathery,  light  and  elegant.  Flowers 
bright  crimson,  single  or  double.  Most  garden  varieties 
are  propagated  by  means  of  division  or  grafting,  and  thrive 
best  in  a  rich,  sandy  loam. 

THE    BERBERIS    FAMILY. 

Barren  Wort,  Epimedium. — Graceful  herbs,  with  light 
biternate  or  pinnate  leaves,  and  terminal  racemes  of  flow- 
ers. E.  alpinum  is  most  common  in  cultivation  ;  it  has 
biternate  leaves  on  tall  stalks,  and  loose  racemes  of  dull 
crimson  flowers  with  yellow  anthers.  E.  macranihum  is  a 
very  handsome  species  with  white  flowers  and  tall,  graceful 
biternate  leaves  with  ovate  leaflets.  Both  are  exception- 
ally fine  plants  for  a  moist,  shady  place  in  the  rockery. 
They  thrive  in  a  sandy  loam  enriched  with  well-decayed 
leaf-mold,  and  increase  by  means  of  creeping  root-stocks. 

Twin-Leaf,  Jeffersonia  diphylla. — A  beautiful  wood- 
land plant  with  bilobed  leaves  and  white  flowers,  singly  on 
slender  scapes.  Height  six  or  eight  inches.  Flowers  ane- 
mone-like with  eight  petals  and  yellow  stamens.  Fine  for 


278  Ifoerbaceous  plants. 

naturalizing  in  rich  soil  in  shrubberies,  or  in  a  moist,  shady 
position  in  the  rockery.     Sandy  loam  and  leaf-mold. 

May  Apple,  Podopliyllum  peltatum.  —  This  is  the  most 
important  hardy  herbaceous  plant  of  the  family.  The 
leaves  are  umbrella-shaped,  with  from  seven  to  nine  lobes. 

Stems  erect,  with  two 
leaves  and  ending  in  a 
•  single  large  white  flow- 
er. Found  in  scattered 
masses  in  rich  deciduous 

F.Q.  125.-MAY  APPLE    (PODOPHYLLUM   PELTATUM). 


very  ornamental  with  well-marked  veins  and  a  glossy  sur- 
face reflecting  the  sun.  One  of  the  best  woodland  plants, 
worth  introducing  in  every  garden  among  shrubs  and  trees, 
and  also  in  more  secluded  lawns.  It  grows  well,  especially 
in  sandy  loam  enriched  by  decayed  leaves. 

THE    WATER-LILY    FAMILY. 

Water-  Lily,  Nymphcea.  —  Well  known,  beautiful  plants 
in  lakes  and  ponds,  with  rounded  floating  leaves  and  soli- 
tary flowers  on  long  fleshy  foot-stalks.  The  white  water- 
lily  (N.  alba)  has  large,  scentless  flowers,  six  inches  or 
more  across,  milky  white.  The  variety  rosea  has  beautiful 
bright  rose-colored  flowers  of  the  same  size  and  shape. 
N.  odorata,  the  sweet-scented  pond  lily,  is  somewhat 
smaller,  white,  with  the  outer  petals  tinted  green.  These 

are  the  best  and  hardiest  for  naturalizing.     The  red  water- 

<j 

lily  is  exceptionally  fine  and  hardy,  and  rivals  any  tropical 
species  in  beauty.  In  smaller  ponds  and  cisterns  many  of 
the  tropical  water-lilies  may  be  used  with  success  in  sum- 


Iberbaceous  plants. 


279 


mer  and,  where  they  are  not  perfectly  hardy,  they  may  be 
stored  in  their  tubs  in  a  frost-free  place  during  the  winter 
months.  The  Zanzibar  water-lily  (N.  Zanzibar  ensis),  a 
beautiful  blue-flowered  form,  is  easy  of  culture  and  hardy 
in  many  parts  of  the  country.  The  yellow  water-lily 
(N.  flavci)  is  a  perfectly  hardy  plant,  with  bright  sulphur 
yellow  flowers,  well  worthy  of  cultivation.  Many  beauti- 
ful garden  forms  have  been  raised  and  are  commonly  grown, 
such  as  the  bright  rosy-red  N.  l}evoniensis  and  the  pale 
rose-colored  N.  Sturtevanti.  All  water-lilies  may  be  raised 
from  seeds  with  the  greatest  of  ease,  and  some  will  flower 


FIQ.  126.— WATER  PLANTS. 


WATER-LILY  (NYMPH-€A  ODORATA  VAR.). 
WATER  ANEMONE  (RANUNCULUS  AQUATILIs). 


WATER  POPPY  CLIMNOCHARIS  HUMBOLDTII). 


in  the  first  season.  The  root  of  most  species  is  fleshy  and 
tuberous,  and  may  be  kept  dry  in  winter  without  injury. 
Rarer  varieties  are  best  planted  in  tubs,  in  a  sandy  loam  en- 
riched with  plenty  of  well-rotted  manure,  and  sunk  a  foot  or 
even  less  below  the  surface.  Hardy  species  may  be  planted 
out  in  specially  prepared  beds  in  the  bottom  of  ponds  and 
lakes.  Most  species  flower  throughout  the  summer. 


280 


fberbaceous  plants. 


Yellow  Pond  Lily,  Nuphar. — These  are  inferior  to  the 
true  water-lilies.  The  leaves  are  rounded,  sometimes  held 
above  the  surface  of  the  water.  Flowers  yellow,  fleshy, 
seldom  floating.  There  are  two  or  three  species. 

Lotus,  Nelumbium  speciosum. — This  is  the  stateliest  as 
well  as  the  most  beautiful  of  all  water  plants.  Leaves 
borne  on  slender  stalks,  two  or  three  feet  above  the  surface 


FIG.   127.— LOTUS.     (NELUMBIUM  SPECIOSUM;. 

of  the  water,  with  a  rounded  blade  from  one  to  two  feet 
wide,  slightly  hollow  in  the  centre.  Flowers  on  tall 
scapes  above  the  foliage,  rnany-petalled,  six  to  eight  inches 
in  diameter,  of  a  delicate  pink  color,  followed  by  numer- 
ous picturesque  seed-vessels. 

The  yellow  nelumbium  (N.  luteum)  is  less  showy  but 
still  a  very  desirable  plant  with  bluish-green  foliage  and 
large  tulip-shaped  blossoms  of  a  pale  yellow  color  ;  sweet- 
scented.  Both  are  hardy  and  may  be  introduced  into  ponds 


Iberbaceous  plants.  281 

and  lakes.  They  may  be  planted  in  special  beds  as  recom- 
mended for  water-lilies  or  in  tubs  sunk  in  the  bottom.  As 
they  increase  rapidly,  they  must  be  kept  in  check  in  small 
ponds,  which  would  otherwise  soon  be  filled  with  decaying 
vegetable  matter  and  the  luxuriant  growth  of  the  lotus.  It 
is  always  desirable  to  keep  the  greater  part  of  the  water 
surface  intact,  no  matter  how  beautiful  the  plants  may  be. 

THE    PITCHER-PLANT    FAMILY. 

Purple  Pitcher-Plant,  Sarracenia  purpurea. — A  curious 
plant  growing  in  mossy  swamps,  with  hollow,  pitcher-like 
leaves  and  unique,  deep  purple  flowers,  solitary  on  slender 
scapes.  May  be  introduced  in  moist  places  in  a  rockery, 
and  planted  in  peaty  soil.  Many  of  the  so-called  trumpet- 
leaves  of  the  South  (S.  rubra,  flava,  and  Drummondii)  may 
be  grown  with  equal  success.  All  are  easy-growing  weeds 
and  need  no  special  culture. 

THE   POPPY    FAMILY. 

Poppy,  Papaver. — Very  showy  and  ornamental  annual 
or  perennial  herbs,  with  more  or  less  cut  foliage ;  natives  of 
fields  and  roadsides.  The  oriental  poppy  (P.  orientalis)  is 
the  most  beautiful  and  useful  of  all  known  species.  It 
forms  a  broad  plant  with  ample,  pinnatifid,  sharply  cut 
and  hairy  leaves.  Flowers  six  or  eight  inches  across,  deep 
scarlet,  on  somewhat  leafy  stems.  The  variety  bracteatum 
is  a  still  more  showy  plant  with  rather  large,  bright  red 
flowers.  The  flowers  of  this  species  have  each  petal 
marked  by  a  black  spot.  Very  fine  in  the  outskirts  of 
shrubberries  or  as  specimen  plants  on  the  lawn,  or  in  beds 


282 


Herbaceous  plants. 


and  rockeries.  Useful  border  plants.  Thrive  well  in  ordi- 
nary garden  soil.  The  following  are  two  very  beautiful 
Alpine  poppies  which  are  exceptionally  fine  plants  for 
rockeries :  Mountain  poppy  (P.  dpinuni),  a  dwarf  peren- 
nial six  inches  high, 
with  small,  glaucous,  pin- 
natifid  leaves  and  soli- 
tary, rather  large  and 
showy  yellow  flowers  on 
slender  scapes;  Iceland 
poppy  (P.  nudicaule),  is 
a  somewhat  larger  and 
more  robust  species  of  a 
similar  habit  with  orange- 
yellow  or  white  flowers. 
These  may  also  be  grown 
on  hillsides  and  slopes  of 
sterile  lawns  with  the 
most  beautiful  effect. 
The  following  are  annu- 
als and  flower  late  in  the 
summer ;  fine  plants  for 
beds  and  borders  :  corn  poppy  (P.  Uliceas).  Root-leaves 
almost  pinnate,  covered  with  bristly  hairs,  tufted.  Stems 
single,  slightly  leafy.  Flowers  nodding,  scarlet,  with  a  black 
centre  ;  very  showy.  Most  beautiful  when  grown  in  irregu- 
lar groups  with  ox-eye  daisy  (Leucantliemum  vulgare)  and 
cornflower  (Centaur ea  Cyanus)  in  the  outskirts  of  shrub- 
berries  or  on  sterile  slopes,  in  borders,  or  as  a  roadside  plant. 
The  beautiful  double  varieties  of  different  colors  are  fine 


FIG.  128.   ORIENTAL  POPPY  (PAPAVER  ORIENTALIS 
BRACTEATUM). 


Herbaceous  plants*  283 

border  plants.  P.  Hookerii  is  a  nearly  related  species  of  a 
more  bushy  and  leafy  habit.  Flowers  varying  from  rose  to 
scarlet  with  black  or  white  centre.  The  opium  poppy  (P. 
somniferum)  is,  however,  the  most  varied  of  all  the  annual 
species.  There  are  dwarf  and  tall,  single  and  double  forms, 
varying  from  white  to  deep  scarlet  and  crimson.  P.  Icevi- 
gatum  is  another  very  beautiful  annual  species,  which  has 
deep  scarlet  flowers  with  black  centres  bordered  with  white. 
All  of  these  are  fine  summer  flowering  kinds,  which  should 
be  increased  by  means  of  seeds  sown  on  the  spot  early  in 
spring.  The  border  is  best  for  most  double  varieties. 

Mexican  Poppy,  Argemone  Mexicana. — A  rather  showy 
annual  with  yellow  or  white  flowers  in  summer.  Leaves 
sinuate,  prickly.  The  large-flowered  Mexican  poppy  (A. 
grawliflora)  is  a  showy  perennial  plant  well  worth  growing. 
Flowers  in  loose  panicles,  large,  white,  with  yellow  anthers. 
Leaves  pinnatifid,  spiny.  A  robust  plant  of  erect  habit 
two  or  three  feet  high.  Both  will  do  well  in  sterile  and 
sandy  soil.  They  are  fine  for  roadsides  or  rockeries.  May 
also  be  grown  in  a  border  in  a  sunny  position. 

Welsh  Poppy,  Mecanopsis  Cambrica. — A  very  desirable, 
erect-growing  perennial  with  pinnate  leaves  and  long  racemes 
of  pale  yellow  flowers  on  single  stems.  Fine  in  rockeries 
when  grown  several  together.  Height  one  foot. 

California  Poppy,  Eschsclioltzia  Californica. — This  is  one 
of  the  very  finest  annual  plants  with  glaucous,  much 
divided  leaves  with  linear  segments.  Flowers  solitary  on 
slender,  naked  scapes,  bright  yellow,  orange  or  white.  In 
large  patches  in  beds  or  borders  or  in  the  rockery.  Will 
thrive  in  ordinary,  good  soil  and  often  in  sandy  and  sterile 


284  Iberbaceous  plants. 

ground.  The  seed  should  be  sown  in  autumn  or  in  early 
spring. 

Blood-Root,  Sanguinaria  Canadensis. — A  handsome  per- 
ennial throwing  up  a  solitary  reniform  leaf  in  spring,  en- 
closing the  flower  bud.  Flower  pure  white,  solitary,  borne 
on  a  slender  scape.  Beautiful  for  naturalizing  in  scattered 
masses  in  shrubberies"  and  moist,  rich  woods.  It  will  grow 
well  in  a  moist  and  half-shady  position  in  the  rockery. 

Plume  Poppy,  Bocconia  cordata. — This  is  a  stately  plant 
from  five  to  eight  feet  high,  with  single  stems  and  rounded, 
cordate-sinuate  leaves.  Flowers  small,  whitish,  in  ample 
terminal  panicles  late  in  summer.  Exceptionally  ornamen- 
tal as  specimens  on  a  lawn,  fine  for  rockeries  and  borders. 
Thrives  well  in  ordinary  garden  soil  in  a  sunny  position. 

THE    FUMITORY  FAMILY. 

Bleeding  Heart,  Dicentra  spectabilis. — A  well  known 
and  popular  border  plant  with  much  divided,  deeply  cut 
leaves  and  rosy-pink,  heart-shaped  flowers  in  nodding  ra- 
cemes. Habit  upright.  Fine  for  beds  and  borders  or 
for  large  clumps  on  the  lawn.  A  number  of  dwarf  and 
delicate  woodland  flowers  belong  to  this  genus ;  the  best 
are :  Dutchman's  breeches  (D.  cucullaria),  with  white, 
yellow-tipped  flowers  in  short  racemes  and  delicate  decom- 
pound leaves.  Common  in  rocky  woods  among  decaying 
leaves.  A  very  pretty  species  about  six  inches  high  is  D. 
eximia  ;  flowers  are  bright  purple  in  short  racemes  on  slen- 
der, erect  scapes  about  nine  inches  high ;  segments  of  the 
foliage  broader  and  more  robust  than  in  the  preceding 
forms ;  D.  formosa,  flowers  bright  red,  in  compound  ra- 


286  Iberbaceous  plants. 

cemes  and  ample  foliage.  All  flower  in  spring  or  early 
summer.  They  are  excellent  for  naturalizing  in  shrubberies. 
Special  beds  of  sandy  leaf  mold  may  be  prepared  for  this 
purpose.  The  roots  are  fleshy  and  all  parts  of  the  plants 
are  very  delicate. 

Corydalis. — A  genus  of  exceedingly  pretty  woodland 
flowers  nearly  resembling  the  small  forms  of  Dicentra. 
C.  bracteata  is  one  of  the  finest.  The  flowers  are  large,  sul- 
phur yellow,  in  bracteate  racemes  on  single  stems  eight  or 
nine  inches  high.  Leaves  biternate,  two  to  each  infloresence. 
C.  cava  has  purple  flowers  and  biternate  leaves ;  it  grows 
about  six  inches  high.  C.  nobilis  is  a  robust,  very  leafy 
and  floriferous  kind,  with  pale  yellow  flowers  in  bracteate 
racemes  on  leafy  stems  nine  inches  high.  All  thrive  best 
in  shady  positions  in  rich  leaf  mold.  They  are  fine  for 
naturalizing  in  woods  and  shrubberies  and  may  be  treated 
in  the  same  manner  as  Dicentra. 

THE    MUSTAED     FAMILY. 

Dames  Violet  or  Rocket,  Hesperis  matronalis. — An  old- 
fashioned  border  plant  with  oblong-lanceolate  leaves  on 
single  stems  two  or  three  feet  high.  Flowers  large,  purple- 
lilac  or  white  in  loose  terminal  racemes,  sweet-scented.  Of 
this  desirable  plant  there  are  several  varieties.  The  night 
violet  (H.  tristis)  is  of  a  similar  habit,  slightly  smaller,  with 
reddish  or  dull  purple  flowers,  which  are  highly  perfumed 
at  night.  Very  attractive  plants  for  the  border  or  rockery 
or  for  naturalizing  in  rich  open  woods,  or  on  the  border 
of  shrubberies.  The  first  is  perennial,  the  second  biennial. 
Both  can  be  raised  from  seeds  with  the  greatest  of  ease. 


288  Herbaceous  plants, 

Moricandia,  Moricandia  soncJiifolia. — One  of  the  hand- 
somest plants  of  the  entire  family.  A  graceful,  erect  an- 
nual with  beautiful  violet  blue  or  lilac  flowers,  an  inch 
across,  disposed  in  terminal  racemes.  Stems  erect,  mostly 
simple  with  ovate  leaves.  The  radical  leaves  are  pinnati- 
sect,  more  or  less  lyrate.  For  the  border  or  rockery,  to  be 
sown  on  the  place  early  in  spring. 

Virginian  Stock,  Malcolmia  rnaritima. — A  pretty  an- 
nual six  or  eight  inches  high.  Stems  simple,  with  narrow, 
spathulate  leaves  and  racemes  of  white,  rose,  pinkish-red, 
violet  or  purple  flowers.  A  very  neat  and  attractive  plant 
for  rockeries  or  sown  on  sandy  shores.  May  also  be  used 
for  beds  and  borders. 

Ten-week  Stocks,  Maihiola  annua. — Well  known  bed- 
ding plants  with  single  or  double  flowers  in  all  colors. 
The  many  varieties  of  summer  stocks  are  also  popular  plants 
for  beds  and  borders.  All  should  be  raised  from  seeds  in 
a  frame  or  greenhouse. 

Wallflower,  ClieirantJms  Clieiri. — Well  known  and  pop- 
ular plants  for  summer  bedding,  raised  in  winter,  planted 
out  in  spring.  Varieties  of  all  colors,  single  or  double. 

Hedge  Mustard,  Erysimum. — Dwarf  annual  and  peren- 
nial plants  growing  in  rocky  or  sterile,  sandy  soil.  Fine  for 
planting  in  rockeries  or  on  sandy  hillsides  and  barren,  slop- 
ing lawns.  E.  alpinum  is  a  spring-flowering  plant  with  nu- 
merous sulphur-yellow  flowers  and  lanceolate  leaves.  E. 
pulchellum  forms  a  tufted  mat  of  small,  grayish  foliage, 
covered  with  sulpher-yellow  flowers  in  spring.  E.  Perofski- 
anum  is  a  pretty  annual,  flowering  in  summer  and  covered 
with  bright  orange-red  blossoms  for  a  considerable  period. 


Iberbaceous  plants,  289 

Rock-Cress,  Ardbis  alpina. — This  is  one  of  the  prettiest 
of  all  rock-plants  early  in  spring.  It  forms  dense,  spreading 
tufts  of  small  lanceolate,  grayish  and  hairy  leaves.  Flowers 
white,  very  numerous,  in  short  racemes.  The  variety  albida 
has  larger  flowers  and  less  toothed  leaves.  Fine  among 
rocks  and  on  bare  hillsides.  A.  arenosa  is  a  plant  of  sandy 
fields  with  bright  rose-colored  flowers.  All  grow  best  in  a 
sandy  loam  but  will  also  thrive  in  sterile  and  gravelly  soil. 

Purple  Rock-Cress,  Aubrietia. — A  class  of  very  dwarf, 
tufted,  perennial  herbs,  with  small,  grayish  foliage  and 
purple  flowers  in  spring.  A.  deltoidea  is  the  typical  form. 
There  are  many  beautiful  varieties  with  larger,  differently 
colored  flowers  :  A.  grandiflora,  violet  blue,  Eyrei,  bright 
purple,  Grceca,  reddish-purple,  and  Leictitlini,  rose-carmine, 
are  common  and  ornamental  forms.  All  are  excellent  for 
rockeries,  bare  hillsides,  sandy  fields,  and  similar  open  posi- 
tions. They  thrive  best  in  very  light,  sandy  loam  mixed 
with  brick-rubbish. 

Whitlow-Grass,  Draba. — Beautiful  dwarf  plants  of 
sandy  fields  and  sunny  mountain-sides,  growing  only  a  few 
inches  high,  and  forming  dense  tufts  of  grayish  foliage, 
covered  with  wrhite  or  yellow  flowers  in  early  spring. 
Should  be  grown  in  masses  only  in  the  same  manner  as  rock- 
cress.  Among  the  numerous  species  the  following  are  best 
for  general  use  :  D.  Aizoon  and  Aizoides,  two  or  three 
inches  high,  tufted,  leaves  almost  linear.  Flowers  very 
numerous  in  early  spring,  bright  yellow.  D.  Maivei,  very 
dwarf,  tufted  with  linear  leaves  and  large  white  flowers. 
D.  pyrenaica,  flowers  white,  changing  to  purple.  All  may 
be  raised  from  seeds  or  by  means  of  division. 


290 


Herbaceous  plants. 


FIQ.     131.— CANDYTUFT     (IBERIS 
UMBELLATA). 


Candytuft,  Iberis. — Some  of  the  candytufts  are  of  a 
shrubby  nature  but  of  a  very  dwarf  habit.  A  few  are 
pretty  garden  annuals  popular  for  bedding  purposes. 

I.  saxatilis  is  a  spreading  shrub  a 
few  inches  high  only,  with  ever- 
green leaves  and  white  corymbose 
flowers  in  spring  and  summer.  /. 
sempervirms,  a  considerably  taller 
plant  with  bright  green  foliage  and 
large  racemes  of  pure  white  flowers 
in  spring  and  summer.  These  are 
exceedingly  fine  rock-plants  and 
very  floriferous.  Among  the  best 
annual  forms  are  :  /.  umbeflata,  a 
fine  plant,  with  linear  -  lanceolate 
leaves,  and  flat  corymbs  of  white  or  lilac-purple  flowers ; 
about  eight  inches  high.  /.  amara  has  pure  white  flowers. 
I.  coronaria,  the -rocket  candytuft  of  gardens,  grows  about 
a  foot  high  with  leafy  stems  and  lanceolate  leaves  ;  flowers 
white,  in  several  close  terminal  spikes.  All  the  annuals 
may  be  raised  with  the  greatest  of  ease  from  seeds  sown 
early  in  spring.  The  shrubby  species  may  be  increased 
by  means  of  herbaceous  cuttings.  All  grow  best  in  a 
moderately  rich  and  light  garden  soil. 

Madwort,  Alyssum. — Small,  charming  rock-or  maritime- 
plants  with  white  or  yellow  blossoms.  A.  saxatile  is  a 
tufted  perennial,  with  lanceolate  leaves  and  much  branched, 
flowering  stems,  with  close  terminal  heads  of  bright  yellow 
flowers  in  the  very  earliest  spring.  There  is  a  fine  form  of 
this  with  white  variegated  foliage.  A.  alpestris  is  an  equally 


fberbaceous  plants,  291 

beautiful  plant.  Both  are  excellent  rock-plants,  very 
showy  when  grown  in  masses  in  the  crevices  of  calcareous- 
or  sandstone  rocks.  The  pretty  little  annual  known  as 
sweet  alyssum  (Koeniga  maritima)  is  a  nearly  allied  plant 
common  on  sea-shores  in  South  Europe. 

Meadow  Cress,  Cardamine  pratensis. — A  handsome  and 
delicate  plant  growing  in  moist  fields  and  meadows,  and 
forming  an  important  feature  of  the  scenery  in  early  sum- 
mer, especially  in  North  Europe.  Flowers  white  or  lilac. 
Beautiful  for  naturalizing  in  moist  or  half -shady  lawns 
where  the  soil  is  well  worked  and  rich.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  dainty  plants  for  this  purpose,  growing  eight  or  ten 
inches  high.  Seeds  may  be  sown  in  the  grass. 

Toothwort,  Dentaria. — Familiar  plants  of  moist  mead- 
ows and  river-sides.  Some  are  very  attractive,  growing  in 
masses  on  the  water  level  along  mountain  streams  and 
rivulets.  They  may  be  naturalized  in  similar  positions  in 
the  garden  or  in  moist  places  in  rockeries.  All  require  a  rich 
soil  and  a  half-shady  position.  The  best  are :  D.  digitata, 
leaves  palmately  cut  or  fingered,  flowers  large,  bright  pur- 
ple ;  D.  diphylla,  leaves  three-fingered,  flowers  large,  white, 
tinted  purple ;  D.  laciniata,  leaves  of  three  deeply  cut 
leaflets,  flowers  purple  ;  D.  pinnata,  leaves  pinnate,  flower 
large,  white  or  pale  purple.  Spread  by  means  of  fleshy, 
running  root-stocks. 

Honesty,  Lunaria  liennis. — An  old-fashioned  border 
plant  with  heart-shaped  leaves  and  large  rosy-purple  flow- 
ers in  terminal  racemes.  Habit  erect,  slightly  branched ; 
flowers  in  summer.  For  naturalizing  in  shrubberies  in  rich 
moist  ground  or  in  a  similar  position  in  the  rockery  ;  borders. 


292  Herbaceous  plants. 

The  following  are  maritime  plants  growing  on  sandy 
shores,  in  the  sand  or  among  sea- weeds  : 

Sea-kale,  Crambe  maritima. — Leaves  large,  roundish, 
with  a  sinuate,  wavy  edge,  smooth  and  glaucous.  Flowers 
in  tall,  lax  panicles,  whitish,  sweet  scented. 

Sea  Rocket,  Ccikile  martima. — Leaves  oblong,  fleshy 
flowers  numerous,  large,  lilac,  corymbose.  Plant  spreading, 
forming  a  broad  mass  of  fleshy  leaves  and  stems,  and  very 
attractive  in  summer  and  autumn.  Both  are  useful  in  sea- 
side gardening. 

THE   MIGNONETTE  FAMILY. 

Mignonette,  Reseda  odorata. — This  well  known  plant  so 
desirable  for  the  sake  of  its  sweet-scented  flowers  may  be 
sown  in  the  border  early  in  spring  or  throughout  the  summer 
in  favorable  locations.  It  may  also  be  used  in  the  rockery 
and  in  open  spaces  among  shrubs. 

THE  VIOLET  FAMILY. 

Pansy,  Viola  tricolar  maxima. — One  of  the  greatest 
favorites  among  garden  flowers,  with  innumerable  strains 
and  varieties  of  all  colors.  For  ordinary  use  in  borders  and 
rockeries,mixed  seeds  may  be  sown  in  autumn  or  very  early 
in  spring.  For  bedding,  only  the  choicest  varieties  should 
be  grown  and  these  may  be  raised  in  a  frame  or  greenhouse 
in  winter,  ready  to  plant  out  as  soon  as  the  soil  can  be 
worked  in  spring.  They  should  be  repricked  several  times 
in  winter  and  begin  to  flower  when  planted  out.  A  rich  and 
light  garden  soil  is  best. 

Sweet  Violet,   Viola  odorata. — All  varieties  of  this  desir- 


Iberbaceous  plants* 


293 


able  plant  may  be  grown  in  borders  or  in  moist  positions 
among  the  grass  in  a  lawn,  or  in  shrubberies.  When  grown 
in  borders  the  long  runners  should  be  cut  off  so  as  to  make 
the  individual  plant  strong  and  more  floriferous  than  they 
would  otherwise  be. 

Horned  Violet,  Viola  cornuta. — This  is  one  of  the  finest 
plants  for  summer  bedding.  It  forms  compact,  tufted 
masses,  producing  numerous  pale-blue  or  white  flowers  on 
leafty  stems.  Fine  for  edging  and  for  making  a  nice  under- 
growth in  beds  of  summer  flowers.  Grows  well  in  ordinary 
garden  soil. 

The  following  are  attractive  wild  forms  growing  on 
sandy  fields,  in  woodlands  and  meadows:  common  blue 
violet  (  V.  cucullata),  a  large  and 
robust  species  growing  in  masses 
along  meadow  brooks  and  rivulets 
in  open  woods.  It  forms  quite  a 
feature  of  the  scenery  in  spring 
and  early  summer.  Flowers  large, 
blue,  on  tall  scapes  six  or  eight 
inches  high.  The  leaves  are  kid- 
ney-shaped, borne  on  tall  stalks. 
Fine  for  naturalizing  in  moist  lawns 
or  shrubberies,  or  on  the  shores  of 
rivers  and  lakes.  Canadian  violet 
(  V.  Canadensis)  is  a  tall  and  leafy  form  growing  a  foot 
high  or  more;  flowers  violet-purple,  throughout  the  sum- 
mer ;  woodland  species.  Birdfoot  violet  (  V.  pedatd).  An 
exceedingly  pretty  and  showy  plant  of  dwarf  habit  grow- 
ing abundantly  in  light,  sandy  soil.  Flowers  numerous, 


FIQ.   132.— (VIOLA  CUCULLATA). 


294  Iberbaceous  plants* 

bright  blue,  late  in  spring.  This  is  an  excellent  plant  for 
rockeries,  or  mixed  with  the  grass  in  sandy  lawns,  or  on 
bare  hillsides. 

THE   HYPERICUM    FAMILY. 

St.  John's  Wort. — Numerous  species  of  Hypericum  are 
known  by  this  name.  All  are  more  or  less  pretty,  tall  and 
branched  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  yellow  flowers. 
May  be  grown  on  grassy  river  banks,  or  naturalized  as 
road-side  plants.  All  thrive  best  in  rich  soil. 

THE    PINK    FAMILY. 

Carnations  and  Picotees,  Dianthus  caryopliyllus. — Well 
known  garden  plants,  not  hardy  in  the  extreme  North.  They 
form  tufts  of  fine  glaucous  leaves,  and  produce  flowers  all 
summer.  There  are  countless  varieties  with  double  flowers 
of  all  colors  between  pure  white  and  deep  carmine.  Varie- 
ties with  one-colored  or  striped  flowers  are  true  carnations ; 
those  in  which  the  ground  color  is  edged  with  a  narrow 
band  of  another  color  are  termed  picotees  by  English  gar- 
deners. They  are  exceptionally  fine  for  bedding,  for  which 
purpose  young  plants  should  be  ready  early  in  spring.  As 
soon  as  they  have  done  flowering  the  majority  may  be  dis- 
carded, and  only  a  few  kept  for  stock  plants.  The  so- 
called  Marguerite  carnation  is  a  pretty  variety  that  may  be 
raised  from  seed  every  spring  for  beds  or  borders. 

Pinks  (Dianthus plumarius),  Garden  Pink. — There  are 
numerous  large  double-flowered  varieties  of  this  species 
now,  entirely  different  in  habit  and  appearance  from  the 
type.  All  are  hardy,  and  fine  for  borders  where  the  soil  is 
well  drained.  The  species  itself  forms  broad  tufts  of  nar- 


Herbaceous  plants,  295 

row,  glaucous  leaves,  and  bears  small,  feathery  flowers  on 
erect  stems.     It  is  a  beautiful  plant  for  rockeries. 

The  Chinese  pink  (I).  CJiinensis)  is  a  beautiful  annual 
or  biennial,  one  of  the  most  useful  for  summer  display. 
This  species  has  green  lanceolate  leaves  and  single  or 
double  flowers,  white,  rose,  pink,  and  crimson.  The  best 
varieties  are:  Heddewigi  fl. pi.,  diadem  atus  plenissimus,  and 
the  single  laciniatus.  Should  be  raised  from  seeds  in  a 
frame  or  greenhouse,  ready  to  plant  out  in  beds  early  in 
summer.  They  flower  continuously  and  very  profusely. 
Kich  and  light  soil. 

Sweet  William,  Diantlius    barbatus. — A   fine,    old-fash- 
ioned border  plant.     Flowers  of  all  colors,  except  blue  and 
yellow,  in  flat  crowded  terminal  clusters.     Stem  about  a 
foot  high,  with  green,  broadly  lanceolate  leaves.     May  be 
raised  from  seeds  in  winter  to  be  planted  out 
early  in  spring.     It  is  one  of  the  most  attrac- 
tive plants   for  small    gardens  and    should  be 
grown  in  liberal  patches  in  the  border.     Flowers 
late   in   summer.     Maiden  pink,  DiantJius  del- 
toides.     A  slender,  graceful  herb  for  naturaliz- 
ing in  lawns  and  in  the  borders  of  shrubberies. 
Flowers   bright  rose-colored,  leaves  lanceolate. 
Common  in  grassy  fields.     Sand  pink  (D.  are- 
narius),  a  native  of  sandy  fields  in  Europe,  may      Fia  133-~MAIDEN 


PINK  (DIANTHUS 
DELTOIDES). 


be  used  for  the  same  purpose.     The  mountain 
pink  (D.  alp  inns)  is  a  very  dwarf  and  tufted  species  with 
rather  large,  bright  rose-colored  flowers  with  crimson  cen- 
tre.    It  is  fine  for  growing  in  large  masses  in  rockeries. 
Rock  Tunica,  Tunica  saxifraga. — This  is  a  small  spread- 


296  Herbaceous  plants. 

ing,  loosely  tufted  plant,  which  may  be  readily  grown  in 
crevices  of  rocks,  rocky  banks,  or  on  the  sides  of  sunny 
ravines.  The  flowers  are  small,  pinkish-white,  very  numer- 
ous. The  plant  is  effective  when  grown  in  masses. 

Campion,  Lychnis. — Some  of  these  are  very  old  and 
desirable  border  plants.  Scarlet  lychnis  (Z.  Chalce- 
donicd)  is  an  erect,  tall  perennial  with  ovate-lanceolate 
leaves,  rough  hairy  stems,  and  terminal  clusters  of  small, 
intensely  scarlet  flowers.  The  red  campion  (L.  diurna) 
has  rosy-purple  flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  There  is  also  a 
double  variety.  Of  more  importance  are  the  large-flowered 
forms  of  the  Siberian  campion  (L.  fulg'ens),  a  species  with 
exceedingly  showy,  vermilion  flowers  in  loose  corymbs. 
It  grows  from  six  to  twelve  inches  high  and  has  hairy, 
ovate-lanceolate  leaves.  The  best  forms  are :  Haageand, 
bright  scarlet ;  grandiflora,  with  very  large  scarlet  flowers  ; 
Sieboldii,  with  white  flowers.  There  is  a  small  Alpine 
species  (L.  cdpina)  with  pink  flowers  in  terminal  heads, 
and  tufts  of  linear-lanceolate  leaves.  It  grows  in  the 
crevices  of  rocks,  generally  in  moist  locations  and  is  pretty 
in  rockeries. 

Catchfly,  Silene. — Very  beautiful  annual  or  perennial 
plants,  growing  wild,  mostly  in  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  and 
in  open  woods.  S.  Scliafta  is  a  pretty,  dwarf  species,  with 
much  branched  stems,  obovate,  acute  leaves  and  showy 
purple  flowers  all  summer.  Fine  for  rockeries.  8.  com- 
patca  is  of  a  more  upright  habit,  grows  to  the  height  of  a 
foot  or  eighteen  inches,  with  ovate-cordate  leaves  and  ample 
corymbs  of  pink  flowers  in  June  or  July.  The  fire  pink 
(S.  Virginica)  is  a  showy  American  plant  growing  from 


298  Herbaceous  plants, 

one  to  two  feet  high.  Very  beautiful  in  open  woods  or 
shrubberies.  The  flowers  are  bright  crimson.  The  fol- 
lowing are  fine  for  rockeries :  8.  alpestris,  a  dwarf,  tufted 
Alpine  plant  growing  six  inches  high,  flowers  white  ;  wild 
pink  (8.  Pennsylvania),  about  as  high  as  the  preceding 
kind;  flowers  pink,  very  numerous  and  beautiful;  fine 
for  naturalizing  in  rocky  places.  The  best  annuals  are  the 
numerous  varieties  of  S.  pendida]  a  dwarf  trailing  plant 
with,  originally,  flesh-colored  flowers.  There  are  now 
white,  flesh-colored  and  rosy-red  forms,  with  single  or 
double  flowers.  The  variety  compacta  is  especially  useful 
for  summer-bedding.  For  this  purpose  the  seeds  must  be 
sown  in  autumn  in  a  frame  or  greenhouse  to  be  ready  for 
planting  in  spring. 

Soapwort,  Saponaria  officinalis. — A  tall  and  erect  road- 
side plant  with  oval  and  lanceolate  leaves  and  showy  white 
flowers  suffused  with  rose,  in  ample  terminal  clusters.  May 
be  grown  on  rocky  knolls  or  high  banks  of  rivulets  and 
lakes.  Saponaria  ocymoides  is  a  very  attractive  rock  plant 
of  a  dwarf,  trailing  habit  with  numerous  light-red  flowers  all 
summer.  It  may  be  sown  very  early  in  spring  in  the  moist 
soil  in  the  crevices  of  rocks. 

Gypsophila,  Gypsopliila  paniculata. — An  elegant  plant 
with  much-branched  stems,  linear-lanceolate  leaves,  and 
compound  panicles  of  small  white  flowers.  Habit  light 
and  airy.  A  fine  plant  for  growing  in  rockeries. 

Mouse  Ear,  Cerastium  arvense. — A  small,  tufted  plant, 
common  on  sunny  banks  and  road  sides.  Leaves  mostly 
linear.  Flowers  numerous,  pure  white.  A  conspicuous 
plant  when  grown  in  dense  masses  in  rockeries  or  among 


Iberbaceous  plants*  299 

the  grass  on  barren  slopes  and  hillsides.  C.  tomentosum 
has  white,  woolly  foliage  forming  dense  tufts  or  mats. 
C.  Biebersteini  is  a  plant  of  a  similar  habit,  but  larger  in 
all  its  parts,  much  used  in  carpet-bedding  and  for  edging 
beds  and  borders. 

Sandwort,  Arenaria. — Chiefly  rock-plants,  or  plants  of 
sandy  fields  and  seashores.  Fine  in  rockeries,  and  may  also 
be  used  to  cover  barren  and  sandy  soil  where  grass  is  not 
likely  to  grow.  The  grass-leaved  sand  wort  (A.  gramini- 
folia)  has  white  flowers  in  loose  panicles  six  inches  high. 
Larch-leaved  sand  wort  (A.  laricifolid)  is  another  pretty 
species.  Other  neat  forms  are  montana  and  Balearica,  the 
latter,  growing  only  on  moist  rocks,  a  very  pretty  plant. 
The  northern  sand  wort  (A.  G-rcenlandica)  is  common  in 
high  mountain  regions ;  it  is  a  closely  tufted  plant,  with 
white  flowers,  fine  for  rockeries. 

THE    PUBSLANE    FAMILY. 

Showy  Purslane,  Portulacca  grandiflora.  —  A  well- 
known,  prostrate,  annual  herb  with  fleshy  leaves  and 
showy  flowers,  white,  yellow,  rosy-purple,  scarlet,  and 
crimson.  May  be  sown  in  autumn  or  early  in  spring  in 
sandy  places.  Also  fine  for  beds  in  poor  soil. 

Spring  Beauty,  Claytonia  Virginica. — One  of  our  show- 
iest spring  flowers,  common  in  rich  woods  and  moist  wood- 
land meadows.  Flowers  white  or  pale-rose,  with  deeper 
veins ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate.  Fine  for  naturalizing  in 
large  masses  in  shrubberies  and  moist  lawns. 


300 


Iberbaceous  plants* 


THE   MALLOW    FAMILY. 

Malope,   Malope  grandiflora. — A    showy   annual  with 
rosy-red,  purple,  or  pure  white  flowers  in  great  profusion  in 
summer.     Fine  for  borders  in  sandy  soil 
and    sunny   positions.     Seeds   should    be 
sown  early  in  spring. 

Hollyhock,     Alihcea     rosea. — This 
is  an  old-fashioned  border  plant 
growing  from  five  to  eight  feet 
high,     with     cordate,     angular- 
lobed  leaves,  and   flowers   from 
the  axils  of  the  leaves  in  long, 
terminal    spikes.      Color    very 
variable,  from  white  to  deep 
maroon.     Flowers  double  or 
single.     Biennial ;  should  be 
raised    annually  from    seeds. 
Flowers  the  second  year,  in 
summer.     Requires    a    good 
sandy  loam  and  a  sunny  posi- 
tion in   a   border   or   among 
shrubs. 

Lavatera,  Lavatera  trimes- 
fy»iSt — A  handsome  annual 
with    rose-colored    or    white 
flowers  all  summer.    Borders. 
Musk-Mallow,  Malva  mos- 
FIQ.  135.-HOLLYHOCK  (ALTHAEA  ROSEA).      c^a A    perennial    about 

two  feet  high  with  three-parted,  musk-scented  foliage,  and 
small  rose-colored  or  white  flowers. 


fberbaceous  plants. 


301 


Rose  Mallow,  Hibiscus  MoscJieutos. — A  showy,  sum- 
mer flowering  perennial  of  meadows  and  marshes,  growing 
six  or  seven  feet  high  with  ovate,  often  three-lobed  leaves, 
and  large,  rose-colored,  crimson  or  pure  white  flowers,  some- 
times with  a  dark  maroon  centre.  One  of  the  showiest 
plants  of  the  family ;  thrives  best  in  rich  sandy  loam  but 
will  grow  in  almost  any  soil  on  high  or  low  ground.  It  is 
best  as  a  border  plant.  There  are  several  other  species 
wild  in  this  country,  some  with  immense  flowers ;  H.  COG- 
cineus,  with  bright  red  flowers  eight  or  ten  inches  across,  and 
grandiflorus  are  the  best  of  these. 

Bladder  Ketmia,  Hibiscus  Trionum. — A  pretty  annual 
one  or  two  feet  high  forming  broad  masses  of  three-parted 
leaves  and  showy  sulphur-yellow 
flowers  with  a  maroon  eye.  Pro- 
pagated by  means  of  seeds  sown 
in  spring  in  a  sunny  position. 

All  plants  of  this  family  are 
excellent  border  plants  flowering 
throughout  the  summer.  Both 

o 

annuals  and  perennials  are  easily 
increased  by  means  of  seeds. 


THE    FLAX    FAMILY. 


FIGURE  136.— BLADDER  KETMIA 
(HIBISCUS  TRIONUM). 


Red  Flax,  Linum  grandi- 
florum. — One  of  the  best  annual  border  plants.  Flowers 
large,  crimson,  abundant  in  summer.  Grown  in  masses  this 
is  an  exceptionally  attractive  plant.  Seeds  should  be  sown, 
on  the  place  of  flowering,  in  spring.  Rich  soil  and  a  sunny 
position.  Perennial  flax  (L.  perenne).  A  tall  and  slender 


302  Iberbaceous  plants. 

plant  with  small,  narrow  leaves  and  sky-blue  flowers.     Fine 
on  river  banks  or  in  a  rockery. 


THE    GERANIUM     FAMILY. 


Wood  Sorrel,  Oxalis  Acetosella. — A  very  small  herb 
with  clover-like  leaves  and  numerous  red-veined,  delicate 
white  flowers.  Grows  on  shady  and  mossy  rocks  in  moist 
positions,  and  is  fine  for  similar  places  in  the  rockery. 
There  are  several  wild  species  of  wood  sorrel,  some  with 
yellow,  others  with  purple  or  violet,  flowers.  Most  hardy 
kinds  look  well  among  rocks. 

Limnanthes,  Limnanthus  Douglasi. — A  dwarf,  spread- 
ing annual  with  pinnate  leaves  and  handsome  white  flowers 
with  a  yellow  centre.  Showy  in  masses  in  moist  positions 
among  rocks.  Propagated  from  seeds  in  spring. 

Cranesbill,  Geranium. — Two  or  three  of  the  wild  species 
of  Europe  are  very  ornamental  and  floriferous  plants.  The 
meadow  cranesbill  ((f.pratense)  forms  a  bushy  plant  two- 
three  feet  high,  with  rounded,  seven-parted  leaves  and 
pretty,  large,  violet-blue  flowers  in  loose  corymbs.  The 
blood-red  cranesbill  (ft  sanguineum)  is  a  spreading  herb 
with  five-  or  seven-parted  leaves.  Flowers  on  axillary 
peduncles,  large  crimson.  This  is  the  finest  hardy  plant  of 
the  genus.  The  wood  crauesbill  (ft  sylvaticum)  is  almost 
similar  in  habit  to  the  preceding  kinds.  The  flowers  are 
purple  with  conspicuous  crimson  veins.  All  these  are  fine 
for  rockeries  in  open  woods  and  shrubberies,  or  on  grassy 
banks  of  rivers  and  lakes,  in  sunny  or  half-shady  posi- 
tions. All  thrive  best  in  rich  soil.  The  silvery  cranesbill 
(G-.argenteum)  is  a  neat  little  Alpine  plant  with  almost  pel- 


304  Iberbaceous  plants. 

tate,  much-divided  leaves  of  silky,  silvery  appearance  and 
large,  pale-red  flowers.  Grows  three  or  four  inches  high 
only.  Sunny  positions  in  rockeries. 

Storksbill,  Er  odium. — There  are  several  very  neat  rock 
plants  of  this  genus  all  much  dwarf er  than  the  geraniums. 
The  best  are  E.  macradenum  with  pale  lilac  or  purple 
flowers  and  pinnate  leaves ;  E.  Manescavi,  also  with  pin- 
nate leaves  and  bright  purplish  -flowers  in  umbels ;  E. 
alpinum  with  pinnatifid  leaves  and  purple  flowers  in  large 
umbels.  All  do  best  in  sunny  positions  in  rich  and  light 
soil. 

Indian  Cress,  Tropozolum  majus. — A  rapid  growing 
climber  with  rounded,  peltate  leaves  on  long  petioles  and 
showy,  axillary  flowers,  yellow,  scarlet,  crimson,  or  deep 
carmine.  The  dwarf  varieties  known  under  the  name  of 
nanum  are  best  for  beds  and  borders.  All  are  very  desirable 
plants  for  sunny  positions.  They  look  well  in  a  border  near 
the  house,  in  rockeries,  vases  and  window-boxes.  Raised 
from  seed  in  spring. 

Touch-me-not,  Impatiens  fulva  and  flava. — Tall  strag- 
gling annuals  with  succulent  stems  and  small  leaves. 
Flowers  on  slender,  thread-like  peduncles,  yellow  or  of  a 
tawny  orange  color.  The  seed-pods  are  sensitive  and  open 
suddenly  when  touched.  Fine  for  naturalizing  on  grassy 
banks  and  river  shores  in  moist  and  rich  ground. 

THE  RUE  FAMILY. 

Rue,  Ruta  graveolens. — Old-fashioned  border  plant  of 
no  ornamental  value.  Leaves  strongly  scented,  decom- 


Iberbaceous  plants*  305 

pound,  glaucous  green.     Flowers  yellowish.     Habit  bushy. 
For  borders  in  moderately  good  soil. 

Fraxinella  or  Gas  Plant,  Dictamnus  Fraxinella. — This  is 
a  very  ornamental  plant  about  three  feet  high.  Leaves 
pinnate.  Stems  upright  with  terminal  racemes  of  large 
rosy  purple  or  white  flowers.  Fine  for  borders  or  on  the 
outskirts  of  shrubberies  ;  also  for  specimen  plants  on  the 
lawn.  Strongly  scented. 

THE  MILKWORT  FAMILY. 

Common  Milkwort,  Poly  gala. — A  very  pretty  plant  of 
grassy  fields  and  roadsides,  growing  six  or  eight  inches  high. 
Stems  simple,  with  small  linear-lanceolate  leaves  and  one- 
sided racemes  of  blue,  lilac,  purple,  or  pure  white  flowers. 
An  excellent  species  for  mixing  in  lawns  or  for  naturalizing 
on  grassy  banks.  Fringed  polygala  or  babes  in  the  wood 
(P.  paucifolici)  is  a  dwarf  woodland  plant  two  or  three 
inches  high.  Flowers  large,  fringed,  rosy  red.  Fine  for 
naturalizing  in  light  soil  in  shrubberies. 

THE   PEA   FAMILY. 

Lupine,  Lupinm. — The  lupines  are  all  showy,  annual  or 
perennial  plants  growing  in  sandy  ground  or  in  open  woods. 
The  many-leaved  lupine  (L.  polypliyllus)  is  the  most  com- 
mon species.  It  grows  about  three  feet  high  and  forms  a 
broad  mass  of  rounded,  fingered  leaves.  The  stems  are 
simple  and  terminate  in  a  very  long  cylindrical  raceme  of 
blue,  purple,  or  white  flowers.  Very  fine  border  plant. 
Wild  lupine  (L.  perennis)  is  a  handsome  spreading  peren- 


306  Iberbaceous  plants. 

nial  about  a  foot  high.  Leaves  fingered  ;  flowers  very 
showy,  blue,  late  in  spring.  Fine  for  naturalizing  in  masses 
on  bare  hillsides  or  in  sandy  lawns.  It  is  also  a  nice  plant 
for  rockeries.  The  annual  forms  are  very  attractive  plants 
for  summer  bedding.  They  vary  in  color  from  white  to 
deep  purple.  The  best  are:  nanus,  blue  or  white;  hiteus, 
dwarf  yellow  ;  mutabilia,  flowers  large,  sweet-scented,  violet- 
purple  with  the  standard  yellow  in  the  scentre  ;  hybridus, 
in  many  colors,  one  rosy-purple.  All  these  should  be  sown 
early  in  spring,  in  the  place  where  they  are  to  flower. 
Light,  sandy  loam. 

Clover,  Trifolium. — Several  kinds  of  clover  are  useful 
for  lawn-grass  mixtures.  The  white  clover  is  the  most  use- 
ful for  this  purpose,  but  for  sandy  soil  the  trailing,  yellow- 
flowering  kinds,  such  as  the  hop  trefoil  and  the  sand 
clover,  are  also  very  useful,  while  in  large,  pasture-like 
lawns  in  extensive  grounds  the  common  red  clover  may  be 
used  and  allowed  to  bloom. 

Sainfoin,  Onobrycliis  saliva. — An  agricultural  plant,  also 
useful  for  ornament  on  grassy  banks.  It  grows  one  or  two 
feet  high  with  bright  green,  pinnate  leaves  and  loose  ra- 
cemes of  rosy-pink  flowers  in  summer. 

Coronilla,  Coronilla  varia. — A  very  ornamental,  spread- 
ing plant  with  long,  pinnate  leaves  and  numerous  umbels 
of  white  and  rosy -purple  flowers  all  summer.  Fine  for 
naturalizing  in  sandy  soil,  on  rocky  banks,  or  barren  slopes. 
Inclined  to  spread  rapidly  by  means  of  underground  shoots. 

Cherokee  Bean,  Erythrina  herbacea. — An  exceedingly 
fine  and  showy  plant  with  leafy,  erect  stems,  trifoliate 
leaves,  and  long,  terminal  racemes  of  scarlet  flowers  in 


Iberbaceous  plants.  307 

summer.  Grows  best  in  sandy  soil  in  open  and  sunny 
positions.  Fine  for  the  border,  in  the  outskirts  of  shrub- 
beries, or  in  beds  and  rockeries.  The  root  must  be  pro- 
tected in  winter  in  the  far  North. 

Everlasting  Pea,  Lathyrus  latifolius. — A  climbing  herb 
with  winged  stems,  and  pinnate  leaves  of  two  leaflets,  ending 
in  a  tendril.  Flowers  large,  rose-colored,  in  axillary  ra- 
cemes, very  numerous  in  summer.  Other  desirable  kinds 
are:  grandiflorus,  rotundifolius,  and  sylvestris.  All  are 
fine  border  plants,  and  may  also  be  utilized  to  produce 
charming  effects  in  thickets  and  shrubberies.  There  is  a 
very  floriferous  species,  L.  pratensis,  with  bright  yellow 
flowers,  growing  in  meadows  and  on  grassy  banks.  It  is 
well  worth  growing  in  similar  positions  in  large  grounds. 

The  Sweet  Pea,  Lathyrus  odoratus,  is  a  well-known 
annual  vine  with  sweet-scented  flowers  of  many  colors. 
There  are  also  very  desirable  dwarf  varieties.  A  very  use- 
ful border  plant,  propagated  by  seeds  early  in  spring. 
Should  be  sown  where  it  is  intended  to  flower.  This 
useful  annual  may  also  be  planted  in  hedge-rows  or  for 
covering  fences  in  light  and  sunny  positions. 

Thermopsis,  Thermopsis  fabacea. — A  rather  large,  erect- 
growing  plant  resembling  the  lupine.  Leaves  trifoliate, 
hairy.  Racemes  of  bright  yellow  flowers,  terminal. 

Bird's-foot  Trefoil,  Lotus  corniculatus. — A  very  pretty 
dwarf  plant  with  trifoliate  leaves  and  loose  clusters  of 
bright  yellow  or  sometimes  reddish-yellow  flowers  all  sum- 
mer. One  of  the  best  for  mixing  in  lawns  on  sunny  slopes 
or  among  the  grass  on  river-banks.  It  will  grow  equally 
well  in  any  soil. 


308  Herbaceous  plants. 

THE    ROSE    FAMILY. 

Meadow-Sweet,  Spiraea  Ulmaria. — One  of  the  most  at- 
tractive riverside  plants  of  Europe.  It  forms  broad  masses 
of  rather  rough,  pinnate  foliage.  The  yellowish,  or  creamy- 
white  flowers  are  borne  in  ample  compound  cymes  on  leafy 
stems  about  two  feet  high.  A  fine  plant  for  growing  on 
high  river-banks  or  in  the  rockery.  The  dropwort  (S.fili- 
pendula)  is  a  smaller  plant  with  tufted,  pinnately  cleft 
leaves.  The  stems  are  nearly  leafless,  one  or  two  feet  high 
Flowers  white  or  slightly  rose-colored,  in  compound  ter- 
minal cymes.  Fine  for  masses  in  rockeries  in  sunny  posi- 
tions ;  the  most  delicate  and  beautiful  of  all  the  smaller 
forms.  Queen  of  the  Prairie  (S.  lobatd).  An  American 
meadow  plant  of  great  beauty.  Leaves  pinnately  parted 
with  a  deeply  cut  terminal  leaflet.  Flowers  of  the  color  of 
peach  blossoms,  in  large  panicled  cymes  on  stems  from,  two 
to  eight  feet  high.  Moist  places  in  a  rockery  ;  shores  of 
rivers  and  lakes.  S.  palmata,  a  Japanese  species,  is  equally 
desirable.  It  has  palmate  leaves  and  corymbose  panicles 
of  bright  crimson-colored  flowers. 

Goat's-Beard  (S.  Aruncus). — This  is  a  very  tall  and  ro- 
bust plant  with  ample  pinnately-compound  leaves  and  num- 
erous whitish  spicate  flowers  in  compound  panicles.  Fine 
for  the  same  purpose  as  the  previous  kinds.  It  may  also  be 
planted  in  shrubberies  and  as  a  specimen  plant  on  the 
lawn. 

Bowman's  Root,  Gillenia  trifoliata. — A  tall  and  slender 
perennial  with  trifoliate  leaves  and  loose  panicles  of  white 
or  pale  rose-colored  flowers.  This,  as  well  as  all  the 
meadow-sweets,  requires  rich  soil. 


Ifoerbaceous  plants. 


309 


Waldsteinia,  Waldsteinia  fragarioides. — An  insignifi- 
cant plant  grown  in  rockeries.  Leaves  three-fingered. 
Flowers  rather  pretty,  yellow.  On  grassy  or  rocky  banks. 


FIQ.  138.— GOAT'S-BEARD  (SPIR/EA  ARUNCUS). 

Water  Avens,  Geum  rivale. — A  very  floriferous  river- 
side plant  of  grassy,  sunny  banks.  Flowers  nodding.  Sta- 
mens and  pistils  large,  petals  purplish.  The  numerous 
wild  hybrids  of  this  and  G.  ursinum  are  well  worth  grow- 
ing even  in  choice  rockeries.  They  flower  all  summer  and 
some  are  quite  showy,  with  large  yellow  or  reddish-yellow 
flowers.  They  grow  beautifully  along  roads  and  stone 
fences  in  Northern  Europe ;  seldom  cultivated.  Geum 
coccineum  is  a  dwarf  plant  with  lyrate-pinnatifid  leaves 
and  large  crimson-purple  flowers.  The  mountain  avens  (6r. 
montanum)  is  another  dwarf  and  very  desirable  kind  of  a 


3io 


Herbaceous  plants. 


similar  habit,  with  erect  yellow  flowers.     Both  are  beauti- 
ful plants  for  rockeries. 

Cinquefoil,   Potentilla. — Few  of  these  are  of  any  real 
ornamental  value.     Some  are  neat  rock  plants,  and  deserve 

cultivation  on  this  ac- 
count. Among  the 
best  are :  nitida,  very 
dwarf,  with  small 
ternate  leaves  form- 
ing dense  mats, 
and  numerous  white 
or  pale  rose-colored 
FIG.  139.— SHINING  CINQUEFOIL  (POTENTILLA  NITIDA).  flowers  on  short  ped- 
uncles ;  nivalis,  leaves  five-  to  seven-fingered,  flowers  white, 
in  small  terminal  clusters;  Nepalensis,  somewhat  taller 
than  the  last,  leaves  three-  or  five-fingered  ;  flowers  in  sum- 
mer, rose-colored ;  Russeliana,  an  erect,  speading  plant 
with  ternate  leaves  and  scarlet-crimson  flowers  two  inches 
across  ;  Hopwoodiana,  of  a  similar  habit  with  yellow 
flowers  edged  with  bright  rose.  All  the  cinquefoils  are 
useful  in  rockeries  only. 


THE    SAXIFRAGE    FAMILY. 

Grass  of  Parnassus,  Parnassia  palustris. — A  very  hand- 
some plant  of  wet  peat  bogs  and  highland  meadows.  Stems 
simple,  with  one  or  two  sessile  leaves  and  large,  solitary, 
white  flowers;  root  leaves  cordate,  on  long  stalks;  height 
six  or  eight  inches.  Grows  in  scattered  masses  among  the 
grass,  never  in  dense  masses.  Very  fine  for  moist  places  in 


Herbaceous  plants,  3" 

a  rockery  or  in  moist  lawns.  P.  Caroliniana  is  an  Ameri- 
can plant  about  twice  as  tall  as  the  preceding  one.  Stems 
simple,  one-leaved,  bearing  one  solitary  large  white  flower 
with  greenish  veins.  Root  leaves  orbicular  or  reniforni. 
Banks  of  meadow-brooks.  Flowers  in  July. 

Alum  Root,  Heuchera. — Most  of  the  species  of  this 
genus  are  of  no  importance  as  ornamental  plants.  The 
Mexican  alum  root  (H.  sanguined)  is,  however,  an  exceed- 
ingly beautiful  plant  with  tufted,  heart-shaped  or  rounded, 
slightly  lobed  leaves  and  leafless  peduncles  bearing  a  panicle 
of  bright  red  flowers.  A  fine  plant  for  moist  places  in  rock- 
eries. Grows  best  in  a  mixture  of  sandy  loam  and  leaf  mold. 

Saxifrage,  Saxifraga. — Very  handsome  plants  growing 
in  alpine  meadows  or  in  the  crevices  of  rocks  in  high 
mountain  regions.  The  following  are  true  rock  plants  and 
should  be  planted  or  sown  in  the  crevices  of  rocks  well 
filled  with  a  compost  of  rich,  sandy  loam,  leaf  mold,  and  old 
mortar  or  brick  rubbish.  If  grown  in  very  dry  positions, 
an  occasional  soaking  will  be  very  beneficial,  especially  in 
places  where  there  is  no  clew  :  8.  aizoides,  leaves  linear- 
oblong,  in  crowded  masses ;  flowers  golden-yellow,  half  an 
inch  in  diameter,  very 
numerous  in  summer. 
Height  two  or  three 
inches.  8.  Burseriana, 
leaves  sharply  three 
angled  in  rosettes  ;  plant  FIQ'  140-~BURBlRRIRTNA)R.AQE  (SAX'FRAGA 
densely  tufted  with  large,  creamy  white  flowers.  8.  ccesia, 
leaves  linear-oblong,  grayish  ;  flowers  milky  white,  in  small 
panicles.  Height  one  to  three  inches.  8.  Camposii,  leaves 


312  Herbaceous  plants* 

spathulate  or  three  angled  with  a  deeply  lobed  apex ;  flowers 
in  loose  corymbs,  large,  white.  Height  three  or  four  inches. 
S.  Cotyledon,  leaves  linear-spathulate  in  rosettes,  forming 
neat  masses  of  foliage.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  ample  com- 
pound panicles  from  one  to  two  feet  high  ;  one  of  the  finest. 
S.  hypnoides,  the  Dovedale  moss  of  England,  leaves  wedge- 
shaped,  deeply  cleft  at  the  apex,  forming  dense,  green  mats ; 
flowers  white,  bell-shaped,  nearly  an  inch  wide.  S.  longi- 
folia,  leaves  six  inches,  linear-oblong,  disposed  in  beautiful 
dense  rosettes ;  flowers  white,  in  tall  pyramidal  panicles  a 
foot  high.  S.  nivalis,  leaves  spathulate,  flowers  white,  small, 
in  capitate  cymes;  scapes  simple,  erect.  8.  oppositifolia, 
leaves  opposite,  rounded,  imbricated ;  flowers  bright  purple, 
on  short,  leafy  shoots  in  spring.  S.  HocJieliana,  leaves  very 
short  and  broad,  pointed,  forming  small  rosettes,  flowering 
shoots,  leafy,  with  several  small  white  flowers.  Most  of 
these  flower  in  summer.  The  following  species  grow  in 
moist  and  rich  soil,  some  on  the  shores  of  rivulets,  others 
in  meadows :  8.  crassifolia,  leaves  large,  fleshy,  obovate,  six 
or  more  inches  long  ;  root  and  stem  fleshy ;  flowers  rosy-red 
or  flesh-colored,  disposed  in  a  tall  thyrsoid  panicle.  Hand- 
some in  moist  places  in  rockeries  or  in  borders.  8.  Fortunei, 
leaves  cordate,  rounded,  slightly  lobed,  borne  on  tall  petioles ; 
flowers  white  in  ample,  loose  panicles.  Probably  tender  in 
the  far  North.  8.  granulata,  the  fair  maids  of  France  or 
meadow  saxifrage  of  England;  leaves  reniform,  slightly 
lobed  ;  stems  simple,  leafy,  bearing  several  large  white  flow- 
ers with  greenish  veins.  Forms  quite  a  feature  in  moist 
fields  and  meadows  and  along  roadsides.  Grows  abund- 
antly among  the  grass  and  flowers  in  June.  This  species  is 


Iberbaceous  plants*  313 

fine  for  sowing  or  planting  on  lawns,  or  naturalized  on  moist 
banks.  S.  peltata,  a  large  growing  riverside  plant  with  pel- 
tate leaves  on  long  stalks  and  tall  scapes  bearing  a  large 
corymbose  raceme  of  white  or  pinkish  flowers  in  spring. 

False  Mitrewort,  Diadem  Flower,  Tiarella  cordifolia. — 
A  handsome  ornamental  plant  of  rocky  woods  growing  in 
moist  places  along  rivulets ;  leaves  heart-shaped,  slightly 
lobed,  on  slender  petioles;  flowers  pure  white,  in  loose 
racemes  on  slender  scapes  sometimes  a  foot  high.  A  beauti- 
ful subject  for  moist  places  in  rockeries  or  for  naturalizing 
in  shrubberies.  One  of  the  prettiest  plants  of  the  family. 

Mitrewort,  Mitella  diphylla. — A  delicate  plant  with 
heart-shaped,  lobed  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and  slender 
scapes  bearing  a  loose  raceme  of  white  flowers.  For  wood- 
land scenery,  planted  in  a  compost  of  leaf  mold  and  sandy 
loam.  Moist  places  in  a  shady  rockery. 

Golden  Saxifrage,  CJirysosplenium. — Several  species  of 
a  dwarf  habit  with  rounded  leaves  close  to  the  ground,  and 
numerous  greenish-yellow  flowers.  Fine  for  moist  or  boggy 
places  in  a  rockery.  In  masses  only. 


THE  STONE-CKOP   FAMILY. 


House-leek,  Sempervivum  tectorum. — An  interesting 
plant  with  dense  rosettes  of  fleshy  leaves.  Flowers  in 
autumn  or  winter,  purplish.  There  are  several  other  hardy 
species  differing  slightly  but  of  a  similar  habit,  such  as 
calcaratum  and  soboliferum.  All  are  excellent  rock  plants 
and  may  also  be  used  in  carpet  bedding  for  edging. 

Stone  Crop,  Sedum. — Next  to  the  saxifrage  these  are 
the  most  numerous  and  important  of  rock-plants :  8.  acre, 


314  Iberbaceous  plants. 

stems  slender,  creeping;  leaves  scale-like,  fleshy ;  flowers 
numerous,  yellow,  in  forked  cymes  throughout  the  summer. 
S.  Aizoon,  leaves  alternate  scattered,  oblong-lanceolate, 
toothed ;  stems  erect,  a  foot  high,  bearing  loose  panicled 
cymes  of  bright  yellow  flowers.  S.  album,  leaves  linear- 
oblong;  stems  reddish,  erect,  bearing  loose  cymes  of  nu- 
merous white  flowers  in  summer.  S.  Anglicum,  leaves 
small,  crowded  ;  flowers  white  or  pale  rose;  plant  forming 
dense  mats  of  green  foliage.  8.  cceruleum,  annual  or  bien- 
nial ;  leaves  oblong,  small  glaucous  green ;  flowers  pale 
blue  in  many-flowered  cymes,  in  summer.  8.  glaucnm, 
leaves  evergreen,  glaucous,  linear,  and  much  crowded  ; 
flowers  white  or  reddish  in  umbellate  cymes,  on  stems 
three  or  four  inches  high.  8.  pulchellum,  leaves  terate, 
evergreen  ;  flowers  rosy-purple  in  loose  cymes,  on  scapes 
five  or  six  inches  high.  Summer. 

The  following  are  field-  or  meadow-plants  :  8.  Telepkium, 
stem  erect,  a  foot  high  or  more ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  alter- 
nate, somewhat  fleshy ;  flowers  white  or  pink  in  flat  terminal 
cymes.  S.  spectabile,  as  tall  as  the  preceding  species  ;  leaves 
ovate  or  spathulate ;  flowers  pink  in  large  and  broad  cymes. 
S.  Maximowiczii,  leaves  oblong-lanceolate ;  stems  erect,  as 
tall  as  in  spectabile ;  flowers  yellow,  forming  flat,  spreading 
cymes,  in  July ;  foliage  reddish-green.  These  may  be 
naturalized  on  high,  grassy  banks  or  grown  in  moist  places 
in  rockeries. 

THE    EVENING    PRIMROSE    FAMILY. 

Willow  Herb,  EpiloMum  angustifolium. — A  tall,  erect 
herb  with  willow-like  leaves  and  Ions:  racemes  of  crimson 


Ifeerbaceous  plants.  315 

flowers;  quite  showyf' growing  five  or  six  feet  high 
and  forming  large  masses  on  the  outskirts  of  woods  or 
along  stone  enclosures  in  fields.  Useful  in  wild  gar- 
dening in  scattered  masses  or  sparingly  in  rockeries.  E. 
rosmarinifolium  is  another  dwarf er  and  very  attractive 
species. 

Zauschneria  Californica. — A  fine  ornamental  plant,  very 
bushy  and  branching,  with  ovate-lanceolate  leaves.  Flowers 
two  inches  long,  tubular,  bright  scarlet,  produced  singly  or 
in  pairs  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  in  late  summer 
and  autumn.  Probably  tender  in  the  far  North.  A  useful 
plant  for  a  moist  place  in  a  rockery. 

Evening  Primrose,  CEnothem. — A  number  of  very 
showy  plants  of  easy  culture  belong  to  this  genus.  Many 
are  inclined  to  run  wild  and  become  weeds  in  lawns  and 
cultivated  fields,  and  had  better  be  excluded  from  choice 
gardens.  Of  the  perennial  species  the  following  are  the 
the  best:  (E.  Missouriemis,  stems  fleshy,  prostate;  leaves 
crowded,  broadly  lanceolate,  entire ;  flowers  very  large, 
axillary,  pale  sulphur-yellow.  CE.  eximia,  leaves  lanceolate, 
pubescent;  flowers  axillary,  four  inches  across,  white;  a 
low  and  very  handsome  species.  (E.  Fraserii,  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  glaucous ;  flowers  axillary,  bright  yellow. 
Grow  best  in  sunny  positions  in  light  sandy,  loam.  Rock- 
eries, borders,  or  bare  hillsides. 

There  are  many  annual  forms  with  innumerable  garden 
varieties  grown  under  the  name  of  Godetia.  The  flowers 
vary  in  color  from  white  to  rose  and  deep  crimson.  Some 
of  the  best  are:  White  pearl,  dwarf,  white;  bijou,  white 
with  crimson;  Duchess  of  Albany,  white,  satiny;  the-  bride, 


316  Iberbaceous  plants. 

white  and  red.     All  are  useful  border  plants,  propagated 
from  seeds. 

THE    LOOSESTRIFE    FAMILY. 

Purple  Loosestrife,  Lyihrum  Salicaria. — A  handsome 
waterside  plant  growing  three  or  four  feet  high  with  simple, 
erect  stems,  willow-like  leaves,  and  long  terminal  spikes 
of  reddish-purple  flowers.  For  growing  on  the  margins  of 
rivers  and  lakes  in  large  grounds. 

THE    CACTUS    FAMILY. 

Prickly  Pear,  Opuntia  vulgaris. — A  unique  and  pictur- 
esque plant  with  fleshy,  jointed  sterns  bearing  handsome 
yellow  flowers  in  summer.  Common  in  rocky  and  sandy 
soil.  B.  Rafinesquii  is  another  species,  larger  and  more 
spiny.  O.  Missouriensis  is  a  species  with  short  tubercled 
joints  and  large  yellow  flowers.  All  these  are  very  desir- 
able rock  plants  interesting  at  all  seasons  and  especially  so 
when  covered  with  flowers.  They  thrive  best  in  a  sandy 
loam  in  warm  and  sunny  positions. 

Several  other  plants  of  the  cactus  family  are  perfectly 
hardy  and  make  very  interesting  objects  in  a  rockery. 
None  are  common  in  cultivation  but  many  can  easily  be 
obtained  from  the  West.  The  hardiest  are  :  Echinocactus 
longihamata,  a  dwarfish,  almost  globular  plant,  ribbed  and 
spiny,  writh  yellow  flowers.  MamiUaria  longimamma,  with 
long  fleshy  tubercles  and  yellow  flowers;  M. pusilla,  small, 
almost  globular,  flowers  minute,  pinkish.  M.  vivipara, 
globular,  from  one  to  five  inches  high  with  comparatively 
large  purplish  flowers.  Plant  in  a  compost  of  sandy  loam 
and  old  mortar. 


Ifoerbaceous  plants.  317 

THE    PARSLEY    FAMILY. 

Sea  Holly,  Eryngiummaritimum. — A  rather  ornamental 
thistle-like  plant  with  pale,  glaucous  leaves,  cordate,  long 
petioled  with  wavy  and  spiny  edges.  Stem  leaves  palmately 
lobed ;  flowers  pale  blue  in  small  heads.  Common  on  the 
seashore,  useful  in  seaside-gardening.  It  is  also  very  de- 
sirable in  rockeries.  E.  amethystinum,  steins  erect,  one  or 
two  feet  high,  with  lanceolate  leaves ;  root  leaves  pinnati- 
fid,  spiny  ;  flowers  of  a  beautiful  amethyst  color,  in  globose 
heads.  Grows  best  in  sandy  loam,  otherwise  useful  for  the 
same  purpose  as  the  preceding  one. 

Sweet  Cicely,  Myrrliis  odorata. — A  very  desirable  plant 
with  finely  decompound  leaves,  and  leafy,  flowering  stems 
bearing  ample  compound  umbels  of  white  flowers.  Forms 
a  large  leafy  mass  two  or  three  feet  high.  The  leaves  are 
sweet-scented.  Suitable  for  naturalizing  on  grassy  banks 
and  even  as  a  foliage  plant  in  moist  places  of  the  rockery 
or  in  old  orchards. 

Giant  Fennel,  Ferula  communis. — One  of  the  most  effec- 
tive, hardy,  foliage  plants  forming  a  mass  of  beautifully 
green,  feathery  leaves  four  or  five  feet  high  ;  flowers  yellow, 
umbellate,  forming  an  inflorescence  eight  feet  high.  It  is 
handsome  as  a  specimen  on  the  lawn  or  in  the  background 
of  rockeries.  Prefers  a  rich  sandy  loam. 

Cow  Parsnip,  Heradeum  gigantwn. — A  coarse  and  very 
large  foliage  plant  eight  or  ten  feet  high  ;  leaves  pinuatifid, 
several  feet  long ;  flowers  white,  umbellate.  In  large 
grounds  on  the  margins  of  streams  and  lakes. 


318  Iberbaceous  plants. 

THE   DOGWOOD    FAMILY. 

Dwarf  Cornel,  Cornus  Canadensis. — A  small  but  very 
ornamental  woodland  flower  forming  quite  a  feature  of  the 
scenery  in  moist  and  rich  woods.  Stem  a  few  inches  high, 
bearing  only  a  single  whorl  of  ovate  or  oval  leaves ;  flowers 
in  terminal  heads  surrounded  by  four  large,  showy,  pure 
white  involucral  leaves.  Very  desirable  for  planting  in 
shrubberies  and  thickets  to  form  woodland  scenery.  May 
also  be  grown  in  moist  places  in  a  rockery. 

THE  MADDER  FAMILY. 

Madder,  Rubia. — Several  species  may  be  employed 
among  the  grass  on  the  margins  of  streams  and  lakes  with 
good  effect.  Most  are  weedy  and  insignificant  as  individuals. 

Bedstraw,  Galium  verum. — A  slender,  graceful  plant 
effective  when  grown  in  masses  on  grassy  banks  or  in  open- 
ings of  woods  and  thickets.  Leaves  whorled,  flowers 
numerous,  bright  yellow  in  terminal,  leafy  panicles.  Height 
about  a  foot. 

Woodruff,  Asperula  odorata. — A  small  herb,  with  lan- 
ceolate whorled  leaves  and  terminal  corymbs  of  white  flowers 
in  summer.  Very  attractive  in  shady  woods,  forming  loose, 
graceful  masses  of  leaves  and  flowers  about  eight  inches 
high.  May  be  naturalized  with  ease.  Not  showy. 

Partridge-Berry,  Mitcliella  repens. — A  minute  evergreen 
creeping  plant  of  rich  woods.  Leaves  ovate,  small  bright 
green  ;  flowers  very  pretty  white  or  tinted  rose  followed  by 
scarlet  berries  in  winter.  In  woodland  scenery  to  form 
close  mats  on  the  ground,  planted  in  a  rich  leaf-soil. 

Bluet,  Houstonia  ccerulea. — A  slender   plant    three  or 


4 

Iberbaceous  plants*  319 

four  inches  high,  growing  in  large  scattered  masses  in  pas- 
tures and  moist  grassy  fields,  and  sometimes  in  small  patches 
in  open  woods  or  on  sandy  shores.  Leaves  minute,  spathu- 
late ;  flowers  bright  blue,  purple,  or  white  on  slender 
peduncles.  Very  attractive  for  naturalizing  in  moist  lawns, 
in  glades,  and  in  open  spaces  among  shrubs.  Flowers  in 
spring  and  summer. 

THE  VALERIAN  FAMILY. 

Valerian,  Valeriana  officinalis. — This  plant,  which  is 
not  showy  but  very  attractive,  may  be  grown  with  good 
results  on  grassy  banks  of  streams  and  lakes.  Leaves  pin- 
nate, pretty ;  stems  simple,  erect,  two  to  three  feet  high ; 
flowers  whitish-pink,  in  broad  paniculate  corymbs,  sweet- 
scented.  Marsh  valerian  ( V.  dioica),  is  a  much  smaller 
species  growing  in  shallow  running  water  on  the  margins 
of  streams  and  brooks.  Both  are  readily  naturalized  and 
are  excellent  for  wild  gardening. 

Spurred  Valerian,  Centhranthus  ruber. — A  rather  pretty 
annual  border  plant  afoot  or  two  high,  with  ovate-lanceolate 
leaves  and  red  or  white  flowers  in  panicled  cymes. 

THE    TEASEL   FAMILY. 

Mourning  Bride,  Scabiosa  atropurpurea. — A  garden  an- 
nual sometimes  used  for  summer-bedding.  Stem  slender, 
slightly  branched,  about  two  feet  high ;  root-leaves  obovate 
or  spathulate,  toothed,  stem  leaves  pinnately-parted.  Flowers 
black-purple,  crimson,  or  white  in  large  button-like  heads  on 
long  and  slender  peduncles.  Propagated  from  seeds  in 
spring  and  often  grown  in  borders. 

Pincushion  Flower,  S.  Columbaria.—  A  graceful  peren- 


320  Iberbaceous  plants. 

nial  about  two  feet  high.  Leaves  of  the  root  entire,  stem- 
leaves  pinnatifid ;  flowers  rosy-lilac  in  large  heads. 
Flowers  in  early  summer;  a  handsome  plant  of 
grassy  hillsides  and  meadows.  Fine  for  naturaliz- 
ing on  grassy  banks  or  margins  of  water. 

Blue  Bonnets,  /S.  Succica. — A  plant  common 
in  meadows  and  on  grassy  banks  in  Europe,  very 
handsome,  with  almost  globular  heads  of  deep 
blue,  purple,  or  white  flowers  ;  leaves  obovate  or 
oblong;  stem  leaves  small,  lanceolate,  toothed. 
Grows  a  foot  high  and  flowers  during  a  long 
period  in  summer. 

FIG  141 —BLUE   * 
BONNETS 

(SCABIOSA  THE    COMPOSITE    FAMILY. 

SUCCICA). 

Marianna  Thistle,  Silybum  marianum. — A  dwarf  and 
ornamental  plant  with  foliage  close  to  the  ground.  Leaves 
oblong,  sinuately  lobed  with  spiny  teeth,  pale  green  blotched 
with  white  ;  flowers  purple,  insignificant.  For  use  in  sea- 
side gardening  on  sandy  shores. 

Cornflower,  Centaurea  Cyanus. — A  handsome  annual  a 
couple  of  feet  high  with  narrow,  linear-lanceolate  leaves  and 
heads  of  bright  blue  flowers  in  summer.  There  are  several 

o 

varieties  with  lilac,  rose-colored,  or  white  flowers  all  inferior 
to  this  type.  In  beds  with  Paris  daisies  and  scarlet  poppies, 
or  in  borders.  Moderately  good  soil.  Sweet  sultan,  C. 
mosdiata. — Annual  with  lyrate  leaves  and  purplish  flowers. 
A  yellow-flowered  species  with  sweet-scented  flowers  ((7. 
suaveolens)  is  frequently  grown  under  the  name  of  sweet 
sultan.  Both  may  be  grown  with  good  effect  among  rocks 
or  on  sunny,  barren  slopes.  C.  montana  is  a  perennial  plant 


Herbaceous  plants.  321 

with  large,  blue  flower-heads.  It  is  a  handsome  species  for 
rocky  banks. 

Tansy,  Tanacetum  vulgare. — A  coarse  but  rather  orna- 
mental plant,  effective  in  masses  on  grassy  banks  or  road- 
sides. Stem  simple,  three  or  four  feet  high,  with  pinnate, 
deeply  cut  leaves  of  a  feathery  appearance.  Flower-heads 
button-like,  golden-yellow  in  large  corymbs,  numerous  in 
summer  and  very  lasting.  Prefers  sunny  positions  and  a 
light,  loamy  soil. 

Abrotanum,  Artemisia  Abrotanum. — A  somewhat 
shrubby  plant  three  or  four  feet  high,  with  pinnately  divided 
leaves  of  a  grayish  color,  very  strongly  scented  and  culti- 
vated for  this  reason.  Flowers  inconspicuous.  Borders  or 
shrubberies  in  rich  soil. 

Golden  Immortelle,  Heleclirysum  arenarium. — Common 
on  sandy  shores  in  Northern  Europe.  Stem  five  or  six  inches 
high,  with  lanceolate,  whitish,  downy  leaves,  and  corymbs 
of  small  golden  yellow  flower-heads.  Forms  tufted  masses, 
very  effective  when  in  flower.  Excellent  for  seaside  garden- 
ing or  for  naturalizing  in  barren  and  sandy  lawns.  May  also 
be  grown  in  rockeries  with  good  effect.  H.  bracteatum  is  a 
familiar  annual  border  plant ;  grows  about  a  foot  high  and 
has  large  globular  heads  of  yellow,  deep  crimson,  rose-colored 
or  white  flowers.  Propagated  by  seeds  in  spring. 

Button-Snakeroot  or  Blazing  Star,  Liatris. — Rough  but 
rather  showy  plants  with  erect  stems  and  almost  grass-like 
leaves.  Flowers  in  spiked  heads.  The  best  are  :  L.  squarosa, 
heads  bright  purple,  height  two  feet ;  pychnostachia,  pale 
purple,  fine  for  dry  soil ;  spicata,  purple,  a  foot  high ;  for 
margins  of  streams  and  lakes  or  in  borders. 


322  Iberbaceous  plants. 

Trumpet  Weed,  Eupatorium  purpureum. — One  of  our 
largest  and  most  effective  perennials,  growing  in  scattered 
masses  on  moist  banks  and  in  low  grassy  fields,  flowering  late 
in  the  season.  Leaves  long,  lanceolate,  in  whorls  of  three  or 
more.  The  very  numerous  purplish  heads  are  collected  in 
compound  corymbs  sometimes  a  foot  and  a  half  across. 
Height  from  three  to  twelve  feet.  Fine  for  naturalizing  on 
margins  of  water  or  in  open  glades  in  low  ground.  E. 
ageratoides  is  a  smaller,  more  spreading  plant  with  numer- 
ous white  heads  of  flowers  in  compound  corymbs.  Useful 
for  the  same  purpose  as  the  preceding  one. 

Mist  Flower,  Conodinium  ccelestinum. — This  is  a  very 
handsome  native  plant  forming  broad  and  dense  masses  of 
leaves  and  flowers,  late  in  summer  and  autumn.  Leaves 
triangular-ovate,  coarsely  toothed.  Flowers  blue  or  pur- 
ple, sometimes  white,  in  small  heads  forming  dense  corymbs 
much  like  those  of  Ageratum.  Grows  in  open  woods  or 
among  Eupatorium  in  open  fields.  Fine  for  naturalizing  in 
scattered  masses  on  grassy  banks  or  hillsides. 

Golden  Senecio,  Senecio  aureus. — A  graceful  plant  with 
simple  stems  about  two  feet  high,  and  very  varied,  mostly 
heart-shaped,  petioled  leaves ;  root  leaves  lyrate.  Flower- 
heads  with  golden-yellow  rays,  in  flat  corymbs.  For  river 
shores,  margins  of  water,  or  moist  places  in  rockeries.  The 
purple  ragwort  (8.  elegans)  is  an  elegant  annual  used  for 
summer  bedding.  Flowers  purple  and  white  with  yellow 
disk,  in  many  shades,  single  or  double,  somewhat  like  the 
common  cineraria.  Propagated  by  seeds  indoors. 

Arnica,  Arnica  'inontana. — A  very  handsome  plant  of 
highland  meadows  and  grassy  fields,  chiefly  in  Northern 


f>erbaceous  plants*  323 

Europe.  Leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  tufted  at  the  root. 
Flowers  on  almost  leafless  scapes  seldom  a  foot  high. 
Heads  large,  golden-yellow  or  orange,  several  together. 
Fine  for  rockeries  or  on  high  banks.  Will  grow  well  in 
light  or  gravelly  soil.  Flowers  in  summer. 

Leopard's  Bane,  Doronicum  Caucasicum.  —  A  very 
pretty  spring-flowering  plant,  fine  for  rockeries.  Leaves  on 
long  petioles,  cordate.  Stems  mostly  simple,  with  a  few 
large  heads  of  bright  yellow  flowers.  Desirable  for  grow- 
ing in  sunny  positions. 

Goldenrod,  Solidago. — There  are  many  showy  species 
of  goldenrod,  but  as  they  are  so  common  all  over  the 
country  there  is  little  need  of  their  cultivation.  The  most 
beautiful  are  :  8.  Canadense,  with  ample  panicles  on  stems 
several  feet  high  ;  8.  lanceolata,  a  bushy,  branching  plant 
with  flat  corymbs  of  small  yellow  heads  ;  8.  serotina 
flowers  in  pyramidal  panicles  on  stems  two  or  three  feet 
high ;  8.  speciosa,  with  large  flower-heads  in  thyrsoid  pani- 
cles, stems  from  three  to  six  feet  high  ;  8.  virga-aurea, 
somewhat  branched,  heads  racemose. 

Chinese  Aster,  Gallistephus  Ohinensis. — Favorite  border 
or  bedding  plants,  of  which  there  are  many  strains,  some 
tall,  others  very  dwarf,  some  bushy,  others  slender,  bearing 
only  a  few  large  heads  of  flowers.  All  cultivated  kinds 
are  double ;  some  unite  two  colors  in  one  head,  white  and 
blue,  white  and  purple  or  lilac,  and  so  on  ;  others  are  one- 
colored,  white,  pale  rose,  purple-crimson,  and  purplish-blue. 
They  should  be  raised  in  boxes  or  pots  in  a  cool  frame  and 
planted  out  late  in  spring.  They  require  frequent  water- 
ings in  dry  summers  in  order  to  prevent  them  from  flower- 


3 24  Herbaceous  plants* 

ing  prematurely.   As  a  rule  China-asters  do  best  in  high  alti- 
tudes, or  in  countries  where  the  summer  is  cool  and  pleasant. 
Aster,  A$tei\ — These,  like  the  goldenrods,  are  common 
hillside-  and  field-plants,  flowering  late  in  the  season ;  they 

are  as  yet  too  common  to  be  culti- 
vated, and  the  glorious  panorama 
they  spread   out  before  us  could 
not  be  excelled  in  the  gar- 
5/3  ^  den.     It  is   to  be   hoped  it 

RQ.-142.  ALPINE  ASTER  (ASTER  ALPINUS).    wj]]   always   be   so.      There 

are  however  many  exotic  kinds  of  great  beauty  that  may 
be  grown  together  with  the  most  attractive  of  the  native 
species.  Some  are  dwarf  and  entirely  different  from  any 
American  species.  The  best  are :  A.  alpinus,  leaves  lan- 
ceolate-spathulate  forming  tufts  close  to  the  ground  ;  flower- 
ing stems,  single,  a  few  inches  high,  bearing  a  single  large 
head  with  purple  ray-florets  and  yellow  disk. 
A  pretty  plant  for  rockeries.  A.  Amellus, 
leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  stems  two  feet  high, 
simple  at  the  base,  branched  above  and  bearing 
large  solitary  heads  of  purple  flowers.  A  very 
floriferous  and  showy  kind,  fine  for  borders. 
A.  Bessarabicus,  a  larger  and  showier  variety 
of  the  last. — The  following  are  exceedingly  no. -143.  TURBI- 

-,-  NATE  ASTER  (ASTER 

fine  American  species :  A.  graiidiflorus,  TURBINELLUS). 
height  two  feet,  leaves  small  linear,  rigid  stem  branching  at 
the  top,  bearing  numerous  large  purple  heads.  A.  Novce- 
Anglice,  most  common  species,  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
heads  large,  purple,  height  six  feet.  A.  Novce-Helgice, 
leaves  lanceolate,  stem  clasping  or  nearly  so ;  stem  branch- 


Ifoerbaceous  plants*  325 

ing,  four  feet  high,  flower-heads  pale  blue.  A.  spectabilis, 
height  two  feet ;  leaves  lanceolate,  nearly  amplexicaul,  heads 
beautiful  blue.  A.  turbinellus,  leaves  small,  lanceolate, 
stem  slender,  graceful,  two  or  three  feet  high,  heads 
mauve.  Besides  these  the  little  white  flowering  A.  eri- 
coides  is  sometimes  grown. 

Fleabane,  Erigeron. — Generally  inferior  to  the  asters  as 
ornamental  plants.  E.  alpinum  is  a  neat  and  attractive 
rock-plant  with  bluish  flowers.  E.  aurantiacus,  showy; 
leaves  oblong,  flower-heads  large,  of  a  bright  orange-color. 
Height  seldom  a  foot.  E.  speciosum,  a  pretty  American 
plant  a  foot  high,  with  oblong  leaves  and  large  heads  of 
lilac  flowers;  disk  yellow.  In  rockeries  or  borders.  Or- 
dinary, garden  soil. 

Swan-River  Daisy,  Brachychome  iberidifolia. — A  very 
handsome  annual  cultivated  in  beds  and  borders.  It  forms 
a  nice  and  compact  bushy  plant  about  a  foot  high  and 
equally  broad,  covered  all  summer  with  innumerable  deep 
blue  flower-heads;  leaves  pinnately  parted,  small.  Raised 
from  seeds.  Sown  on  the  spot  in  early  spring. 

Daisy,  Bellis  perennis. — The  true  European  daisy  is  a 
very  small  plant  with  mats  of  obovate-spathulate  leaves 
close  to  the  ground,  and  simple  leafless  scapes  four  or  five 
inches  high,  bearing  one  solitary  head  of  white  flowers 
suffused  with  rose.  The  double  white  or  pink  varieties 
are  the  most  desirable  for  edging  beds  and  borders.  They, 
are  very  floriferous  and  should -be  grown  in  every  garden. 
They  may  also  be  naturalized  in  lawns,  but  the  single  form 
should  be  excluded  as  it  spreads  and  becomes  a  weed. 
Increased  by  means  of  seeds  or  division. 


326  tberbaceous  plants. 

Yarrow  or  Sneeze-wort,  Achillea. — The  double  sneeze- 
worts  (A.  Ptarmica  plenissima  and  A.  serrata  plena)  are 
very  fine  and  floriferous  subjects  for  a  border ;  they  grow 
one  or  two  feet  high,  with  single  stems,  narrow  lanceolate 
leaves,  and  heads  in  terminal  corymbs.  The  variety  known 
as  the  pearl  is  the  best.  Few  other  plants  of  this  family 
deserve  consideration.  The  following  are  attractive  in 
rockeries  :  A.  Clavennce,  leaves  all  radical,  crowded,  bipin- 
natifid ;  flower-heads  corymbose,  pretty,  white  ;  height  from 
six  to  ten  inches.  A.  tomentosa,  leaves  bipinnatifid,  finely 
divided,  woolly ;  flower-heads  bright  yellow,  corymbose. 

Yellow  Chamomile,  Antliemis  tiiictoria. — A  desirable 
summer  flowering  plant  about  a  foot  high  forming  broad 
masses;  leaves  bipinnatifid  ;  stems  slender,  bearing  numerous 
golden-yellow  heads  of  flowers.  In  rockeries  or  borders. 
Ordinary,  garden  soil. 

Double  white  Chamomile,  Matricaria  inodora  fl.  pleno. 
— A  pretty  spreading,  much-branched  annual  border- plant 
with  doubly  pinnate  leaves  and  very  double  heads  of  pure 
white  flowers.  Florifierous  and  ornamental.  Flowers  in 
summer.  Propagated  by  means  of  seeds. 

Fever-few,  Pyreihrum  partJienifolium. — A  fine  annual 
with  double  white  flowers  and  pinnate,  much-divided  leaves. 
The  variety  aureum  is  generally  used  for  summer-bedding  in 
mosaic-groups.  Raised  from  seeds  in  a  greenhouse  or  frame, 
or  by  means  of  cuttings.  P.  roseum  is  a  perennial  with 
simple,  erect  stems,  feathery,  doubly  pinnate  leaves  and  large 
showy  heads  of  mostly  rosy-purple  flowers  with  many 
varieties.  Must  be  grown  in  a  moist  and  rich  ground  to 
develop  fully.  Very  handsome. 


fberbaceous  plants. 


327 


Great  Oxeye  Daisy,  Pyrethrum  uliginosum. — This  is  a 
tall  and  graceful  plant  about  three  feet  high,  with  lanceolate, 
coarsely  dentate  leaves,  and  heads  of  large  white  ray-florets 
and  yellow  disk.  Fine  for  margins  of  streams  and  lakes  in 
rich  ground. 

Gaillardia,  Gaillardia  aristata. — A  very  floriferous  plant 
about  a  foot  high,  with  lanceolate  leaves  and  large  yellow 
flower-heads.  The  variety  grandiflora  is  the 
most  common  in  gardens ;  it  has  the  lower  half 
of  the  ray-florets  of  a  reddish  color.  G.  pulcliella 
is  a  very  showy  annual  of  a  similar  habit  but 
with  bright  crimson  ray-florets  tipped  with 
yellow.  Both  are  excellent  for  dry  ground  in 
sunny  positions  where  they  flower  all  summer. 

Marigold,  Calendula  officinalis. — A  com- 
pact, floriferous  annual  with  oblong-obovate 
leaves  and  bright  yellow  heads  of  flowers, 
single  or  double,  all  summer. 

FIG.    144.- 

Compass-Plant^  SilpJiium  laciniatum A.     GAILLARDIA. 

rather  coarse  perennial,  with  pinnatifid  leaves  and  tall  leafy 
flowering  stems  bearing  a  few  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 

Dahlia,  Dahlia  variabilis. — Well  known  border  plant 
with  fleshy  roots  and  pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  double  or 
single,  of  all  colors.  There  are  some  dwarf  and  small  flow- 
ering varieties.  The  cactus  dahlia  (D.  Juarezii)  is  one  of 
the  most  desirable  kinds,  with  bright  scarlet-crimson  flowers 
similar  in  shape  to  some  kinds  of  cactus.  Planted  in  beds  or 
borders  in  spring.  Roots  stored  in  winter. 

Thickweed,  Coreopsis. — Exceedingly  showy  and  florifer- 
ous annual  or  perennial  plants  for  sunny  positions  in  borders 


328  Herbaceous  [Plants* 

or  naturalized  in  gravelly  soil.  C.  tinctoria  is  an  annual  a 
couple  of  feet  high,  branched  and  spreading,  leaves  bipinnat- 
ifid ;  heads  numerous,  ray-florets  deep  crimson  on  the  lower 
half,  the  rest  yellow.  C.  Drummondii,  resembling  the  last, 
ray -florets  yellow  with  a  dark  spot  at  the  base.  C.  lanceolata 
is  a  perennial ;  leaves  lanceolate,  flowers  pure  yellow  ;  very 
desirable.  Flowers  all  summer. 

Sunflower,  Helianthus. — All  the  species  are  very  large 
and  coarse  but  showy  plants.  The  common  annual  species 
hardly  deserves  culture  except  for  economic  use.  The  most 
desirable  are  H.  decapetalus,  a  tall  plant  common  on  sunny 
shores  of  rivers ;  heads  three  inches  across,  showy,  bright 
yellow.  H.  angustifolius,  leaves  linear,  a  medium-sized  or 
small  species  about  three  or  four  feet  high  ;  ray -florets  bright 
yellow,  disk  purple.  H.  Maximilianus,  leaves  long,  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  stems  six  feet,  more  or  less ;  flower-heads  very 
numerous  golden,  yellow.  A  most  desirable  species.  All 
are  perennial.  On  the  margins  of  water ;  in  borders  or 
shrubberies. 

Oxeye,  Heliopsis  Icevis. — A  kind  of  sunflower  on  a 
smaller  scale,  leaves  ovate ;  flower-heads  terminal  on  numer- 
ous lateral  branches ;  H.  Pitcher ianus,  a  recently  introduced 
kind,  is  of  a  very  spreading  and  branching  habit,  about 
three  feet  high,  with  numerous  heads  of  golden-yellow  flow- 
ers late  in  summer.  A  beautiful  and  very  floriferous  kind. 
Fine  in  borders  ;  ordinary  soil. 

Cone-flower,  Rudbeckia. — A  genus  of  very  attractive 
perennial  plants  flowering  all  summer.  It.  speciosa  has 
coarsely  toothed,  lanceolate  leaves  and  terminal  heads  of 
yellow  flowers ;  disk  conical ;  habit  branching,  height  less 


Ifoerbaceous  plants,  329 

than  two  feet.  R.  liirta,  the  popular  yellow  daisy,  is  a 
very  showy  plant  of  sandy  fields  and  barren  hillsides ;  stem 
simple,  erect,  about  a  foot  high ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate ; 
ray-florets  orange-yellow,  disk  brown.  H.  fulgida,  flowers 
smaller  than  in  the  preceding  species ;  the  plant  is  twice  as 
tall;  same  color.  All  the  Rudbeckias  are  very  handsome 
plants  for  use  in  wild  gardening,  for  natural  groups  in  sandy 
and  gravelly  soil,  in  rockeries  and  borders. 

Purple  Cone-flower,  Echinacea  purpurea. — A  simple, 
erect  plant,  one  or  two  feet  high,  with  ovate-lanceolate 
leaves,  heads  several  inches  across,  ray-florets  rosy-purple, 
disk  conical  or  columnar,  brown.  Fine  in  borders  or  for 
planting  in  sunny  positions  on  the  margin  of  water.  Flow- 
ers in  summer. 

Sanvitalia,  Sanvitalia  procumbent. — A  dwarf,  trailing 
plant  growing  a  few  inches  high  only,  and  covered  in  sum- 
mer with  numerous  small  yellow  flower-heads  with  a  purple 
disk ;  leaves  ovate.  Fine  for  covering  the  ground  in  groups 
of  taller  plants  such  as  eucalyptus  or  silk  oak,  or  on  sunny 
banks  to  cover  the  ground.  Increased  by  means  of  seeds 
annually. 

Zinnia,  Zinnia  elegans. — One  of  the  most  popular  late- 
flowering  annuals  with  single  or  double  flowers  of  the  most 
intense  and  brilliant  colors.  Used  in  beds  or  borders  with 
good  effect.  Seeds  may  be  sown  in  flat  boxes  in  a  green- 
house or  frame  and  the  plants  should  be  kept  ready  to  take 
the  place  of  spring-  or  early  summer-flowers. 

French  Marigold,  Tagetes  patula. — A  very  floriferous, 
strongly  scented  annual  with  pinnate  leaves,  and  mostly 
double  flowers  of  rich  and  effective  colors,  chiefly  pale  yel- 


330  Iberbaceous  plants* 

low,  deep  yellow,  and  brown.  The  African  marigold  (T. 
erectd)  is  considerably  larger  in  all  parts,  growing  as  high  as 
two  feet.  It  is  also  more  varied  in  coloring.  T.  sigtiata 
pumila  is  a  dwarf  and  floriferous  kind  with  numerous 
bright  yellow  flowers  all  summer.  The  marigolds  are  easily 
raised  by  means  of  seeds  sown  in  the  open  border. 

THE    LOBELIA    FAMILY. 

Cardinal  Flower,  Lobelia  cardinalis. — A  very  showy 
American  plant  growing  in  moist  places  along  streams  and 
rivulets,  and  flowering  in  June  or  July.  The  stems  are  sim- 
ple, a  foot  or  eighteen  inches  high,  with  oblong-lanceolate 
leaves,  and  long  terminal  racemes  of  bright  scarlet  flowers. 
Grows  in  small  tufts  on  grassy  banks  close  to  the  water. 
The  Mexican  cardinal  flower  (L.  fulgens)  is  a  more  robust 
plant  with  broader  leaves  tinted  red  ;  petals  wider  than  in 
the  preceding  kind  and  of  a  still  deeper  scarlet.  These  are 
suitable  for  moist  places  in  a  rockery,  along  a  rill  of  water, 
or  by  the  side  of  a  stream  or  lake.  Thrive  well  in  a  rich, 
sandy  loam. 

THE     BELLFLOWER     FAMILY. 

Venus's  Looking-Glass,  Specularia  Speculum. — A  pretty 
annual  with  numerous  blue  flowers  all  summer.  Sown  in 
beds  or  borders  early  in  spring. 

Bellflower,  Campanula.— There  are  many  very  attractive 
summer-flowering  plants  belonging  to  this  genus,  some  of 
which  are  tall,  robust-growing  subjects,  excellent  for  bor- 
ders ;  others  are  dwarf,  tufted,  and  compact  Alpine  plants, 
with  slender,  delicate  stems  and  pretty  blue  or  white 


Ifeerbaceous  plants* 


331 


flowers.  The  best  are  :  The  Canterbury  bell  (<7.  medium), 
stems  erect,  branching,  two  or  three  feet  high,  with  ovate- 
lanceolate,  crenate  leaves ; 
flowers  in  leafy  panicles, 
large,  bell-shaped,  blue- 
purple,  or  white.  One  of 
the  best ;  flowers  in  July. 
Clustered  bell-flower.  (<7. 
glomerata),  stems  simple, 
one  or  two  feet  high  ;  leaves 
ovate,  upper  ones  some- 
what stem-clasping ;  flowers 
in  close  heads,  violet-blue, 
pale  blue,  or  white,  flower- 
ing all  summer.  A  desir- 
able plant  for  naturalizing 
in  glades  and  open  woods,  F1Q.  145>_PALE  BELL-FLOWER  (CAMPANULA 
or  on  grassy  banks.  Pale  LACTIFLORA). 

bell-flower  (<7.  lactiflora),  stems  two  or  more  feet  high, 
branched ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile  ;  flowers  in  loose 
racemes,  pale  blue  or  white.  Nice  border  plant,  forming 
large  tufts  and  flowering  all  summer.  Chimney  bell-flower 
(C.  pyramidalis),  stem  almost  simple,  forming  many  flower- 
ing branches  at  the  top,  about  four  feet  high  ;  leaves  ovate  or 
sometimes  cordate,  petiolate  ;  flowers  in  pyramidal  racemes, 
very  numerous,  deep  blue  or  white,  flowering  in  June  or 
July.  Border  plant.  Peach-leaved  bell-flower  (<7.  persicce^ 
folia),  stem  simple,  one  foot  high  or  more  ;  root  leaves 
like  the  leaves  of  the  peach,  stem  leaves  few,  linear-lanceo^ 
late  ;  flowers  very  large,  racemose,  deep  blue  to  pure  white? 


332  Herbaceous  plants, 

sometimes  semi-double  or  double.  Excellent  border  plant; 
fine  for  naturalizing  in  grassy  and  half-shady  positions. 
Carpatian  bell-flower  (C.  carpatica),  a  very  graceful  plant, 
with  slender  branched  stems  about  a  foot  high  and  more  or 
less  cordate  leaves  on  long  stalks ;  flowers  in  loose  racemes, 
cup-shaped,  deep  blue  or,  in  one  variety,  white.  This  is  a 
very  fine  plant  for  borders  or  rockeries,  flowering  in  summer 
for  several  months.  It  forms  broad  masses  of  leaves  and 
flowers.  There  are  a  few  very  dwarf  varieties  of  this  spe- 
cies fine  for  rock-gar- 

O 

dens,  such  as  turbinata, 
leaves  all  radical,  ovate, 
on  long  stalks ;  flowers 
solitary,  erect,  on  slen- 
der stalks  six  inches 
high,  color  purple ;  pel- 
viformis,  taller,  with 

FIG.  146.— DWARF  CARPATIAN  BELL-FLOWER  (CAMPA-         •* 

NULA  CARPATICA  TURBiNATA  PALLIDA).  loosely  racemose  flowers 
of  a  bright  lilac  color,  two  inches  across.  The  following 
are  chiefly  dwarf  and  trailing  plants,  inhabitants  of  alpine 
meadows  or  stony  banks  of  mountain  streams  :  C.  ccespitosa, 
stems  short,  tufted ;  leaves  ovate,  crowded ;  flowers  ter- 
minal, blue  or  white,  numerous.  On  rocky  shores  of  rivu- 
lets or  in  moist  ground  near  a  stream  in  a  rockery.  C. 
garganica,  stems  trailing,  leaves  reniform  or  heart-shaped, 
downy ;  flowers  at  the  end  of  the  shoots,  axillary,  blue,  or 
sometimes  white.  Charming  rock  plants  for  growing  in  a 
compost  of  leaf  soil,  sand  and  brick  rubbish,  or  old 
mortar.  Protected  in  winter  by  a  covering  of  leaves. 
C.  pusilla,  very  dwarf ;  leaves  tufted  ;  flowers  on  slender 


Iberbaceous  plants*  333 

leafy  sterns,  pendulous,  almost  cylindrical,  blue.  Neat  in 
moist  places  in  rockeries.  C.  Rainerii,  dwarf,  two  or  three 
inches ;  leaves  ovate,  hairy ;  flowers  mostly  solitary,  erect. 
O.  Waldsteiniana,  dwarf ;  leaves  small,  cordate ;  stems  four 
or  five  inches  high,  bearing  one  or  more  erect,  violet-blue 
flowers.  All  these  are  suitable  for  rockeries,  but  enjoy 
half  shade  and  moisture  and  a  light,  well-drained  soil.  The 
common  harebell  (C.  rotundifolia)  is  one  of  the  prettiest  of 
all  bell-flowers.  The  stems  are  nearly  always  simple,  but  it 
often  forms  rich  tufted  masses ;  flowers  solitary,  drooping, 
blue  or  white.  Grows  in  rocky,  open  woodlands,  and  is 
especially  desirable  for  naturalizing  in  lawns  and  grassy 
openings  among  trees  and  shrubs.  Another  fine  species  for 
naturalizing  is  C.  rapunculoides. 

Chinese  Bell-flower,  Platycodon  grandiflorum. — This  is 
the  largest  flowering  species  of  the  family  ;  stems  somewhat 
branching;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  large  and  handsome; 
flowers  blue,  several  inches  across,  solitary  or  in  small  clus- 
ters at  the  top  of  the  branches.  Height  about  two  feet ; 
flowers  late  in  summer.  There  is  a  white  variety.  P. 
Mariesii  is  a  dwarf  and  very  floriferous  form.  Both  are 
very  fine  plants  for  borders  and  rockeries ;  the  best  bell- 
flowers  for  small  gardens. 

THE   PYKOLA    FAMILY. 

Wintergreen,  Pyrola. — A  genus  of  several  small  ever- 
green woodland  flowers.  They  grow  in  partial  shade  in 
leaf  soil,  chiefly  in  sandy  ground,  and  are  excellent  for 
planting  in  thickets  and  shrubberies  among  other  wood- 
land flowers.  Most  common  are:  P.  chlorantlia,  flowers 
greenish- white,  scented,  borne  in  umbels  on  simple  scapes 


334  Herbaceous  plants* 

a  few  inches  high;  leaves  reniform  or  rounded  on  slender 
stalks.  P.  rotundifolia,  taller  and  showier,  with  petiolate, 
shining  green  leaves;  flowers  rather  large,  ten  to  twenty 
in  terminal  racemes  on  slender  scapes,  pure  white,  fragrant. 
The  pipsissewa  (ChimapJiila  umbellatd)  is  an  equally  desira- 
ble plant ;  leaves  cuneate-lanceolate  in  a  whorl  on  the 
middle  of  the  slender  stem ;  flowers  umbellate,  white, 
waxy,  with  violet  anthers.  Where  they  are  rare  and  can 
be  obtained  only  in  a  limited  number  these  may  be  used  for 
moist,  half-shady  positions  in  a  rockery  or  for  small  patches 
among  choice  evergreen  shrubs. 

THE    LEADWOET   FAMILY. 

Thrift  or  Sea  Pink,  Armeria  vulgaris. — A  very  hand- 
some seaside  plant  covering  acres  of  sandy  shores,  with 
tufts  of  small,  linear,  bright  green  leaves  and  rosy-red 
flowers.  The  flowers  are  borne  on  scapes  five  or  six  inches 
high  in  close  heads.  There  is  a  pretty  white  variety.  A . 
Lauclieana  has  bright  pink  flowers.  Excellent  for  seaside 
gardening  or  for  naturalizing  on  sandy  ground  or  here  and 
there  in  lawns.  It  is  also  fine  in  rockeries  or  for  edging 
beds  or  borders.  A.  CepJialotes  is  a  larger  growing  species 
with  a  scape  a  foot  high  bearing  a  head  of  crimson  flowers ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  tufted.  A.  plantaginea,  leaves  lanceolate 
writh  several  longitudinal  nerves;  flowers  rose-colored,  on 
scapes  eight  inches  high.  These  two  are  best  for  rockeries 
in  a  light,  sandy  soil.  All  require  a  sunny  position. 

Sea  Lavender,  Statice. — A  genus  of  plants  common  in 
the  Steppes  of  Eastern  Europe,  in  salt  marshes  and  on  sea- 
shores. They  have  small  flowers  in  immense  panicles, 
which  look  very  elegant  and  feathery.  Nice  for  rockeries 


Iberbaceous  plants,  335 

and  open  sandy  ground.  The  best  are:  $.  Tartarica, 
leaves  all  radical,  more  or  less  spade-like,  six  inches  long; 
flowers  crimson,  in  small  spikes  collected  in  ample  panicles  a 
foot  or  more  wide.  8.  elata,  leaves  radical  obovate,  blunt,  in 
crowded  tufts ;  flowers  blue  in  spikelets  forming  oblique 
panicles.  Flowering  stems  many,  forming  a  dense  mass  of 
flowers  in  summer.  &..  Limonium,  common  sea-lavender, 
American  species  with  lavender-colored  flowers  all  summer. 
Leadwort,  Plumbago  Larpentce  (Ceratostigma). — A  very 
showy  trailing  or  procumbent  plant,  with  obovate  leaves, 
and  heads  of  violet  or  bright  blue  flowers  late  in  summer. 
Exceptionally  fine  for  rockeries;  will  grow  on  high  and 
dry  ground  almost  anywhere.  May  be  planted  to  cover 
barren  slopes  or  in  similar  positions. 

THE    PRIMROSE    FAMILY. 

Common  Primrose,  Primula  vulgaris. — A  small  but 
handsome  European  plant  common  in  open  grassy  woods 
and  on  moist  hillsides,  chiefly  in  the  Northern  countries. 
Leaves  wrinkled  and  veiny,  spade-like ;  flowers  on  short 
axillary  peduncles,  very  numerous  in  early  spring^  pale  sul- 
phur-yellow or  in  cultivated  varieties  white  or  more  or  less 
deep  yellow,  single  or  double.  Fine  for  naturalizing  in  moist, 
grassy  woods  or  for  rockeries.  Thrives  best  in  a  moist, 
sandy  loam. 

Cowslip  (P.  veris). — This  is  another  very  attractive 
spring  flower  growing  abundantly  in  meadows  and  moist, 
open  woodlands ;  the  yellow  flowers  are  borne  in  many- 
flowered  umbels  on  scapes  six  or  eight  inches  tall;  leaves 
similar  to  those  of  the  primrose.  Fine  for  planting  in  sim- 
jlar  positions  in  parks  or  gardens. 


336  Iberbaceous  plants. 

The  Oxlip  (P.  elatior)  resembles  the  cowslip  in  habit, 
the  flowers  are,  however,  larger  and  of  many  different  colors, 
from  yellow  and  white  to  deep  crimson.  It  is  a  very  desir- 
able border  plant  with  tufted  leaves,  and  numerous  showy 
flowers  in  spring.  Will  grow  in  sunny  positions  in  any  mod- 
erately good  garden  soil.  It  is  essentially  a  plant  for  small 
gardens.  Also  cultivated  under  the  name  of  polyanthus. 

Bird's-eye  Primrose  (P.farinosa). — A  pretty  little  plant 
of  woodland  meadows  and  grassy  fields,  with  small  spade- 
like  leaves  and  rnany-flowered  umbels  of  rosy-purple  flow- 
el's  with  yellow  eyes,  borne  on  slender  scapes  about  six 
inches  high.  It  covers  acres  of  ground  in  many  places  in 
Northern  Europe  and  makes  quite  a  feature  of  the  scenery 
about  midsummer.  For  moist  places  in  rockeries  or  among 
low  grass  in  lawns  or  shrubberies. 

Auricula  (P.  Auricula). — A  beautiful  alpine  plant  of  a 
dwarf  and  compact  habit,  much  used  for  summer  bedding 
in  half -shady  positions.  It  is  also  a  very  desirable  plant  for 
a  rockery.  Flowers  pale  yellow,  darker  around  the  centre, 
fragrant.  There  are  many  garden  varieties  with  white, 
yellow,  rose-colored  or  lilac  flowers.  Leaves  generally 
powdered,  grayish,  obovate.  The  scape  is  only  a  few  inches 
high  bearing  a  many-flowered  umbel.  Should  be  wintered 
in  a  cool  frame  where  it  is  not  fully  hardy.  Rich  and 
moist  loam.  Of  the  numerous  other  species  of  Primula,  few 
have  been  tried  in  American  gardens  and  some  are  probably 
tender.  All  deserve  cultivation  ;  many  are  exceedingly 
beautiful  rock-plants. 

Fairy  Primrose,  Androsace. — A  genus  of  very  dwarf 
and  tufted  primrose-like  plants,  mostly  alpine.  Exceed- 
ingly pretty,  of  delicate  colors  and  very  floriferous.  Prob- 


Herbaceous  plants* 


337 


ably  none  have  been  tried  in  American  gardens.  The 
following  are  most  likely  to  succeed  :  A.  alpina,  two  or 
three  inches  high,  with  very  crowded,  tongue-shaped  leaves 
in  rosettes.  Flowers  numerous,  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 
rosy-purple.  On  moist,  mossy  rocks  near  water,  rooting  in 
crevices.  A.  earned,  leaves  awl-shaped,  forming  tufts  or 
cushions  three  inches  high ;  flowers  rose-colored,  umbellate 
on  short  peduncles.  In  crevices  of  rocks.  Pretty.  A. 
Laggeri,  leaves  small,  awl-shaped,  flowers  terminal,  rose- 
colored,  very  numerous  in  spring.  In  crevices  of  moist  and 
shady  rocks.  A.  lanuginosa,  foliage  covered  with  silken 
hairs ;  flower  rose,  with  a  yellow  eye,  umbellate,  on  scapes 
five  or  six  inches  high.  Summer.  In  the  crevices  of  sunny 
rocks.  A  very  beautiful  species. 

Shooting  Star,  Dodecafheon  Meadia. — A  well-known, 
beautiful  woodland  plant  grow- 
ing in  half-shady  positions  in 
rich  soil.  Leaves  six  inches 
or  more,  oblong  or  spade-like, 
in  rosettes.  Scape  commonly 
a  foot  high,  bearing  an  umbel 
of  pretty  large,  rosy -purple  or 
white  flowers  in  early  summer. 
D.  integrifolium  is  a  smaller, 
not  less  desirable  species. 
There  are  also  some  well- 
marked  varieties  of  the  com- 
mon shooting  star.  For 
planting  in  moist  and  half-shady 
positions  in  a  rockery  or  in  patches  in  grassy  shrubberies  or 
thickets. 


FIQ.  147.— SHOOTING  STAR  (DODECATHEON 
MEADIA). 


338 


Iberbaceous  plants. 


Alp  Violet,  Cyclamen  Europeum. — A  charming  florifer- 
ous  plant  of  high,  rich,  cliciduous  woods  in  central  Europe. 
Flowers  solitary  on  single  scapes,  bright  rose-colored,  fra- 
grant, appearing  with  the  heart-shaped,  petioled  leaves  in 
August  or  September  and  forming  quite  a  feature  of  the 
scenery.  The  stem  is  globular  and  tuberous,  half  buried  in 
the  ground.  Hardy  in  the  partial  shade  of  trees  and  ever- 
green shrubs.  One  of  the  most  desirable  plants  for  woodland 


FIG.  148.— ALP  VIOLET  (CYCLAMEN  EUROPEUM). 

scenery  late  in  summer.  Should  be  planted  in  open  woods 
or  thickets  in  a  sandy  loam  made  light  and  rich  by  the  addi- 
tion of  leaf  mold.  There  are  several  other  species,  probably 
not  quite  hardy.  The  finest  are :  C.  Grcecum,  white ;  C. 
Neapolitanicum,  white  and  pink ;  C.  repandum,  with  ivy- 
like  leaves,  rosy -red. 

Loosestrife,  Lysimacliia  vulgaris. — This  is  a  robust  per- 
ennial two  or  three  feet  high,  with  single  stems  and  whorled 
ovate-lanceolate  leaves,  rather  hairy  or  downy.  Flowers 
showy,  bright  yellow,  in  large  terminal  panicles.  A  fine 


Ifoerbaceous  plants.  339 

plant  for  riversides  and  margins  of  water  generally  or  in 
grassy  woods.  The  moneywort  (Ij.  num- 
mularia)  is  a  small  trailer  growing  in  moist 
meadows  or  on  grassy  banks  ;  leaves  opposite, 
rounded ;  flowers  large  yellow,  axillary.  Of- 
ten used  in  vases  and  window-boxes.  Fine  in 
damp  places  in  a  rockery,  or  on  moist  banks. 
Water  Violet,  Hottonia  palustris.  —  A 
handsome  water  plant  with  simple  leafy  stems 
one  or  two  feet  high ;  leaves  pectinate,  feath- 
ery ;  flowers  white  or  lilac  with  a  yellow 
eye,  in  whorls  forming  a  long  terminal  ra- 
ceme. Flowers  in  June.  Pretty  in  shallow 

FIQ.  149.— WATER 

water  or  111  bogs.  VIOLET  (HOTTONIA 

PALUSTRIS). 
THE    BLADDERWOKT    FAMILY. 

Bladderwort,  Utricularia. — A  genus  of  very  handsome 
water  plants  common  in  pools  and  ditches  and  nice  for 
growing  in  cisterns  and  small  artificial  waters.  The  follow- 
ing are  common :  U.  vulgaris,  leaves  pinnate,  divided  into 
thread-like  segments.  The  stems  floating  by  means  of 
bladders  formed  on  the  leaves ;  flowers  several  in  a  raceme, 
inflated,  yellow.  U.  purpurea,  flowers  three  or  four  in  a 
raceme,  violet-purple. 

THE   BIGNO1STA    FAMILY. 

Dwarf  Trumpet  Flower,  Incarvittea  Olgcz. — A  very  or- 
namental perennial  three  or  four  feet  high,  has  pinnate, 
opposite  leaves  with  pinnatifid  segments.  Stems  very 


340  Iberbaceous  plants* 

leafy,  ending  in  a  loose  raceme  of  a  few  large,  rose-colored, 
trumpet-like  flowers  rather  late  in  summer.  This  is  a  very 
desirable  border  plant,  when  well  grown  forming  a  bushy 
specimen  with  very  handsome  foliage  and  flowers.  It  seems 
to  thrive  best  in  a  rich,  sandy  loam  and  a  sunny  position. 

THE    FIGWOKT  FAMILY. 

Salpiglossis,  Salpiglossis  sinuata. —  A  very  pretty 
annual  known  in  gardens  under  the  name  of  variabilis. 
The  stem  is  slender  and  graceful,  two  feet  high,  more  or 
less,  according  to  variety ;  leaves,  lower  ones  pinnatifid  or 
sinuate,  stem  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  entire.  Flowers  at 
the  end  of  the  lateral  branches  large  and  showy,  of  all 
colors,  from  pale  yellow  to  deep  crimson.  Propagated  from 
seeds  sown  in  a  border  in  spring. 

Mullein,  Verbascum. — These  are  chiefly  coarse  weeds  of 
dry  and  barren  fields  and  roadsides.  None  deserve  culti- 
vation in  this  country  with  the  possible  exception  of  V. 
Phceniceum,  a  tall  and  rather  graceful  plant  with  long 
racemes  of  violet  or  red  flowers,  a  weed  in  gravelly  soil. 

Dwarf  Mullein,  Ramondia  pyrenaica. — This  exquisite 
alpine  plant  grows  in  the  crevices  of  moist,  mossy  rocks 
near  running  water  in  half-shady  positions.  It  is  of  a  very 
dwarf  and  compact  habit,  with  coarsely  dentate  and  hairy, 
ovate,  rosulate  leaves,  and  axillary  scapes  bearing  several 
purple,  purplish-blue  or  whitish-blue  flowers  in  great  pro- 
fusion. It  grows  best  in  moderate  shade  near  the  margin 
of  a  rocky  stream,  in  crevices. 

Speedwell,  Veronica. — Few  of  these  are  of  any  import- 
ance as  ornamental  plants.  The  best  are :  V.  longifolia, 


Herbaceous  plants*  341 

a  very  handsome  plant  with  opposite,  ovate  leaves  and  long 
racemes  of  lilac  flowers  late  in  summer.  The  Japanese  vari- 
ety subsessilis  is  a  much  superior  plant  of  a  very  compact 
habit  growing  a  foot  high,  with  very  long  terminal,  cylin- 
drical racemes  of  bright  blue  flowers.  This  variety  deserves 
general  cultivation  in  borders  or  rockeries.  The  german- 
der speedwell  or  angel's  eyes  (  V.  chamcedrys)  is  a  small 
and  slender  herb  of  grassy  fields  and  meadows.  It  is  one  of 
the  prettiest  wild  flowers  in  Europe,  with  bright  green 
leaves  and  terminal  racemes  of  large  sky-blue  flowers  all 
summer.  Deserves  to  be  naturalized  in  grassy  woods  and 
thickets  or  in  moist  lawns. 

Toad-Flax,  Linaria  vulgaris. — A  showy  but  weedy 
plant  that  may  be  used  to  produce  good  effects  on  very 
poor  soil.  It  had  better  be  excluded  from  choice  gardens 
as  it  spreads  too  readily.  Flowers  bright  yellow,  in  long 
terminal  racemes ;  leaves  linear  or  nearly  so,  alternate^ 
crowded  on  the  stems  which  are  mostly  simple.  Height 
one  or  two  feet ;  flowers  all  summer.  L.  macrocana  is  a 
pretty  annual  less  than  a  foot  high,  with  linear  leaves  and 
numerous  racemes  of  deep  lilac  flowers.  Well  worth  grow- 
ing in  a  border.  The  following  two  species  are  very  desira- 
ble alpine  plants  of  neat  habit ;  they  are  very  fine  for  rock- 
eries :  L.  alpina,  stem  slender,  forming  tufted  masses  of 
small,  linear  leaves  ;  flowers  in  head -like  racemes  in  summer 
and  autumn,  bright  bluish-purple  with  a  yellow  centre.  L. 
cymbalaria,  leaves  on  slender,  trailing  stems,  reniform  ; 
flowers  mostly  axillary,  lilac.  Both  are  perennials,  but 
may  be  treated  as  annuals.  They  look  well  in  crevices  of 
rocks  in  half-shady  positions. 


342 


Iberbaceous  plants* 


Snapdragon,  Antirrhinum  majus. — This  perennial  is 
often  grown  as  an  annual  for  summer  bedding.  There  are 
many  beautiful  varieties  of  which  some  are  quite  dwarf  and 
compact,  forming  dense  masses  of  deep  green  foliage ;  leaves 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  opposite ;  flowers  large,  in  terminal 
racemes,  varying  in  color  from  pure  white  to  bright  crimson 
and  purple.  It  may  be  propagated  annually  from  seeds 
sown  in  a  frame  or  greenhouse.  It  forms  nice  beds  and  is 
also  very  desirable  in  borders  and  rockeries. 

Foxglove,  Digitalis  purpurea. — A  very  showy  plant 
with  simple,  erect  stems  from  three  to  five  feet  high, 

lanceolate  or  oblong  wrinkled  leaves 
and  a  long  dense  raceme  of  thimble- 
like    flowers   varying   in   color   from 
purple  to  pale  rose  and  pure  white, 
the  corolla  being  more  or  less  spotted 
inside.     A  desirable  biennial  or  peren- 
nial plant  for  sunny  positions,  easily 
raised  from  seeds.     Large-flowered 
foxglove  (D.  ambigua)  is  less  tall 
and  has  larger,  creamy-white  flow- 
ers veined  with  brown.  Both  flower 
in  summer,  sometimes  quite 
late.     Thrive  in  any  moder- 
ately good  soil.      They  are 
fine  in    borders  and   shrub- 

f\Q.     150.— FOXGLOVE    (DIGITALIS     PURPUREA).    bei'ieS. 

Monkey-Flower,  Mimulus  cardinalis. — A  handsome 
riverside  plant  of  an  erect,  branching  habit,  with  opposite, 
ovate,  stem-clasping  leaves  and  very  showy  axillary  flowers  of 


Iberbaceous  plants. 


343 


a  bright  orange-scarlet  color.  Flowers  freely  in  summer  and 
is  desirable  both  in  borders  and  for  planting  on  the  margins 
of  water  or  in  moist  places  in  a  rockery.  Height  two  feet. 
More  common  is  the  winged  monkey-flower  (M.  alatus),  with 
winged,  erect  stems,  lanceolate,  stalked  leaves,  and  attractive 
blue  flowers  in  early  summer.  Fine  for  naturalizing  on 
moist,  grassy  shores.  Both  are  perennial  but  may  be  propa- 
gated freely  by  means  of  seeds.  Musk  (M.  moschatus)  is  a 
small  trailing  plant  with  numerous  yellow  flowers  all  sum- 
mer. It  is  fine  for  rockeries,  window  boxes,  and  vases,  and 
may  be  raised  annually  from  seeds. 

Shell  Flower,  Pentstemon  bargains. — One  of  our  most 
beautiful  native  plants,  of  an  erect  but  slender  and  graceful 
habit,  with  bright  flowers  late  in 
summer.  Stem  three  or  four  feet 
high  with  smooth,  lanceolate  leaves  ; 
flowers  bright  scarlet,  tubular,  with 
a  bearded  lip,  collected  in  loose 
racemes  or  panicles.  One  of  the  best 
plants  for  a  border  or  for  moist 
places  on  the  shores  of  rivulets  or 
lakes  or  in  open  places  in  shrub- 
beries. Thrives  best  in  a  well-drained 
but  moist  and  rich  soil.  The  variety 
Torreyii  is  larger  with  deeper  colored 
flowers.  The  hybrid  pentstemons  of 
European  gardens  may  be  grown 
with  success  in  the  South  ;  they  are 

1          ,  .„  FIQ.    151.— BEARDED 

extremely   beautitul  and    flonferous  PENTSTEMON 

,  .    ,        „  (PENTSTEMON   BARBATUS 

plants  with  flowers  01  many  colors  TORREYII). 


344  Iberbaceous  plants* 

and  of  a  more  compact  habit  than  the  shell  flower.  They 
must  be  grown  in  a  well-drained,  sandy  soil,  in  beds  that 
should  be  covered  with  leaves  in  winter. 

There  are  several  showy  and  perfectly  hardy  American 
species  that  may  be  grown  in  shrubberies  or  borders  in  light, 
well-drained  soil.  The  best  are  :  P.  Coboea,  flowers  two 
inches  long,  purple  or  sometimes  white.  Height  one  or  two 
feet.  P.  grandiflorus,  as  tall  as  the  preceding  species ; 
flowers  showy,  lilac-purple.  P.  Hartwegii,  a  Southern  spe- 
cies, somewhat  tender ;  may  be  wintered  in  a  frame  and 
planted  out  in  beds  in  summer.  Flowers  very  beautiful 
scarlet-crimson,  panicled.  Height  two  feet. 

THE    ACANTHUS    FAMILY. 

Acanthe,  Acanthus  mollis. — An  old-fashioned  plant  with 
pretty,  large,  heart-shaped,  lobed  leaves,  forming  a  fine  mass 
of  foliage.  Flowers  insignificant,  in  whorls  collected  in 
long,  erect  spikes.  For  sheltered  positions  in  shrubberies 
only,  in  good  sandy  loam  protected  with  a  covering  of 
leaves  in  winter. 

THE  MINT  FAMILY. 

Lavender,  Lavandula  vera. — A  small,  sweet-scented 
shrub  used  for  edging  borders  and  walks  in  kitchen  gardens. 
Forms  a  bushy,  grayish  shrub  one  or  two  feet  high  with 
linear-lanceolate  leaves  and  numerous  slender  spikes  of 
pale  blue  flowers.  Increased  by  means  of  seeds.  When 
planted  for  edging  it  should  be  trimmed  into  a  low,  close 
hedge  for  which  purpose  it  is  very  desirable. 

Peppermint,  Meniha  piperita. — Cultivated  on  account  of 
its  fragrant  leaves  ;  spreads  readily  by  means  of  running 


Herbaceous  plants.  345 

underground  shoots.  May  be  naturalized  on  moist,  grassy 
banks. 

Hyssop,  Hyssopis  officinalis. — A  bushy  plant  one  or  two 
feet  high  with  linear-lanceolate  leaves  and  numerous  blue 
flowers  in  crowded  terminal  spikes  in  summer.  Very 
sweet-scented.  Used  in  the  same  way  as  lavender. 

Wild  Thyme,  Thymus  Serpyllum. — A  creeping,  tufted 
herb  forming  mats  of  small  green  leaves  ;  flowers  rosy- 
purple  or  flesh-colored,  very  numerous.  Tli.  Cliamcedrys  is 
an  almost  similar  species.  Both  grow  in  poor,  gravelly  soil  in 
open  and  sunny  positions,  and  are  quite  showy  when  grown 
in  large  masses  and  covered  with  flowers.  Fine  for  dry  rock- 
eries or  when  naturalized  in  sunny,  barren  lawns.  Propagated 
by  means  of  seeds  or  division.  Stem  somewhat  woody. 

Sage,  Salvia  officinalis. — A  very  sweet-scented  herb 
with  oblong-lanceolate,  hoary  leaves  in  tufted  masses ;  flow- 
ers blue  in  spiked  whorls.  Grown  in  borders  for  its  fra- 
grant leaves.  The  meadow  sage  (8.  pratensis)  is  a  fine 
hardy  plant  growing  about  two  feet  high,  with  ovate 
leaves  three  or  more  inches  long;  flowers  in  whorls  col- 
lected in  long  bracteate  spikes ;  blue,  purple,  bright  rose, 
or  sometimes  two-colored ;  bracts  colored.  Habit  graceful, 
slender.  Fine  for  naturalizing  on  moist,  grassy  banks,  or 
on  the  border  of  thickets  or  shrubberies.  Flowers  all  sum- 
mer. 8.  bicolor  is  a  handsome  plant  for  a  border  or  rock- 
ery ;  flowers  blue  and  white  dotted  with  yellow,  whorled 
in  long  racemes ;  root-leaves  pinnatifid  or  palmately  lobed ; 
stem-leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Hardy  biennial,  easily 
raised  from  seeds  for  summer  flowering.  The  following  are 
tender  perennials  that  may  be  raised  and  treated  as  annuals 


346  Iberbaceous  plants. 

in  the  North :  S.  splendens,  stem  almost  simple,  three  or 
four  feet  high,  terminated  by  a  long  whorled  raceme  of 
bright  scarlet  bracts  and  flowers ;  leaves  bright  green,  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate  sometimes  heart-shaped  at  the  base. 
An  exceedingly  showy,  bushy  plant,  forming  masses  of 
the  most  intense  color.  Exceptionally  fine  for  summer- 
bedding.  8.  coccinea,  about  half  as  large  as  the  preceding 
kind ;  flowers  scarlet-red  in  loose,  distant  whorls,  racemose. 
8.  fulgens,  flowers  two  inches  long,  scarlet,  in  six-flowered 
whorls  collected  in  long  racemes.  Stem  branching,  two  or 
three  feet  high.  8.  patens  ;  leaves  petiolate,  deltoid  or 
cordate;  stem  slender,  terminating  in  a  few-flowered  ra- 
ceme; flowers  intense  blue,  very  handsome.  These  may 
be  propagated  annually  from  seed  in  a  frame  or  green- 
house for  summer  bedding,  or  stored  in  a  cool  place  in 
winter.  They  are  easy  of  culture,  will  do  well  in  ordinary 
garden  soil  in  sunny  positions,  and  are  ideal  bedding  plants 
for  American  gardens. 

Rosemary,  Itownarinus  officinalis. — A  sweet-scented, 
somewhat  tender  herb  of  old  cottage  gardens. 

Bee  Balm,  Monarda  didyma. — A  beautiful  native  river- 
side plant  of  the  greatest  ornamental  value,  growing  about 
two  feet  high,  with  ovate-lanceolate  leaves  and  numerous 
heads  of  bright  red  flowers.  Exceptionally  fine  for  plant- 
ing by  the  margin  of  water  or  in  moist  places  in  a  rockery. 

Wild  bergamot  (M.  fistulosa)  is  of  a  nearly  similar 
habit,  but  a  native  of  rocky  woods,  generally  growing  in 
partial  shade  in  rich  soil.  Flowers  rose-colored  in  large 
heads.  For  planting  in  thickets  and  shrubberies  in  dense 
masses ;  very  effective.  Both  flower  in  June  or  July. 


fberbaceous  plants*  347 

Hedge  Nettle,  Stachys. — Most  of  these  are  insignificant 
weeds ;  a  few  are  very  showy,  but  tender.  8.  lanata  is  a 
procumbent  plant  with  hairy,  silvery-gray  leaves  of  an  ob- 
long outline ;  flowers  inconspicuous.  Nice  for  rockeries  or 
in  carpet  bedding.  S.  coccinea  is  a  small  bushy  perennial 
almost  as  showy  as  the  scarlet  sage  but  not  so  large.  May 
be  treated  in  the  same  way  and  used  for  summer  bedding 
or  in  rockeries. 

THE    BOKAGE    FAMILY. 

Lungwort,  Pulmonaria  officinalis. — An  attractive,  small 
spring-flowering  plant  common  in  open,  grassy  woods  in 
Europe.  Leaves  of  the  root  ovate-heart-shaped, 
of  the  stem  ovate-oblong ;  stems  simple  about  a 
foot  high  ending  in  a  small  cyme  of  red  and 
violet  flowers.  The  following  are  also  very  de- 
sirable :  P.  angustifolia,  blue  cowslip ;  leaves 
narrower,  downy ;  flowers  in  twin  racemes, 
pink,  changing  into  a  bright  blue;  habit  and 
size  like  the  first.  P.  saccharata,  leaves  spot- 
ted white ;  flowers  erect,  pink.  P.  moltis,  a 
nice  little  rock  plant,  spreading,  eight  to  nine  152-BLUE 

inches   high ;    flowers   numerous,   large,   blue ;    .  COWSL|P 
°  (PULMONARIA 

leaves  ovate-lanceolate.  All  but  the  last  are  ANGUSTIFOLIA). 
woodland  plants ;  they  may  be  grown  in  shrubberies 
among  other  flowers,  or  in  rockeries  in  light  and  rich  soil. 
Virginian  Cowslip,  Mertensia  Virginica. — A  pretty,  rare 
American  plant  scattered  in  low  woods  in  alluvial  soil. 
Very  ornamental,  with  stems  a  couple  of  feet  high,  smooth, 
almost  glaucous,  leaves  obovate ;  radical  ones  petioled. 


348  Iberbaceous  plants. 

Flowers  handsome,  in  terminal  clusters,  pale  blue  or  lilac, 
in  early  summer.  Nice  for  moist  and  half-shady  positions 
in  rocky  woods  and  shrubberies. 

Golden  Drop,  Onosma  stellulatum. — Somewhat  like  the 
preceding  species,  but  with  narrower  linear-lanceolate  or 
spatulate  leaves ;  stem  only  six  or  eight  inches  high ; 
flowers  in  curved  racemes,  tubular,  bright  yellow  or  white. 
A  neat  plant  for  rockeries,  flowering  in  summer.  The 
variety  tauricum  is  larger  with  pure  yellow  flowers. 

Arnebia,  A.  echioides. — A  fine  spreading  plant  for  shady 
rockeries.  Stem  ascending,  eight  or  nine  inches  high  with 
oblong,  ciliated  leaves  and  terminal  spikes  of  very  showy 
yellow  flowers ;  corolla  marked  with  five  large,  black  spots 
in  the  angles  of  the  segments.  A.  Griffitliii,  smaller,  with 
bright  yellow  flowers.  May  be  treated  as  an  annual.  Both 
are  very  desirable.  Thrive  well  in  a  rich,  sandy  soil. 

Hairy  Puccoon,  Lithospcrmum  Mrtum. — A  pretty  peren- 
nial about  a  foot  high  with  linear-lanceolate  leaves  and 
showy,  orange-yellow  flowers  in  terminal  cymes.  L.  Gas- 
toni,  a  European  mountain  plant,  has  bright  sky-blue 
flowers  in  summer.  Both  are  fine  rock  plants. 

Forget-me-not,  Myosotis  palustris. — A  very  beautiful 
plant  of  the  old  world,  growing  in  or  near  water  on  the 
margin  of  clear  running  streams  or  brooks,  in  sunny  posi- 
tions. Leaves  mostly  tufted  at  the  root,  oblong,  bright 
green  ;  flowering  stems  about  eight  inches  high  with  a  long, 
slightly  curving  raceme  of  sky-blue,  yellow-eyed  flowers. 
Grows  in  large  masses  and  is  very  effective  when  flowering 
in  summer.  Very  desirable,  but  should  be  grown  under 
quite  natural  conditions  in  order  to  retain  its  freshness  and 


Herbaceous  plants.  349 

beauty;  planted  on  the  water  level  or  even  in  shallow 
water  on  the  margin  of  a  stream  it  will  prove  to  be  one  of 
the  most  attractive  of  plants.  M.  dissitiflora  is  a  nice  flo- 
riferous  border  plant  with  looser  racemes,  and  flowers  earlier 
in  spring. 

Alkanet,  Aiichusa  tiiwtoria. — A  low,  diffuse  herb  with 
deep  blue  flowers  in  twin  racemes,  flowering  in  early  sum- 
mer. Pretty  in  a  rockery.  A  more  desirable  plant  is 
A.  Italica,  which  grows  to  the  height  of  three  feet,  forming 
a  broad  mass.  Flowers  in  panicled  racemes  bright  bluish- 
purple.  Border.  A.  myosotidifiora  ;  root-leaves  reniform 
or  cordate,  quite  large,  stem-leaves  ovate  ;  flowers  deep  blue 
in  panicled  racemes.  Rockery. 

Navelwort,  OmpJialodes  verna. — A  dwarf  tufted  plant 
with  ovate  leaves  ;  flowers  intensely  blue,  white-eyed,  in 
loose  axillary  racemes  early  in  spring;  very  useful  for 
edging  beds  or  borders.  0.  LuciUce  is  one  of  the  finest 
plants  in  the  order  ;  the  flowers  are  about  half  an  inch 
across,  lilac-blue,  and  appear  in  summer.  A  very  beautiful 
plant  for  shrubberies,  in  rich  soil  and  half-shady  positions. 

Hound's  Tongue,  Cynoglossum  linifolium. — An  annual 
with  pretty  white  flowers  in  summer.  Raised  from  seeds 
sown  in  a  border  in  spring.  Also  nice  in  beds  and 
rockeries. 

Comfrey,  SympJiytum  officinale. — A  plant  with  rather 
large,  oblong-lanceolate  root-leaves  and  white  or  yellowish 
flowers  in  curved  racemes.  Very  floriferous,  but  not  showy. 
S.  asperrimum  has  more  showy,  blue-purple  flowers.  Both 
are  best  adapted  to  planting  on  grassy  shores  of  rivulets  or 
lakes  in  half-shady  positions.  Flower  throughout  summer. 


35° 


Herbaceous  plants. 


THE   WATER-LEAF   FAMILY. 

Blue  Eyes,  Nemophila  insignia. — A  very  beautiful  an- 
nual with  pinnate  leaves,  deeply  cut  leaflets,  slender  stems, 
and  numerous  sky-blue  flowers  in  summer. 
The  flowers  measure  an  inch  across.  When 
sown  in  beds  it  forms  dense  masses  of  leaves 
and  flowers  about  eight  inches  high.  AT.  atoma- 
ria,  white  with  numerous  purplish-blue  clots. 
AC  maculata,  flowers  large,  white,  with  a  deep 

FIQ.  153.— SPOT-  TIT  T»T  '7    T 

TED  NEMOPHILA    violet   blotch   on  each  lobe.     JN.  discoidalis, 

(NEMOPHILA    MAC-  . 

ULATA).  chocolate-brown  with  white  border.  All  are 
charming  summer  flowers  of  the  easiest  culture.  To  be 
sown  in  a  bed  or  border  early  in  spring. 

THE    POLEMONITJM    FAMILY. 

Phlox. — Very  beautiful  annual  and  perennial  herbs  of 
an  erect  or  trailing  habit,  flowering  in  spring,  summer,  and 
autumn.  The  best  spring- 
flowering  kinds  are  :  P. 
subulata,  the  moss  pink; 
leaves  awl-shaped;  stems 

procumbent,  forming  FIQ.  154.-MOSS  PINK  (PHLOX  SUBULATA). 
dense  mats  of  foliage;  flowers  very  numerous,  pink  or  rosy- 
purple,  sometimes  white,  in  small  clusters.  Fine  for  dry 
ground,  for  naturalizing  on  barren  hillsides.  P.  amcena, 
stems  ascending,  from  six  inches  to  a  foot  high,  forming 
spreading  masses ;  leaves  lanceolate ;  flowers  corymbose, 
purple,  pink,  or  white.  Rockeries  or  barren  ground.  P. 
reptans,  stem  less,  spreading  by  runners  forming  rosettes 
of  obovate  leaves  ;  flowering  stems  nearly  bare,  with  a  large 
corymb  of  purple  or  violet  flowers.  Common  in  moist 


Herbaceous  plants* 


351 


woods  in  the  South.  P.  divaricata,  very  beautiful,  larger 
than  the  last  named  ;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate  ;  flowers 
large,  pale  blue,  lilac,  or  white,  in  loose  corymbs  on  pedun- 
cles six  or  eight  inches  high.  A  beautiful  woodland  plant. 
The  last  two  are  fine  for  naturalizing  in  woods  and  thick- 
ets. The  following  are  tall,  autumn-flowering  perennials : 
P.  paniculata,  from  two  to  four  feet  high,  with  ovate-lanceo- 
late leaves  and  large  terminal  panicles  of  highly  colored 
flowers.  The  numerous  garden  varieties  raised  from  this 
species  and  P.  maculata,  a  similar  but  dwarfer  species, 
vary  in  height,  in  the  size  of  the  inflorescence,  and  in  color, 
which  ranges  from  the  purest  white  to  the  most  intense 
crimson  and  purple  tints.  They  are  generally  grown  as  bor- 
der plants  but  may  also  be  used  sparingly  to  produce  beau- 
tiful effects  in  wild  gardening  and  in  shrubberies.  Thrive 
best  in  sunny  positions  and  in  a  light  but  rich  soil. 

Phlox  Drummondl  is  a  valuable  annual  having  flowers 
of  all  colors  except  blue  and  yellow.  It  is  very  floriferous, 
and  useful  for  summer  bedding. 
Seeds  may  be  sown  either  in  a 
frame  or  in  the  open  ground. 

Jacob's  Ladder,  Polemonium 
cceruleum. — An  old-  fashioned 
border  plant  with  long,  narrow, 
pinnate  leaves  forming  a  dense 
mass  of  foliage,  and  blue  flow- 
ers in  a  long  panicle.  Flowers 
in  early  summer.  May  be  grown 
in  borders  or  rockeries  or  natur-  FIQ.  155— PHLOX  (PHLOX  DRUMMONDD. 
alized  on  grassy  banks.  P.  reptans  forms  a  tufted  mass  of 


352  Herbaceous  plants. 

pinnate  leaves ;  flowers  large,  nodding,  corymbose.  A 
desirable  woodland  plant  for  shady  rockeries  and  shrub- 
beries. 

THE   CONVOLVULUS   FAMILY. 

Tricolored  Bindweed,  C.  tricolor. — An  annual  trailing 
plant  useful  for  beds  or  rockeries.  Leaves  obovate,  almost 
sessile,  hairy;  stem  branching,  ascending;  flowers  large, 
axillary,  sky-blue,  with  white  centre  and  yellow  throat. 
Raised  from  seeds  sown  on  the  place  in  spring.  Field 
bindweed  (C.  arvensis)  is  a  perennial  vine  growing  in  bar- 
ren and  sandy  soil,  and  therefore  useful  in  dry  situations. 
Leaves  ovate  or  slightly  hastate.  Flowers  axillary,  delicate 
rose  with  white  centre,  very  numerous  all  summer.  May 
be  used  in  vases  and  window-boxes  or  to  trail  among 
rocks. 

THE   POTATO    FAMILY. 

Solanum. — Many  of  the  annual  species  have  very  orna- 
mental foliage,  usually  broad,  sinuate,  prickly  leaves,  form- 
ing handsome  masses.  They  are  used  in  foliage-groups  and 
may  easily  be  raised  from  seeds.  Some  of  our  own  weeds 
like  the  horse  nettle  (8.  Carolinense)  may  be  used  for  this 
purpose  with  good  effect.  A  few  others  are  S.  lacinia- 
tum,  S.  robustum,  S.  marginatum,  and  S.  Warsewiczii. 

Ground  Cherry,  Physalis  Alkekengi. — A  straggling  weed 
from  Southern  Europe,  one  or  two  feet  high,  with  trian- 
gular leaves  and  greenish  flowers  of  which  the  calix  devel- 
ops to  inclose  the  fruit,  and  assumes  a  bright  red  color  in 
late  summer.  Propagated  by  means  of  seeds. 

Petunia,  Petunia  nyctaginiflora. — Annual,  or  cultivated 
as  such,  with  ascending  stems  and  oblong  or  spatulate, 


Herbaceous  plants.  353 

hairy  leaves ;  flowers  originally  white,  now  found  in  all 
colors.  P.  violacea ;  leaves  smaller,  ovate-lanceolate, 
rosy-red  or  violet.  The  original  species  is  seldom  met ;  the 
hybrid  forms  sold  under  the  name  of  P.  hybrida  are  the 
most  common,  and  are  much  used  for  summer  bedding. 
The  finest  strains  of  these  are  grandiflora,  found  in  the 
following  colors :  white,  white  and  rose,  rose-crimson,  car- 
mine, violet,  and  often  two-colored  ;  grandiflora  flore  pleno, 
the  double  varieties  of  the  above ;  superbissima,  fine  out- 
line, wide  throat,  and  brilliant  colors.  All  are  propagated 
by  means  of  seeds  sown  in  the  open  ground  or  in  a  cool 
frame  or  greenhouse. 

Tobacco,  Nicotiana. — The  only  species  generally  grown 
for  ornament  is  the  very  handsome  and  desirable  JST.  affi- 
nis.  As  an  annual,  it  may  be  propagated  with  ease.  The 
leaves  are  comparatively  small,  six  inches  long,  ovate,  stem- 
leaves  smaller  ;  stems  two  or  three  feet  high,  simple,  bearing 
a  loose  panicle  of  creamy  white  flowers  with  a  terete  tube 
three  inches  long  and  a  flat  limb  as  much  across.  Forms 
very  nice  beds  in  summer.  The  ground  between  the  plants 
may  be  covered  with  some  low,  constant-flowering  species 
such  as  pansies  or  bedding  violets,  or  even  verbenas. 

THE   GENTIAN   FAMILY. 

Gentian,  Gentiana. — These  are  very  attractive  plants, 
but  sometimes  difficult  to  cultivate.  They  do  best  when 
introduced  under  natural  conditions  and  left  undisturbed 
afterwards.  Some  of  the  rarest  and  choicest  of  all  herba- 
ceous plants  belong  to  this  genus.  Most  common  are : 


354 


Iberbaceous  plants. 


fringed  gentian  (G.  crinita),  a  very  beautiful  American 
plant  of  moist  ground  on  the  outskirts  of  thickets  and 
woods.  Stem  erect,  eight  inches  or  a  foot  high  with 
broadly  lanceolate  leaves  ;  flowers  erect,  solitary,  terminat- 
ing the  branches ;  corolla  intensely  blue,  tubular  with  four 
fringed  lobes ;  flowering  late  in  the  season.  Annual  or  bi- 
ennial. Seeds  to  be  collected  and  sown  in  a  moist  lawn  or 
on  a  grassy  bank.  G.  angustifolia  is  a  perennial,  from  half 
a  foot  to  a  foot  high,  with  linear  leaves  and  sky-blue  flow- 
ers. In  moist  sandy  soil.  G.  Andrewsii,  erect,  with 
simple  stems  or  branches,  flowers  blue,  closed.  G.  Pneu- 
monanthe ;  a  European  species  of  moist,  peaty  soil. 
Leaves  almost  linear,  sterns  simple,,  eight  inches  or  a  foot 
high,  bearing  axillary  and  terminal  clusters 
of  deep  blue  flowers.  The  following  are  fine 
for  moist  places  in  rockeries  :  Gr.  acaulis,  a  very 
handsome  plant  growing  on  the  borders  of 
alpine  rivulets.  Leaves  all  radical  or  nearly 
so,  broadly  ovate,  crowded  ;  flowers  erect,  cam- 
pa  nulate,  solitary,  on  short  stems ;  corolla  two 
inches  long  and  nearly  as  broad,  deep  blue  with 
five  yellow  bands  down  the  throat.  Flowering 
in  spring.  G.  verna,  the  smallest  of  all  the  spe- 
cies, as  large  as  or  slightly  larger  than  the 
common  bluet.  Stems  much  branched,  form- 
FLOWER  (QEN-  [Ucf  tufted  masses  three  inches  high  ;  leaves 

TIANAPNEUMO 

NANTHE).  small,  ovate ;  flowers  numerous,  erect,  corolla 
azure  blue.  Flowers  in  spring.  This  one  may  be  grown 
among  the  grass  in  moist  sandy  lawns  ;  cannot  be  grown  in 
a  dry  place. 


FIQ.  156. 
BLUE  WIND- 


Ifoerbaceous  plants.  355 

Water-Trefoil,  Menyanthes  trifoliata. — A  very  beauti- 
ful water  plant  with  trifoliate  leaves,  somewhat  fleshy,  as 
is  the  creeping  and  rooting  stem;  flowers  handsome,  white 
tinged  with  bright  rose,  in  a  dense  raceme  on  scapes  about 
a  foot  high.  May  be  grown  as  a  water  plant  in  open  and 
sunny  positions  or  in  boggy  ground  on  the  margins  of  a 
stream.  Flowers  in  spring. 

THE    LOGANTA   FAMILY. 

Indian  Pink,  Spigelia  Marylandica. — A  showy  native 
plant  growing  a  foot  high,  more  or  less ;  with  simple  stem 
and  smooth,  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate  leaves.  Flowers  in 
terminal  clusters,  large,  of  a  delicate  rosy -red  with  yellow 
throat  and  deep  lanceolate  lobes.  In  woods  or  sometimes 
on  railroad  embankments  in  moist  ground  ;  very  beautiful 
in  masses  when  flowering.  May  be  grown  in  moist  places, 
in  rockeries,  or  on  the  margins  of  water. 

THE    DOGBANE    FAMILY. 

Dogbane,  Apocynum  androscemifolium. — A  very  loose 
and  spreading  plant  growing  several  feet  high  ;  leaves  ovate, 
smooth  ;  flowers  urn-like,  small,  white  or  tinted  rose  in 
terminal  cymes.  Common  on  the  margins  of  woods  and 
thickets.  Will  grow  in  any  soil. 

Amsonia,  A.  Taberncemontana. — A  modest  and  attractive 
plant  with  simple,  leafy  stems  growing  eighteen  inches  or 
two  feet  high,  with  willow-like  leaves  and  terminal  clusters 
of  pale  blue  flowers  in  summer.  Fine  for  a  rockery  or  for 
borders  of  shrubberies. 


356  IfoerJbaceous  plants* 

THE  MILKWEED  FAMILY. 

Silkweed,  Asclepias. — Mostly  showy,  sometimes  coarse 
and  weedy,  American  plants  with  opposite  or  whorled 
leaves  and  white,  purple,  or  orange-yellow  flowers.  The 
most  desirable  are :  The  butterfly  weed  (A.  tuberosa),  a 
plant  of  dry  hills  and  sandy  fields  with  simple  stems,  narrow 
oblong  leaves,  and  large  compound  corymbs  of  bright 
orange-colored  flowers  in  summer.  Fine  for  rockeries  or 
naturalized  in  barren  soil.  A.  rubra,  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
flowers  umbellate,  reddish  purple  ;  on  river  banks  or  in 
moist,  sandy  ground.  A.  incarnata,  stem  branching,  two 
feet  high  or  more ;  leaves  lanceolate ;  flowers  rosy-purple, 
umbellate,  collected  into  a  large  flat  corymb.  A  handsome 
plant  of  low  ground.  A.  quadrifolia,  stem  about  a  foot 
high,  smooth,  with  several  whorls  of  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late leaves,  four  in  a  whorl ;  flowers  of  a  delicate  rosy-red 
or  white.  A  very  attractive  plant  of  rocky  woods  suitable 
for  similar  places  in  the  garden  or  park. 

THE    BIRTH  WORT    FAMILY. 

Birthwort,  Aristolochia  dematitis. — A  bushy  and  orna- 
mental foliage-plant,  with  deep  green,  cordate  leaves,  and 
small,  axillary,  greenish-yellow  flowers  in  summer.  Height 
about  two  feet.  As  a  foliage-plant  in  rockeries  or  on  the 
margins  of  water. 

THE  FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY. 

Four-o'Clock,  Mirabilis  Jalapa. — Generally  grown  as 
an  annual  in  old  gardens.  A  bushy,  leafy,  and  showy  plant 
with  white,  yellow,  rose-colored,  or  crimson  flowers  in 


Herbaceous  plants.  357 

summer.  Stems  branching,  two  feet  high  or  more ;  leaves 
broadly  ovate  or  heart-shaped.  Very  floriferous;  ornamen- 
tal in  beds  or  borders. 

Sand  Vervain,  Abronia  umbellaia. — A  slender,  trailing 
plant  grown  as  an  annual  in  rockeries  or  for  filling  vases 
and  window-boxes;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  flowers  umbel- 
late, rosy-purple.  May  be  grown  for  beds  in  sandy  ground 
and  can  be  sown  on  the  place. 

THE    AMARANTH    FAMILY. 

Amaranth,  Amaranthus. — Many  of  these  are  coarse  and 
weedy  in  appearance  though  rather  showy.  They  fit  in  in 
no  natural  scenery  that  can  be  produced  in  a  garden  and 
are  out  of  place  except  in  a  border.  The  following  are  the 
most  common  :  A.  caudatus,  prince's  feather,  tall  with  red 
flowers  in  drooping  panicles.  A.  melancholicus  ruber,  or 
love-lies-bleeding,  almost  similar,  entirely  red.  Sown  in  the 
open  ground  early  in  spring. 

Cockscomb,  Celosia  cristata. — Annual,  with  erect,  close, 
pyramidal  panicles  of  white,  yellow,  rosy-red  or  crimson 
flowers.  There  are  many  varieties  of  which  some  are  dwarf, 
with  an  inflorescence  widely  differing  from  that  of  the 
original  form.  Often  grown  in  beds  and  borders  and  raised 
annually  from  seeds. 

THE    BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY. 

Japanese  Knot-weed,  Polygonum  cuspidatum. — A  tall 
and  graceful  perennial  growing  five  or  six  feet  high,  more 
or  less.  Stems  slender  and  very  leafy,  producing  ample, 
feathery  panicles  of  white  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 


358  Iberbaceous  flMants. 

leaves ;  leaves  large,  oval-oblong,  sometimes  heart-shaped, 
stalked.  Forms  a  nice  mass  of  foliage  and  flowers  and  is 
particularly  attractive  on  the  margins  of  water  or  as  a  back- 
ground  in  moist  places  of  a  rockery.  It  may  also  be  grown 
as  a  specimen  on  the  lawn.  This  species  is  better  in  every 
particular  than  the  much  larger  P.  SacJialiense  which,  al- 
though very  ornamental,  is  apt  to  spread  and  become  a  weed. 
Both  thrive  best  in  a  rich  and  moist  soil  and  in  half-shady 
positions. 

Rhubarb,  Ulieum  palmatum. — This  is  a  handsome  foliage 
plant  with  large,  palmately  lobed  leaves,  and  tall,  leafy 
panicles  of  creamy-white  flowers.  It  forms  a  nice  specimen 
on  the  lawn,  in  or  out  of  flower.  Even  the  common  rhu- 
barb may  be  employed  for  ornamental  purposes,  as  very 
few  foliage  plants  are  more  attractive.  Rhubarbs  should 
be  grown  in  well  worked  and  fertile  soil  in  order  to  develop 
as  large  leaves  as  possible. 

THE    SPURGE  FAMILY. 

Flowering  Spurge,  Eupliorlna  corollata. — A  branching, 
slender  and  graceful  plant  about  two  feet  high,  very  light 
and  airy  in  appearance.  Leaves  ovate  or  linear  on  the  upper 
branches,  few  ;  alternate  below,  opposite  above  ;  the  five 
bracts  around  the  greenish  flowers,  white,  petal-like,  form- 
ing numerous  corolla-like  involucres.  Floriferous  and  orna- 
mental, flowering  late  in  the  season.  Will  thrive  well  in 
rockeries  in  dry  and  gravelly  soil  in  sunny  and  exposed 
positions. 

Palma-Christi,  Ricinus  communis. — This  well-known 
plant  may  be  used  for  foliage  groups  with  good  effect.  The 


Iberbaceous  plants.  359 

large,  handsome  leaves 'are  very  prnaniental  in  young  plants. 
It  will  grow:  to  the  height  °'f  six  or  eight  feet  when  treated 
as  an  annual  and  should  be  used  only  as  such.  The  seeds 
are  sown  in  a  greenhouse  or  frame  early  in  spring.  The 
young  plants  grow  rapidly.  Thrives  best  in  a  rich  and  well 
worked  garden  soil. 

THE  ARUM  FAMILY. 

f  -'•      ^  ••    •-•          /-,..-  ;        -        - 

Cuckoo-Pint,  Arum  maculatum.—A.  very  ornamental 
plant  nine  inches  high,  forming  handsome  masses  of  foliage. 
Leaves  sagitate  or  hastate,  bright  green  with  black-purple 
spots.  Flowers  whitish,  spotted.  Nice  in  moist  places  in 
a  rockery  or  wood  or  on  the  margin  of  a  stream.  The 
evergreen  Arum  italicum  is  also  useful  for  covering  the 
ground  beneath  trees  and  shrubs  in  moist  places. 

Arrow- Leaf,  Peltandra  Virginica. — A  common  water- 
side plant  from  one  to  two  feet  high.  Leaves  large,  has- 
tate, pale  green,  forming  nice  masses  of  foliage;  flowers 
insignificant.  In  very  shallow  water  or  in  moist  places  in 
a  rockery. 

Wild  Calla,  Calla  palustris. — Very  attractive;  leaves 
ovate  or  heart-shaped,  erect,  bright  green.  Spotless  white 
and  showy,  spadix  yellow.  Height  six  or  eight  inches.  A 
handsome  plant  for  very  shallow  water;  may  be  grown  in 
tubs  for  cisterns  and  small  ponds. 

THE    WATER-PLANTAIN    FAMILY. 

•*    '  "•  ,         •  •  '""''......., 

Water  Plantain,  Alisma  Plantago. — Leaves  all  radical, 
ovate  or  heart-shaped,  on  long  petioles.  Flowers  small, 
white,  in  a  large  panicle  two  feet  high.  In  shallow  water, 


36° 


Iberbaceous  plants. 


naturalized.  Desirable.  The  floating  water-plantain  (A. 
natans)  is  a  very  handsome  plant  of  ponds  and  stagnant 
water ;  flowers  showy,  white,  solitary  from  the  axils  of  the 
long-stalked,  small,  elliptical  leaves. 

Arrow-Head,  Sagittaria  sagittifolia. — A  handsome  plant 
'for  shallow  water,  growing  less  than  two 
feet  high.  Leaves  hastate,  all  radical. 
Flowers  in  a  small  raceme  as  tall  as  the 
leaves,  half  an  inch  across;  petals  three, 
pure  white,  stamens  yellow.  Fine  in  cis- 
terns or  small  ponds,  planted  in  tubs. 

Water  Poppy,  Limnocharis  Hiimboldtii. 
—The  showiest  of  the  more  common  plants 
of   the   family,  tender  in   the  North  but 
may  be  used  anywhere  for  summer  display. 
Leaves    rounded,    bright    green,   floating. 

FIG.  157.— ARROW-HEAD  .  •    i        i 

(SAGITTARIA  sAGiTTi-     Flowers  solitary,  large,  with  three  sulphur- 
yellow    petals.     The   plant    flowers   con- 
stantly in  summer.     It  may  be  planted  in  shallow  pans  in 
rich  soil  and  sunk  a  few  inches  below  the  surface  of  the 
water.     Stored  in  a  greenhouse  in  winter. 

THE    PONTEDERIA    FAMILY. 

Water  Hyacinth,  Eichornia  crassipes. — A  floating  plant 
with  swollen  leaf-stalks,  rounded  leaves  in  rosettes,  and 
erect  racemes  of  blue  flowers  in  summer.  Racemes  of  flow- 
ers resembling  hyacinths.  May  be  grown  and  treated  in 
the  same  manner  as  water  poppy,  but  needs  no  soil.  Pick- 
erel-weed (Pontederia  cordata)  is  of  a  similar  habit  but  has 
smaller  flowers.  It  is  perfectly  hardy. 


Ifoerbaceous  plants.  361 

A  very  interesting  water  plant  belonging  to  another 
family  is  the  water  hawthorn  (Aponageton  distachiori). 
It  has  small  flowers  disposed  in  forked  spikes,  white,  as  are 
the  rather  fleshy  bracts ;  sweet-scented.  Leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  bright  green.  Planted  and  treated  as  water 
poppy. 

THE    ORCHIS    FAMILY. 

Orchis. — A  genus  of  very  showy  meadow  or  woodland 
plants  with  a  few  more  or  less  broadly  lanceolate  leaves  in 
a,  rosette  disposed  around  a  leafy,  flowering  stem  bearing  a 
raceme  of  white,  yellow,  or  purple  flowers  in  spring  or  sum- 
mer. It  includes  some  of  our  rarest  flowers,  which  are  some- 
times difficult  to  cultivate.  The  secret  of  success  lies  in 
selecting  quite  natural  positions  and  in  transferring  the 
plants  without  the  least  disturbance  to  the  roots.  The  roots 
are  sometimes  tuberous,  always  brittle  and  tender.  The 
best  species  for  cultivation  are  :  0.  maculata,  leaves  lanceo- 
late, spotted  black,  flowers  purple  in  a  short  spike  on  stems 
a  foot  high.  O.  mascula,  leaves  spotted  brown,  flowers  of 
richer  purple  in  a  long  and  loose  spike,  spring  flowering. 
O.  foliosa,  leaves  numerous,  oblong,  smooth  and  green ; 
flowers  purple,  in  spikes  eight  or  nine  inches  long,  three 
inches  in  diameter  on  steins  eighteen  inches  high  or  more  ; 
very  showy.  O.  spectabilis,  American  species  ;  leaves  two, 
oblong-obovate  ;  flowers  pink  and  white  in  bracted  racemes 
five  or  six  inches  high.  All  are  fine  in  woodland  scenery. 
Beds  of  rich,  well  decayed  leaf  mold  and  sandy  loam  a 
foot  deep  should  be  prepared  for  these  in  a  half-shady  posi- 
tion. Plant  in  August  or  September  and  water  thoroughly. 


362 


Iberbaceous  plants. 


Purple  Fringed  Orchis,  Habenaria  JmMata.— A  tall 
meadow  plant  two  or  three  feet  high;-  root-leaves  oval, 
stem-leaves  lanceolate,  small;  flowers  large, 
violet-purple  with  a  beautifully  fringed  lip; 
spikes  loose,  few-flowered.  For  planting  in 
very  moist  places  in  a  rockery  in  beds  pre- 
pared as  for  orchis.  The  best  orchid  to  cul- 
tivate is  H.  conopsea,  a  small  but  beautiful 
plant  with  rosy -purple  flowers.  The  night 
violet  (H.  chloranthd)  is  a  very  handsome 
plant  with  large  milky-white  flowers  in  June. 
Spikes  cylindrical,  a  foot  high.  Sweet-scented 
at  night.  Will  succeed  planted  as  orchis,  the 
last  one  in  deep  shade  among  coniferous  trees. 
Rattlesnake  Plantain,  Goodyem  pubes- 
cens. — Leaves  in  large  tufts  a  couple  of  in- 
ches high,  ovate,  beautifully  veined  with  silvery  white. 
Spikes  of  white  flowers  in  June,  six 
or  eight  inches  tall.  Planted  in  sandy 
loam  in  shady  shrubberies  or  among 
H.  chloraniha. 

Moccasin  Flower,  Oypripedium. — 
The  showiest  of  all  wild  orchids,  with 
large  plaited  leaves  and  mostly  soli- 
tary flowers  in  spring  or  ^summer. 
Will  succeed  planted  and  treated  as 
orchis  among  evergreen  shrubs  such  FIG  ISQ.-MOCCASIN  FLOWER 

i  -•  L    •       ^  1        rrn  (CYPRIPEDIUM  PUBESCENS). 

as  rose  bay  and  mountain  laurel.    I  he 

best  are  O.  acaule,  leaves  in  pairs,  large,  oblong ;    flowers 

on  a  slender  scape  eight  inches  high  or  more,  large,  witty 


ARIA  FIMBRIATA). 


Iberbaceous  plants. 


363 


purplish  sepals  and  rosy-purple  lip.  C.  spectacle,  fully  two 
feet  high,  leafy ;  leaves  oblong,  downy ;  flowers  white  with 
a  rosy-tinted  lip.  C.  pubesctns,  a  foot  high  or  more,  leafy; 
flowers  yellow  ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate.  All  do 
best  in  rather  moist  ground  in  half-shady  positions.  Very 
showy  when  seen  in  masses. 

THE    AMAKYLLIS    FAMILY. 

Star-Grass,  Hypoxis  erecta. — A  modest  little  plant  of 
grassy  fields,  especially  on  the  outskirts  of  woods.  Leaves 
long  and  narrow  ;  flowers  yellow,  half  an  inch  across,  sev- 
eral on  a  slender  scape  six  inches  high,  more  or  less.  For 
naturalizing  on  lawns.  Very  desirable. 

Daffodils,  Narcissi,  Narcissus. — Some  of  the  most  at- 
tractive spring-  and  summer-flowering  bulbs  belong  to  this 
genus.  All  are  white  or  yellow  with 
linear  leaves  and  simple  scapes  bearing 
one  or  more  flowers.  The  daffodils 
proper  have  a  large  crown  in  addition 
to  the  six  segments  of  the  perianth,  as 
long  as,  or  even  longer  than  these.  In 
the  JBulbocodium  section  the  crown  is 
much  larger  and  more  conspicuous  than 
the  narrow  segments  of  the  perianth, 
while  in  true  narcissi  the  crown  is  very 
small  as  compared  to  the  segments. 

-p.     &      -,.-,  J'         1       T_  J.-J!     1  1         FIQ.  160.— PEERLESS  NARCIS- 

Dailodils  are  exceedingly  beautiful  sub-      sus (NARCISSUS  INCOM- 

»  -,.     .  .  ,1    •     i  PARABILIS). 

jects  tor  naturalizing  in  grassy  thickets 

and  shrubberies  or  in   moist   ground   along   streams   and 

lakes.     Once  established  they  spread  rapidly  and  need  no 


364 


Herbaceous  plants. 


attention.     They  thrive  best  in  a  good  rich  loam  and  need 
no  prepared  beds. 

The  smaller  species  of  the  Bulbocodium  section  grow 
best  in  open  positions  in  gravelly  soil.  They  are  fine  for 
planting  in  barren  lawns  or  in  rockeries.  The  poet's  nar- 
cissus may  be  grown  on  the  margin  of  a  stream  among  the 
grass,  in  half-shady  positions,  or  in  rockeries  on  the  border 
of  a  small  rill  of  water.  The  best  daffodils  are  :  JV.  pseudo- 
'narcissm,  the  Lenten  lily.  Leaves  flat,  erect,  glaucous, 
several  to  a  scape;  flowers  solitary,  bright  sulphur-yellow. 
The  perianth  is  white  in  the  variety  princeps,  pale  yellow 


FIQ.  161.— POET'S  NARCISSUS    (NARCISSUS  POETICUS). 

in  bicolor,  while  the  crown  is  bright  yellow;  major  has 
very  large  flowers,  minor  unusually  small  ones  and  grows 
only  about  six  inches  high.  N.  incomparalilis,  peerless 
narcissus;  larger  than  the  preceding  species  but  with  a 
shorter  crown ;  flowers  on  simple  scapes  about  a  foot  high, 
solitary,  two  inches  and  a  half  wide,  with  a  deep  yellow 
crown  and  somewhat  paler  perianth.  In  aurantius  the 
crown  is  orange-yellow.  N.  odorus  is  similar  in  color  and 
habit  but  bears  two  or  three  flowers  on  a  scape. 


Iberbaceous  plants*  365 

The  best  species  of  the  Bulbocodium  section  are:  N. 
Bulbocodium,  a  dwarf  species  with  few  grass-like  leaves  and 
yellow  trumpet-like  flowers  on  slender  scapes  five  or  six 
inches  high.  N.  monophyUus,  leaves  one  to  a  scape ;  flow- 
ers large,  nearly  white.  N.  nivalis  is  a  very  small  variety 
three  or  four  inches  high ;  flowers  yellow. 

Species  with  small  crowns  are :  N.  poeticus,  perhaps 
the  most  beautiful  of  all  narcissi,  with  snowy  white  flowers 
late  in  spring;  crown  very  short  with  a  curled  edge,  saf- 
fron-yellow bordered  with  scarlet.  Grown  in  masses  this 
is  very  effective ;  flowers  fragrant.  N.  Tazetta,  or  polyan- 
thus narcissus,  bears  from  four  to  eight  flowers  in  an  umbel 
on  tall,  slender  scapes ;  perianth  white,  crown  rich  yellow, 
very  fragrant.  Most  of  the  species  are  fine  border  plants  and 
are  sometimes  used  for  edging  walks  in  kitchen  gardens. 

Snowdrop,  Galanihm  nivalis. — A  well-known  flower  of 
early  spring,  growing  four  or  five  inches  high ;  perianth  of 
three  white,  conspicuous 
segments,  and  the  three  in- 
ner ones  smaller  with  green 
spots  at  the  apex.  There 
are  several  very  handsome 
varieties  with  larger  flow-  ™.  ^.-SNOWDROPS  (QALANTHUS  NIVALIS). 

ers.  G.  Elwesii  is  a  stronger  species  with  larger  flowers. 
All  are  fine  for  naturalizing  in  shrubberies  and  half-shady 
lawns.  They  thrive  well  in  ordinary  garden  soil. 

Snowflake,  Leucoium  vernum. — This  differs  from  the 
snowdrop  in  having  all  the  segments  of  the  perianth 
equally  large.  The  flowers  are  white  and  appear  late  in 
spring.  Very  desirable  for  rockeries  and  borders. 


366  Herbaceous  plants* 

Peruvian  Lily,  Alstroemeria  aurantiaca. — A  very  beau- 
tiful plant  with  highly-colored  flowers  late  in  summer. 
Should  be  planted  in  a  warm,  sheltered  position  in  light 
and  rich  soil  and  must  be  covered  in  winter  in  the  North. 
Flowers  of  a  rich  orange  color,  ten  to  fifteen  in  an  umbel 
on  leafy  stems  three  feet  high;  stem-leaves  linear,  ellipti- 
cal, radical ;  lower  ones  larger  and  broader. 

Tuberose,  Polianthes  tuberosa. — A  tall,  bulbous  plant 
with  simple  stems  two  or  three  feet  high  with  linear-lanceo- 
late leaves  and  long  spikes  of  white  fragrant  flowers,  mostly 
double.  May  be  planted  out  in  the  border  for  the  sake  of 
the  flowers  which  are  useful  for  cutting. 

THE    IBIS    FAMILY. 

Flower  de  Luce  or  Flag,  Iris. — This  is  a  genus  of  ex- 
tremely fine,  often  bulbous-  or  tuberous-rooted  plants,  with 
linear  or  sword  -shaped  leaves  and  highly  col- 
ored flowers.     Some,  like  the  yellow  flag  and 
the  Japanese  iris,  are  very  beautiful  in  low 
ground  on   the  margin  of  a  stream  or  lake, 
others  are  fine  border  plants.     The  following 
are  among  the  most  useful :  German  iris  (I. 
Germanicd),  leaves  rather  broad,  sword-like ; 
flowers  several  inches  wide;    were   orignally 
bright    purple    and    yellow    with    brownish 
veins    but   are   now   found  in  a  number  of 
varieties.    Height  about  two  feet.    Florentine 
Flm.s 6(imsQQER^  iris  (I.  Florentine?)  is  of  a  similar  habit  but 
MANICA).         jjag  almost  pure  white  and  fragrant  flowers. 
I.  sambucina  is  much  taller  than  the  preceding  kind  ;  the 


Iberbaceous  plants.  361 

outer  segments  of  the  flowera  are  violet-Jbliie  with  darker 

o 

veins,  the  inner  ones  yellowish-brown.  I.  variegata,  smaller 
than  the  German  iris  but  of  a  similar  habit.  The  inner  seg- 
ments of  the  flower  are  of  a  bright  claret  color,  the  outer 
and  erect  ones  bright  yellow  with  brownish  veins.  I.  hy- 
brida  is  another  very  desirable  kind,  with  the  outer  segments, 
white,  veined  and  tipped  with  lilac-purple,  inner  ones  white. 
These  are  the  most  desirable  border  plants  of  the  genus. 
They  may  also  be  used  in  beds  and  rockeries  with  good 
effect.  I.  pumila  is  a  very  dwarf,  spring-flowering  species 
suitable  for  rockeries  only;  the  flowers  are  deep  blue  or 
violet-purple  on  very  short  peduncles  six  or  eight  inches 
from  the  ground  ;  leaves  very  short  and  broad,  sword-like. 

The  following  are  best  adapted  for  naturalizing  on  the 
shores  of  ponds  and  streams  in  rather  moist  and  rich  soil. 
Yellow  flag  (I.  pseudoaeorus),  leaves  narrow,  sword-shapedr 
glaucous  green ;  flowers  bright  yellow,  large  and  clustered  ; 
flowering  stems  two  or  three  feet  high.  A  very  showy  and 
desirable  plant  flowering  in  spring  or  early  summer.  I.  Ice- 
vigata,  Japanese  iris,  stem  slender,  twro  feet  high  or  less, 
leaves  narrow,  sword-shaped,  small  in  comparison  with  the 
flowrers,  which  measure  five  or  six  inches  across  and  are  of 
many  rich  and  beautiful  colors,  mostly  shades  of  blue  and 
purple.  This  is  one  of  the  finest  of  all  flags.  American 
water-flag  (I.  versicolo?*)  is  a  common  but  very  handsome 
plant  growing  in  or  near  shallow  water.  It  grows  about 
two  feet  high  and  forms  large  masses  of  leaves.  Flowers 
purple-claret  or  purplish-blue  veined  with  deep  blue  and 
white.  I.  Siberica  is  of  a  tufted  habit  with  very  narrow 
leaves ;  flowers  bright  lilac-blue  in  great  profusion  in  summer.. 


368  Ifoerbaceous  plants, 

These  are  only  a  few  of  the  numerous  species  all  of  which 
are  ornamental. 

Chinese  Panther  Lily,  Pardanthus  Chinensis. — An  ele- 
gant plant  with  sword-like,  plaited  leaves.  Flowers  bright 
orange-yellow,  spotted  crimson,  in  branched  panicles  on 
leafy  stems  three  or  four  feet  high.  Fine  for  naturalizing 
in  open  woods  where  it  spreads  freely  and  flowers  pro- 
fusely late  in  summer.  Will  grow  in  almost  any  light  and 
gravelly  soil. 

Blue-eyed  Grass,  Sisyrinchium  Bermudiana. — Common 
in  grassy  fields  and  fine  for  naturalizing  in  moist  lawns. 
Stems  slender,  winged ;  leaves  long  and  narrow,  ensiform. 
Flowers  all  summer,  blue,  in  small  'umbels  on  scapes  about 
eight  inches  high.  Not  showy  but  attractive. 

Tiger  Flower,  Tigridia  pavonia. — Flowers  very  large 
and  showy,  orange-yellow  or  white ;  centre  profusely 
blotched  with  crimson.  Leaves  sword-like,  plaited,  few  in 
number.  For  summer  display  only,  planted  out  in  a  border 
or  rockery  in  light  and  rich  soil.  Treated  like  gladiolus. 

Corn  Flag,  Gladiolus. — This  is  a  genus  of  very  beau- 
tiful plants,  mostly  tender.  They  are,  however,  largely 
grown  in  borders  for  the  richly  colored  flowers  which 
appeal  late  in  summer  or  autumn.  The  following  are  the 
most  common  :  G.  communis,  flowers  bright  rose  or  white, 
rather  few  in  a  one-sided  spike.  Flowers  in  summer; 
height  two  feet  'or  less.  G.  Colvillei,  a  beautiful  hybrid 
form  about  a  foot  high ;  flowers  red  with  deeper  markings ; 
variety  alba,  pure  white.  G.  cardinalis,  stems  three  or  four 
feet  high ;  flowers  large,  scarlet,  in  loose,  branched  spikes. 
G.  Gandavensis,  as  tall  as  the,  preceding,  a  garden  hybrid 


Herbaceous  plants.  369 

with  crimson  flowers  marked  with  yellow.  There  are  many 
varieties  of  this  gladiolus  with  white,  scarlet,  rosy-red  and 
orange-colored  flowers ;  the  most  common  in  cultivation. 
G.  psittacimis,  as  large  as  the  preceding,  with  one-sided 
spikes  of  scarlet  flowers  spotted  yellow  with  green  tube. 
All  are  bulbous-rooted  plants  and  must  be  taken  up  after 
flowering  and  kept  in  a  cool,  frost-free  place  in  winter. 
They  increase  rapidly  by  means  of  offsets  and  are  of  ex- 
tremely easy  culture.  Require  rich  and  moist  ground. 

Crocus. — The  many  varieties  of  Crocus  vernus,  as  also 
those  of  C.  aureuSj  are  exceedingly  showy  and  floriferous 
spring  flowers  either  for  bedding  or  naturalized  in  the  grass. 
They  vary  in  color  from  pure  white  to  deep  violet  in  the 
first  named  species  ;  the  varieties  of  aureus  are  of  different 
shades  of  yellow.  There  are  also  several  rare  species  suit- 
able for  rockeries.  Many  species  flower  in  autumn,  such  as 
the  common  C.  sativus  with  its  fragrant,  violet  flowers ;  C. 
speciosus,  bright  lilac;  C.  nudiflorus,  bright  purple,  of 
which  last  species  the  leaves  appear  in  spring  and  die  down 
before  the  time  of  flowering.  When  planted  in  a  lawn 
there  should  be  a  sufficient  number  to  make  an  attractive 
display  in  spring  or  autumn.  Bulbs  taken  from  beds  may 
be  used  for  this  purpose  and  may  be  planted,  by  means  of 
a  dibbler,  about  two  inches  deep. 

THE    LILY    FAMILY. 

Meadow  Saffron,  Colchicum  autumnale. — This  species 
resembles  a  large-flowered  crocus  in  appearance.  The 
flowers,  which  appear  late  in  the  season  after  the  leaves 
have  died  down,  are  of  a  bright  purple  color,  open,  erect, 


370  Iberbaceous  plants* 

with  a  very  long  tube.  The  leaves  are  large,  lanceolate, 
and  appear  in  spring.  There  are  several  varieties  with 
•white,  violet,  purple,  and  double  flowers.  Besides  this, 
which  is  the  common  species,  there  are  several  other  very 
desirable  kinds.  C.  speciosum  is  the  largest  of  these; 
flowers  crimson  or  purple  with  a  white  throat;  leaves  a 
couple  of  inches  wide  and  a  foot  long.  C.  alpinum,  a  small 
species  with  rosy-red  flowers,  and  C.  montanum,  a  spring- 
flowering  kind  with  lilac  flowers,  are  nice  plants  for  a 
rockery.  The  others  delight  in  a  rich  and  moist  soil,  may 
be  naturalized  on  a  lawn  or  in  low  places  in  a  rockery  or 
open  woods.  The  corms  which  are  quite  large  should  be 
planted  twice  as  deep  as  crocus. 

Wake  Robin,  Trillium. — Dwarf,  tuberous-rooted  wood- 
land plants  flowering  in  early  spring.     Leaves  three  in  a 
whorl  about  the  middle  of  the  stem ;   flow- 
ers solitary,  erect  or  nodding.     The  best  are : 
T.  grandiflorum,  stem  a  foot  high  or  more ; 
leaves  sessile,  rhombic-ovate,  four  inches  long, 
more  or  less ;  flowers  three  inches  across,  pure 
white,  changing  into  a  faint  rose-color.     Very 
fine.     T.  erectum,  purple  birth  wort  ;  smaller 
WOOD  LILY (TRIL-    than  the  preceding  kind;  flowers  dark  dull 

LIUM   GRANDIFLO-  ,  m         •        ^  ^  f  '•         1 

RUM).  purple.     T.  mvale,  stem  three  to  four  inches 

high,  leaves  ovate-obtuse ;  flowers  pure  white,  two  inches 
across.  A  fine  early-flowering  species  of  moist  ground. 
T.  eryikrocarpum,  painted  wood  lily ;  stem  a  foot  high ; 
leaves  large,  ovate;  flowers  smaller,  white,  striped  inside 
with  pink.  All  grow  in  rather  moist  ground  in  shady  posi- 
tions and  prefer  a  rich  vegetable  soil.  Very  handsome  for 


372  Herbaceous  flMants. 

woodland  scenery ;  may  be  planted  and  treated  as  Orchis  in 
woods  and  shrubberies. 

Mariposa  Lily,  Calochortus  Gunnisoni. — Most  of  the 
mariposa  lilies  are  too  tender  for  general  use.  Gunnisoni 
is  the  only  perfectly  hardy  species.  It  is  a  dwarf  but 
showy  plant,  with  flowers  two  or  three  inches  wide ;  petals 
three,  lilac  with  yellow  base  marked  with  a  purplish  bar ; 
leaves  few,  sword-shaped.  Bulbous.  For  sunny  positions 
in  a  rockery  in  moderately  moist,  sandy  loam. 

Bellwort,  Uvularia  grandiflora. — Stems  tall,  erect,  with 

oblong,  smooth  leaves;   flowers  an   inch  and  a   half  long, 

yellow,  one  or  more  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. 

U.  flava  has  brighter  yellow  flowers.     For  naturalizing  in 

rich  soil  in  open  woods  or  shrubberies. 

Lily  of  the  Valley,  Convallaria  majalis  /  radical  leaves 
one  or  two,  elliptic-oblong,  glaucous  green,  erect;  flowers 
pure  white,  urn-shaped,  disposed  in  a  one-sided  raceme  six 
or  eight  inches  high.  Fragrant  woodland  flower.  Thrives 
best  planted  in  prepared  beds  of  sandy  loam  and  leaf  mold 
in  half-shady  positions  in  a  shrubbery  or  wood.  Early 
summer. 

Twin  Leaf,  Smilacina  bifolia. — A  small,  very  common 
woodland  plant  with  racemes  of  minute  white  flowers  and 
two  heart-shaped  stem-leaves.  Attractive,  naturalized  among 
lily  of  the  valley,  in  the  same  bed  or  in  the  common  soil. 

False  Solomon's  Seal,  Smilacina  racemosa. — A  tall  and 
graceful  plant  two  feet  high,  with  oblong  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late leaves ;  flowers  small  but  numerous  in  a  compound 
raceme  or  panicle.  A  very  effective  plant  when  seen  in 
masses.  Rich  moist  ground  in  rocky  woods  ;  fine  for  similar 
positions  in  a  rockery  or  in  woods  and  shrubberies. 


Iberbaceoiis  plants.  373 

Solomon's  Seal,  Polygonatum  multiflorum. — A  graceful 
plant  with  recurving,  leafy  stems  two  or  three  feet  high, 
with  oblong,  stein-clasping  leaves,  alternate,  in  two  rows ; 
flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  several  in  a  bunch  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  long  cylindrical,  milky  white.  Flowers 
early  in  summer.  P.  officinale  is  considerably  smaller  but 
equally  desirable.  The  American  P.  giganteum  sometimes 
grows  to  a  height  of  five  or  six  feet  with  axillary  peduncles 
of  from  two  to  eight  flowers.  All  are  fine  for  naturalizing 
in  thickets  and  shrubberies.  They  thrive  best  in  rich  veg- 
etable soil  and  may  be  treated  in  the  same  way  as  Orchis. 
May  also  be  used  with  fine  effect  in  moist  places  in  a 
rockery. 

Lily,  Lilium. — Lilies  are  without  exception  the  most 
beautiful  of  all  bulbous-rooted  plants.  The  flowers  are 
large  and  showy,  while  the  habit  is  graceful  and  elegant. 
Many  are  exceedingly  fine  border  plants,  while  others  may 
be  grown  in  rockeries  or  naturalized  in  woods  or  on  moist 
lawns  to  produce  the  most  charming  effects.  The  best 
are:  White  lily  (L.  candidum),  stems  simple  with  numer- 
ous lanceolate  leaves ;  flowers  many  in  a  thyrsoid  raceme, 
pearly  white,  inclined  ;  summer.  Bulb-bearing  lily  (L.  bul- 
biferum),  stems  three  or  more  feet  high  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
scattered,  very  numerous ;  flowers  large,  erect,  reddish- 
orange  with  a  few  dark  spots  inside,  disposed  in  large 
umbels ;  one  of  the  best  for  naturalizing  in  rich  woodland 
soil  in  half-shady  positions  ;  spreads  rapidly.  Orange  lily 
(L.  croceuni),  similar  in  habit  to  the  preceding  kind,  but 
more  elegant ;  leaves  linear,  scattered,  slightly  woolly,  as  is 
the  slender  terete  stem ;  flowers  rich  orange-yellow,  erect 
in  a  large  umbel.  Tiger  lily  (L.  tigrinuni),  stem  three  feet 


374 


Iberbaceous  plants. 


high  or  more  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  scattered  ;  flowers  orange- 
red  ,  spotted  with  black, 
segments  of  the  peri- 
anth recurved ;  one 
of  the  most  popular 
and  showy  lilies  with 
flowers  in  broad,  loose 
panicles.  Panther  lily 
(L.  pardalinum),  tall 
and  slender,  from  four 
to  seven  feet  high,  with 
several  crowded  whorls 
of  large,  lanceolate 
leaves,  and  a  long  ra- 
ceme of  bright  orange- 
colored  ,  purpl  e  -  spot- 
ted, nodding  flowers  ; 
segments  of  perianth 
rolled  back.  Scarlet 
lily  (L.  tenuifolium) 
is  one  of  the  smallest 
but  not  least  elegant  species,  growing  about  a  foot  high, 
with  very  leafy  stems  bearing  one  or  two  bright  scarlet 
flowers;  leaves  linear,  very  numerous.  Grown  in  patches 
in  rockeries  or  on  the  margins  of  shrubberies,  it  forms  a 
glowing  mass  of  flowers  in  July. 

Turk's-cap  lily  (L.  Martagon),  stems  three  or  four 
feet  high  with  distant  whorls  of  oblong-lanceolate  leaves ; 
flowers  in  a  Jong  panicle  violet-purple,  sometimes  pure 
white,  small,  nodding;  segments  of  the  perianth  rolled 
back.  A  woodland  plant  growing^  in  deep  shade ;-  fine 


FIQ.    166.— PANTHER     LILY  (LILIUM   PARDALINUM). 


Iberbaceous  plants*  375 

for  naturalizing ;  flowers  late  in  summer.  Canada  lily 
(L.  Canadense),  stem  two  or  three  feet  high  ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late whorled  ;  flowers  bright  yellow  or  pale  scarlet,  spotted, 
four  or  five  on  a  stem,  nodding  on  long  peduncles  ;  segments 
of  the  perianth  turned  back  at  the  tip.  A  charming  plant 
of  moist  fields  and  meadows.  Thrives  in  any  soil ;  excep- 
tionally fine  for  naturalizing  in  lawns.  The  numerous  other 
species,  less  important  from  a  landscape-gardener's  point 
of  view,  all  deserve  cultivation.  All  the  above  thrive  in 
a  rich  sandy  loam  and  are  perfectly  hardy. 

Crown  Imperial,  Fritillaria  imperialis.  —  A  showy, 
spring-flowering  plant  three  or  four  feet  high,  with  numer- 
ous closely  whorled  or  scattered  leaves ;  flowers  several  in 
a  whorl  near  the  top  of  the  stem,  bell-shaped,  large,  crimson 
or  orange-yellow.  May  easily  be  established  in  open  woods 
in  small  patches  here  and  there.  A  fine  border  plant. 
Thrives  best  in  partial  shade  in  this  country. 

Checker  lily  (F.  M.eleagris),  an  exceptionally  fine  plant 
of  moist  meadows  in  Northern  Europe.  Stems  a  foot  high 
with  a  few  scattered,  linear  leaves  and  a  soli- 
tary, nodding  flower  checkered  dark  and  light 
purple,  or  sometimes  white  and  only  faintly 
tessellated.  Beautiful  in  spring  or  early  sum- 
mer;  fine  for  naturalizing  in  moist,  sandy  lawns 
or  in  a  rockery.  Another  attractive  species  is 
F.pallidiflora  of  Siberia,  with  stems  nine  inches 
high  bearing  several  bell-shaped,  pale  yellow 
flowers.  F.  paUida  is  an  American  species 
with  deep.;yellow  flowers. 

Tulip,    Tulipa.— The    tulip   are   beautiful 
plants  for  spring- bed  ding,  or  planted  permanently  in  a  bor- 


376 


Herbaceous  plants. 


der.  Some  of  the  species  may  be  naturalized  in  shrubberies 
and  woods ;  others  are  exceptionally  fine  for  rockeries.  When 
left  undisturbed  for  years  in  the  same  position,  they  are  far 
more  attractive  than  if  they  are  taken  up  and  planted 
annually.  The  flowers  of  the  common  tulip  (T.  Gesneri- 
and)  are  more  or  less  bell-shaped,  erect,  and  of  bright  and 
gorgeous  colors  ;  two  colors  are  frequently  seen  in  one 
flower,  as  white  and  crimson  or  yellow  and  scarlet.  There 
are  single  and  double  varieties  ;  for  all  landscape-work  the 
single  ones  are  best.  The  colors  range  from  white,  pale 
sulphur-yellow  and  yellow,  to  bright  scarlet  and  dazzling 
crimson  or  carmine  shades.  The  fragrant  tulip  (T.  suaveo- 
leus)  is  another  of  the  parent  forms  of  our  garden  varieties 
which  are  earlier  than  the  Gesnerianas ; 
flowers  large,  erect,  red  and  yellow ;  leaves 
broadly  lanceolate  or  oblong  ;  much  dwarf  - 
er  than  the  preceding  species.  The  wood 
tulip  (T.  sylvestris)  is  a  beautiful  plant  of 
deciduous  woods  in  Europe;  flowers  sweet- 
scented,  bright  yellow ;  leaves  very  long, 
linear-lanceolate ;  scape  almost  leafless, 
a  foot  high  or  more.  Fine  for  natural- 
izing ;  the  bulbs  should  be  planted  in 
irregular  patches  in  a  grassy  copse  or 
wood ;  they  will  soon  spread  in  a  rich 
and  light  soil  and  cannot  be  excelled  in 
beauty ;  flower  in  late  spring.  Tulipa  Greigi  is  one  of 
the  showiest  of  all  tulips.  The  flowers  measure  three  or 
four  inches  across;  the  color  is  of  an  intense  crimson,  each 
segment  having  a  black,  yellow-edged  blotch  extending 


Iberbaceous  plants*  377 

over  half  its  length;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  flat  with 
numerous  linear,  blackish  spots.  This  is  a  fine  plant  for  a 
sunny  position  in  a  rockery. 

Dog's-tooth  Violet,  Erythronium  dens-canis — Woodland 
plants  with  simple  scapes  from  four  to  six  inches  high 
bearing  solitary  nodding  flowers,  white  or  rosy-red ;  leaves 
oblong,  pale  green,  blotched  with  brown-purple.  E.  Ameri- 
canum  has  pale  yellow  flowers.  E.  grandiflorum  is  a  large- 
flowered  species  having  one  or  more  flowers  to  a  scape,  and 
E.  albidum  is  a  very  pretty  plant  with  white  flowers.  All 
are  fine  subjects  for  naturalizing  in  scattered  masses  in  woods, 
copses,  and  shrubberies. 

Star  of  Bethlehem,  Ornithogalum  umbellatum. — Flowers 
white,  greenish  on  the  outside,  large  star-like,  disposed  in 
many-flowered  umbels;  leaves  weak,  grass-like.  A  summer- 
flowering  plant ;  may  be  naturalized  in  sandy  lawns  or 
planted  in  a  rockery.  Yellow  star  of  Bethlehem  (Gagea 
luted)  is  a  dwarf  bulbous  plant  with  bright  yellow  blossoms 
flowering  in  early  spring;  it  is  fine  for  naturalizing  in 
shrubberies. 

Golden  Garlic,  Allium  Moly. — A  showy,  summer-flow- 
ering plant  with  broad,  lanceolate,  tufted  leaves,  and 
masses  of  bright  yellow  flowers  disposed  in  crowded  umbels. 
Height  about  a  foot.  Naturalized  on  the  borders  of 
shrubberies  or  on  grassy  banks. 

Asphodel,  AspJiodelus  albus. — A  beautiful  riverside  or 
shore  plant  of  Southern  Europe,  growing  a  foot  high  with 
linear,  keeled  leaves  in  large  crowded  tufts,  and  naked  stems 
bearing  a  spike-like  raceme  of  white  flowers.  A.  Villarsii 
is  a  dwarfer,  equally  desirable  kind.  Both  are  fine  for 


-378 


Herbaceous  plants. 


planting  on  grassy  banks  of  streams  and  lakes,  or  in  a 
somewhat  moist  position  in.  a  rockery. 

Quamash,  Camassia  esculenta. — Leaves  narrow,  almost 
grass-like,  tufted  ;  flowers  large,  blue,  in  loose  racemes  a  foot 
high.  The  wild  hyacinth  of  western  woods  is  C.  Fraseri, 
a  smaller  species  with  whitish-blue  flowers.  Both  are  fine 
for  planting  in  shrubberies. 

Cape  Hyacinth,  Galtonia  candicans. — A  tall,  bulbous 
plant  with  long  racemes  of  milky- white  flowers.  Perianth 
campanulate,  drooping;  scape  stout,  two  or  three  feet  high  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  half  as  long  as  the  inflorescence.  Often 
used  in  summer-bedding;  lasting  and  effective. 

Squill,  Scilla. — There  are  several  dwarf  and  floriferous 
plants  of  this  genus  which  are  fine  for  naturalizing  in  shady 
lawns  or  for  patches  in  rockeries.  Some  may  be  used  with 
the  nicest  effect  in  covering  the  ground  in  shrubberies  and 
woods.  The  most  useful  are  :  8.  lifolia, 
leaves  two  to  a  scape,  opposite  ;  flowers 
blue  or  sometimes  rosy-red  or  white  from 
three  to  eight  in  a  raceme ;  scape  four 
inches  high  or  more.  Beautiful  for  plant- 
ing in  lawns  in  rich  and  light  soil ;  flowers 
early  in  spring.  8.  Siberica,  dwarf er  than 
bifolia,  leaves  shorter  and  broader ;  scapes 
several  from  a  bulb,  four  inches  high  more 
FIG.  169.— WILD  HYA-  or  less,  bearing  one  or  more  intensely  blue 

CINTH  (SCILLA 

NUTANS).  flowers  very  early  in  spring.     8.  amcena, 

larger  than  the  preceding  kinds  ;  flowers  in  loose  racemes 
pale  blue.  All  useful  for  the  same  purpose.  The  bluebell, 
or  wild  hyacinth  of  England  (8.  nutdns),&  beautiful  wood- 


Iberbaceous  BMants.  379 

land  plant,  resembles  a  hyacinth  and  is  much  larger  than 
any  of  the  preceding  forms.  It  grows  a  foot  high  or  more ; 
flowers  many  in  a  long  raceme,  bell-shaped,  blue,  rosy-red, 
or  white ;  leaves  very  long,  several  from  a  bulb.  One  of 
the  best  plants  for  naturalizing  in  woods  and  shrubberies. 
Flowers  late  in  spring  or  early  summer. 

Glory  of  the  Snow,  Chionodoxa  Luciliw. — Not  less  at- 
tractive and  pei'haps  more  beautiful  than  the  common 
squills;  leaves  several  from  a  bulb,  long  and  narrow;  flow- 
ers nearly  an  inch  across,  bright  blue,  with  a  white  centre, 
five  or  six  in  a  spike  six  inches  high.  Thrives  best  in  a 
sandy  loam  in  open  and  sunny  positions,  as  in  a  lawn.  May 
also  be  used  in  a  rockery. 

Grape  Hyacinth,  Mascari  botryoides. — Like  a  small  hya- 
cinth in  habit  but  with  globular  flowers  in  a  dense  cylindri- 
cal or  oval  raceme  ;  leaves  linear,  flowers  blue  or  white  in 
one  variety.  Height  from  six  to  ten  inches.  M.  racemoswn 
is  another  common  species ;  flowers  blue  tipped  with  white, 
oval,  in  a  dense  raceme  ;  leaves  linear,  fleshy.  Height  six 
inches  or  less.  M.  Comosum  is  higher ;  flowers  violet,  on 
short  pedicels  in  a  longer  and  looser  raceme.  M.  moschatum 
is  grown  for  its  sweet-scented  but  insignificant  flowers. 
These  may  be  grown  in  a  border  or  rockery  or  naturalized 
in  shrubberies.  They  are  easy  to  establish,  and  take  care 
of  themselves. 

Hyacinth,  Hyacinthus  orientalis. — The  common  hya- 
cinth is  only  used  for  spring  bedding,  for  which  purpose 
4he  single  varieties  are  best.  They  are  planted  in  autumn 
six  inches  apart,  in  well-prepared  beds.  Varieties  that 
.flower  simultaneously  should  always  be  grown  together. 


380  Ifoerbaceous  plants. 

Mixed  bulbs  are  apt  to  flower  at  different  times,  thus 
spoiling  the  effect  of  an  otherwise  fine  group.  The  colors 
are  very  varied,  but  the  lighter  tints  of  blue,  purple,  rosy- 
red,  salmon,  and  white  are  preferable  to  others  for  our  pur- 
pose. 

St.  Bernard's  Lily,  Anther icum  Liliago. — A  very  hand- 
some summer-flowering  plant  growing  about  eighteen  inches 
high,  with  tufts  of  narrow,  grass-like  leaves,  and  rather  large 
white  flowers  in  few-flowered  spikes.  St.  Bruno's  lily  (A. 
Liliastrum)  is  a  somewhat  larger  plant  with  flowers  two 
inches  long;  perianth  milky-white,  fragrant.  Flowers  earlier 
than  the  preceding  kind.  Beautiful  border  plants,  and  may 
also  be  used  on  grassy  banks  of  rivulets  and  lakes  or  in  a 
moderately  moist  position  in  a  rockery.  There  is  a  taller- 
growing  species  with  branching,  flowering  stems  (A.  ramo- 
sum)  growing  to  the  height  of  two  feet ;  leaves  grass-like, 
tufted  ;  a  rapid  grower,  and  best  for  naturalization. 

Plantain  Lily,  Fwnkia. — A  genus  of  very  ornamental 
plants  with  more  or  less  cordate  leaves  forming  bold  masses 
of  foliage.  The  flowers  are  generally  borne  in  one-sided, 
nodding  racemes.  The  following  are  common  in  cultiva- 
tion :  F.  Fortunii,  leaves  ovate-heart-shaped  on  long  stalks ; 
flowers  funnel-shaped,  lilac;  F.  ovata,  leaves  ovate,  six  or 
eight  inches  long;  flowers  lilac  or  white,  in  a  long,  loose, 
nodding  raceme.  The  variety  marginata  has  white-mar- 
gined leaves  and  is  a  very  ornamental  foliage  plant.  F. 
grandiflora,  has  very  large  pure- white  flowers,  ten  to  fifteen 
on  a  scape  two  feet  high.  Leaves  ovate-cordate,  long-peti- 
oled,  with  a  blade  eight  inches  long.  A  very  beautiful 
late-flowering  plant.  F.  sub-cordata,  leaves  ovate-cordate, 


Ifoerbaceous  plants,  381 

on  long  stalks ;  flowers  pure  white,  four  inches  long,  many 
in  a  rather  short,  nodding  raceme,  above  or  among  the  leaves. 
These  are  all  extremely  beautiful  for  massing  on  rocky 
shores  or  in  rockeries  in  deep  and  rich  soil.  All  are  per- 
fectly hardy  ;  they  flower  all  summer. 

Day  Lily,  Hemerocallis. — Two  species  nearly  alike  in 
habit :  flava,  with  pure  yellow,  and  fulva,  with  tawny  or 
reddish-yellow  flowers.  Leaves  long  and  narrow,  keeled, 
forming  very  large  tufts  of  foliage.  Flowers  freely  pro- 
duced in  summer  in  small  corymbs  disposed  in  loose  pani- 
cles. H.  minor  is  a  much  smaller  species,  less  tufted; 
flowers  bright  yellow,  slightly  green  outside,  on  scapes 
eight  inches  high  ;  leaves  narrow,  keeled,  grass-like ;  fine 
for  good  deep  soil  in  rockeries.  The  larger  forms  are  ex- 
cellent waterside  plants,  and  are  also  commonly  grown  in 
borders.  Both  do  well  in  ordinary  garden  soil. 

Flame  Flower,  Kniphofia  aloides  (Tritoma  uvaria).— 
A  very  showy  plant  in  late  summer  and  autumn,  forming 
tufts  of  stiff  grassy  leaves  of  a  dark  shining  green.  Scape 
three  or  four  feet  high,  bearing  a  crowded,  cylindrical 
spike  of  bright  coral-red  flowers  which  change  into  orange 
and  greenish-yellow.  Excellent  for  dry  soil  in  open  and 
sunny  positions ;  very  desirable  as  a  lawn  plant.  It  will 
thrive  in  almost  any  soil. 

Adam's  Needle,  Yucca  filamentosa.  —  This  desirable 
plant,  with  several  handsome  varieties,  is  very  useful  for 
planting  in  rockeries  and  dry,  gravelly  soil  on  high  knolls 
and  in  other  exposed  and  sunny  situations.  The  leaves  are 
evergreen,  stiff  and  leathery,  short  sword-like,  with  thread- 
like fibres  on  the  margin,  from  thirty  to  forty  or  more,  in 


382  Iberbaceous  plants. 

a  dense  rosette  close  to  the  ground.  Flowers  white,  bell- 
shaped,  more  or  less  open,  drooping,  disposed  in  a  crowded 
panicle  rising  several  feet  above  the  ground.  Of  the  sev- 
eral varieties,  the  following  are  most  beautiful :  Maxima, 
flowers  larger  than  in  the  type,  of  a  purer  white  ;  orcJiioides, 


FIG.  170.— ADAM'S  NEEDLE  (YUCCA  FILAMENTOSA). 

a  small,  large-flowering  variety,  with  flowers  disposed  in  a 
simple  raceme  two  feet  high  or  less  ;  flaccida,  leaves  shorter, 
with  more  fibres  on  the  margin,  panicles  looser  and  more 
regular,  flowers  less  open.  The  yuccas  will  thrive  in  any 
soil  not  too  moist,  and  are  among  the  most  useful  plants 
in  the  hand  of  a  landscape-gardener. 

THE    SPIDERWORT    FAMILY. 

Day-Flower,   Commelina  Virginica. — A  very  attractive 
little  plant  with  bright  sky-blue  flowers  ;  petals  two,  con- 


fberbaceous  BMants,  383 

spicuous;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate;  stem  reclining,  rooting 
at  the  swollen  nodes.  Fine  for  rockeries  or  in  moist,  light, 
or  sandy  soil  in  sunny  positions,  but  must  be  seen  in  masses 
to  be  appreciated. 

Spiderwort,  Tradescantia  Virginica.  —  A  somewhat 
weedy  plant  with  rather  showy,  violet-blue  flowers.  Stems 
erect,  two  feet  high,  more  or  less  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
keeled ;  flowers  crowded  in  a  terminal  umbel  and  in  clus- 
ters from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  For  planting  on 
moist  grassy  banks.  Sometimes  planted  in  borders. 


GRASSES. 


Variegated  Orchard  Grass,  Dactylis  glomerata  variegata. 
— A  tufted  grass ;  pale  green,  striped  with  white  and  faint 
red  lines.  Much  used  for  edging  beds  and  borders. 

Zebra  Grass,  Eulalia  zebrina. — Very  ornamental,  grow- 
ing about  four  feet  high.  The  bright  green  leaves  have 
bars  of  yellow.  The  original  type  of  this  variety  is  E.japon- 
ica,  of  the  same  size  and  habit,  with  deep  green  foliage. 
Flowers  pale  purple,  in  large  feathery  panicles.  There  is  a 
form  of  this  having  a  white  stripe  down  the  centre  of  the 
leaves.  All  are  fine  for  specimens  on  a  lawn,  especially 
near  water. 

Erianthus,  Erianthus  Havennce. — Grows  to  a  height 
of  five  or  six  feet,  forming  large  masses  of  foliage. 

Pampas  Grass,  Gynerium  argenteum. — A  very  fine  and 
stately  grass  with  linear,  arching  leaves  six  feet  long,  rigid 
and  glaucous,  forming  very  large  masses  of  foliage  in  a  suit- 
able position.  The  feathery  and  silky  panicle  of  flowers  is 
silvery  white,  sometimes  more  than  a  foot  longhand  grows 


Iberbaceous  plants. 


to  a  height  of  ten  or  twelve  feet.  The  plant,  with  masses 
of  these  silky  plumes,  is  very  ornamental.  Cultivated  as  a 
lawn  plant,  but  requires  protection  in  winter  in  the  North- 
ern States. 

The  various  grasses  employed  in  lawn-making  cannot  be 
described  here.  The  list  in  the  chapter  on  lawns  must 
suffice. 


FIQ.  171.— ZEBRA  GRASS  (EULALIA  JAPONICA  ZEBRINA). 
FERNS. 

Ferns  are  nearly  always  associated  with  rocks  and 
water,  and  delight  in  the  shade  of  deciduous  woods.  They 
are  seldom  found  in  the  full  glare  of  the  sun  and  are  then 


Iberbaceous  plants*  385 

often  covered  with  a  white  or  yellow  farinaceous  matter. 
The  favorite  haunts  of  the  majority  of  the  more  delicate 
kinds  are  crevices  of  moist  and  shady  rocks,  where  they 
grow  into  tufts  of  lace-like  foliage.  Some  of  the  stronger 
and  more  robust  kinds  form  quite  a  feature  of  woodland 
scenery.  They  are  most  abundant  in  marshy  ground  or  on 
the  shores  of  slow,  shallow  brooks.  The  delicate  beauty  of 
the  mostly  tender  green  foliage  well  compensates  for  the 
lack  of  flowers.  In  gardening,  the  favorite  use  of  ferns  is 
for  the  embellishment  of  rockeries,  and  species  of  all  kinds 
are  generally  brought  together  there.  While  this  is  a  very 
sensible  practice  and  satisfactory  from  all  points  of  view,  it 
must  still  be  remembered  that  there  is  a  much  wider  scope 
for  their  use  in  natural  or  artificial  scenery.  Woods  and 
shrubberies  especially  offer  ideal  places  for  growing  a  great 
variety  of  our  most  beautiful  ferns,  but  even  in  the  open 
lawns  naturally  formed  groups  of  such  species  as  the  eagle 
fern  are  perfectly  in  keeping  with  their  nature  and  habit. 

All  ferns  deserve  cultivation,  and  the  following  list  is 
only^an  enumeration  of  some  of  the  best : 

Common  Polypody,  Polypodium  vulgare. — A  handsome 
evergreen  of  mossy  rocks,  especially  in  shady  positions, 
but  sometimes  in  the  full  glare  of  the  sun.  Frond  simple 
pinnatifid,  six  or  eight  inches  long,  with  a  short  stalk,  dark 
green.  Best  for  planting  in  crevices  of  rocks  where  there 
will  be  a  constant  supply  of  moisture  ;  in  such  places  it 
will  form  large  masses  of  leaves.  Several  varieties  of  this 
fern  are  grown  in  European  gardens,  such  as  elegantissimum, 
a  form  with  bright  green,  finely  divided  and  feathery  leaves 
twice  as  large  as  those  of  the  type ;  cristatum,  apex  of  the 


386  Iberbaceous  plants, 

leaf  branched  and  cristed  ;  Cambricum,  pinnae  with  finely 
and  deeply  cut  edges.  These  have  developed  from  plants 
growing  in  rich  soil  and  should  not  be  planted  on  rocks. 

Beech  Fern  (P.  Phegopteris). — A  very  tender  and  deli- 
cate plant.  Leaves  six  inches  long,  triangular,  pinnate, 
with  the  lower  pair  of  pinnae  long  and  deeply  pinnatifid. 
Color  pale  green.  Common  in  shade  at  the  roots  of 
trees  mostly  in  rich  soil.  Fine  for  shady  places.  Oak 
Fern  (P.  Dryopteris),  a  similar  form  with  more  divided 
fronds. 

Maidenhair  Fern,  Adiantum  pedatum. — The  most  beau- 
tiful of  American  ferns,  grows  in  rich,  shady  woods,  fre- 
quently among  the  debris  of  eroded  rocks.  Leaves  pedate, 
pinnules  very  numerous.  Height  one  or  two  feet,  forming 
masses  of  very  light  and  elegant  foliage.  Fine  for  shady 
positions  in  a  rockery  or  among  trees  and  shrubs ;  thrives 
best  in  a  sandy  loam  mixed  with  leaf -mold.  A.  Capillm- 
Veneris  may  be  grown  in  moist  and  shady  rockeries  planted 
in  deep  fissures. 

Eagle  Fern,  Pteris  aquilina. — A  large,  robust-growing 
fern  common  in  barren  fields  and  light,  open  woods. 
Fronds  almost  triangular,  lower  pinnae  stalked  and  pinnate, 
upper  ones  pinnately  parted  or  pinnatifid;  blade  from  a 
foot  to  three  feet  long,  more  than  half  as  broad  ;  leaf -stalk 
slender,  one  foot  high,  brown.  This  is  an  elegant  species 
for  naturalizing. 

Lomaria. — Of  this  genus  there  are  a  few  beautiful 
evergreen  species,  smaller  or  more  slender  than  the  common 
polypody.  They  are  exceptionally  fine  plants  for  rockeries. 
L.  alpina  has  fronds  from  four  to  eight  inches  long  by 


Iberbaceous  plants.  387 

three-quarters  of  an  inch  wide,  pinnate  with  closely  set, 
oblong  pinnae.  Should  be  planted  in  a  shady  position  be- 
low evergreens  and  covered  in  winter.  L.  spicant  is  a  per- 
fectly hardy  kind.  The  fronds  are  sometimes  a  foot  long, 
but  more  often  shorter,  linear  in  outline,  with  closely  set, 
narrow  pinnae.  There  are  a  number  of  very  beautiful  vari- 
eties, some  with  divided  or  crested  fronds.  They  are  among 
the  most  desirable  hardy  evergreen  ferns. 

Spleenwort,  Asplenium. — Of  this  genus  there  are  sev- 
eral small  ferns  with  very  delicate  foliage,  mostly  natives 
of  rocky  woods.  Others  are  quite  large  with  ample  masses 
of  very  attractive  foliage.  The  best  of  the  smaller  kinds 
are:  A.  Adiantum-nigrum,  fronds  three-angled,  twice  pin- 
nate, from  six  to  twelve  inches  long,  leaf-stalk  six  inches 
long  or  more.  Of  this  handsome  species  there  are  many 
desirable  forms.  A.  ebeneum,  fronds  delicate,  a  foot  long 
or  more,  linear-lanceolate,  pinnate.  A  slender  plant,  fre- 
quently growing  in  dry  and  exposed  places,  forming  small 
tufts  in  crevices  of  rocks.  A.  Triclwmanes,  fronds  very 
slender,  pinnate  with  rounded  pinnae  growing  in  large  tufts 
in  fissures  of  moist  and  shady  rocks ;  there  is  a  handsome 
crested  form  of  this.  A.  Ruta  muraria,  seldom  more  than 
three  inches  high ;  fronds  twice  pinnate,  pinnae  wedge- 
shaped.  Will  grow  on  the  surface  of  moderately  moist 
rocks  even  in  exposed  positions.  The  most  common  as 
well  as  the  most  ornamental  of  the  larger  species  is  the 
lady  fern  (A.  Filix-fcemmd).  It  grows  several  feet  high  ; 
the  fronds  are  erect  or  arching,  lower  ones  spreading,  form- 
ing leafy  rosettes  of  twice-pinnate  fronds  of  a  delicate 
green  in  summer.  There  are  many  more  or  less  divided  or 


388  f>erbaceous  plants. 

crested  varieties  of  this  species.  It  is  fine  for  massing  in 
woods  and  shrubberies  or  in  a  shady  corner  of  the  rockery. 
Thrives  best  in  rich  soil. 

Shield-Fern,  Aspidium. — Many  of  the  shield-ferns  re- 
semble the  spleenworts  in  form  and  habit.  The  hard 
shield-fern  (A.  aculatum)  is  a  very  beautiful,  erect-growing 
species  with  ovate-lanceolate  pinnate  leaves  several  feet 
long  including  the  stalk ;  pinnae  deeply  cut  or  pinnatifid. 
Very  hardy ;  fine  for  a  rockery.  The  soft  shield-fern  (A. 
angulare)  is  an  equally  beautiful  kind,  with  pinnate  fronds 
of  a  softer  texture.  There  are  many  varieties,  some  with 
crested  fronds.  A.  acrostichoides  is  an  evergreen  species 
common  in  rocky  woods.  The  leaves  are  pinnate,  dark 
green,  spreading,  one  or  two  feet  long,  forming  low  masses 
of  foliage  among  stones  and  tree-roots.  Beautiful  for  plant- 
ing as  an  undergrowth  in  shrubberies. 

Male-Fern,  Nephrodium  Filix-mas,  resembles  the  lady- 
fern  in  habit,  but  has  less  finely  divided  leaves.  Of  this 
also  there  are  many  varieties. 

Ostrich  Fern,  Onoclea  Germanica. — Habit  very  regular, 
erect ;  fronds  pinnate,  broadly  lanceolate,  two  or  three  feet 
high,  of  a  tender  green  color  in  spring  and  early  summer. 
A  beautiful  fern  for  half-shady  positions  in  rich  woods  or 
shrubberies.  The  sensitive  fern  ((9.  sensibilis)  is  a  very 
common  species  growing  in  moist  open  ground  and  spread- 
ing as  a  weed  in  moist  pastures. 

Dicksonia,  DicJcsonia  pimctilobula. — A  very  handsome 
fern  with  twice-pinnate  leaves  and  finely  cut  leaflets. 
Height,  one  or  two  feet.  Common  by  the  side  of  woodland 
streams ;  very  ornamental  for  a  rnoist  place  in  a  rockery. 


390  Derbaceous  (Plants. 

Flowering  Ferns,  Osmunda. — These  are  generally  found 
in  very  moist  and  rich  ground,  forming  large  imposing 
masses  of  pinnate  or  bi-pinnate  leaves.  The  fertile  fronds 
differ  greatly  from  the  sterile  ones,  and  are  generally 
crowded  in  the  middle  of  the  plant.  O.  cinnamomea  grows 
three  or  four  feet  high  ;  the  fronds  are  long,  pinnate,  arch- 
ing ;  fertile  ones  tall ;  all  erect,  with  masses  of  yellow  spore- 
cases.  O.  Claytoniana  differs  in  having  parts  of  the  fertile 
fronds  sterile,  and  developed  like  the  rest  of  the  sterile 
fronds.  The  royal  fern  (0.  regalis)  is  more  unique  and 
characteristic.  The  leaves  are  twice  pinnate,  the  leaflets 
being  oblong  and  nearly  entire.  The  spore-cases  are  borne 
at  the  apex  of  regularly  developed  fronds.  Although  flow- 
ering ferns  prefer  very  moist  positions  in  a  wild  state,  they 
will  grow  well  in  any  rich  and  moderately  moist  ground. 

THE  END. 


INDEX  OF  COMMON  NAMES. 


Acanthe,  344 
Adam's  needle,  381 
After-treatment,  156 
Alder,  182 

white,  244 
Alkanet,  349 
Allspice,  232 

family,  232 
Almond,  dwarf,  226 
Alp  violet,  84,  338 
Alpine  plants,  27 
Alum  root,  311 
Amaranth,  354 

family,  354 
Amaryllis  family,  363 
American  aloe,  146 

chestnut,  178 

crab-apple,  213 

elm,  174 

holly,  223 

linden,  166 

oaks,  176 

thorns,  201 

water-flag,  367 
Andromeda,  240 
Anemone,  Apennine,  267 

blue,  18,  267 

garden,  267 

rue,  268 

scarlet,  267 

water,  270 
Angelica  tree,  335 
Angel's  eyes,  341 
Animal  life,  13 
Apples,  150,  151 

crab,  212 


Apricots,  152 
Aralia  family,  259,  335 
Arbor-Vitae,  197 
Arrow-head,  360 
Arrow-leaf,  359 
Arrow  wood,  16 
Arum  family,  359 
Ash,  171 

flowering,  171 
Aspen,  184 
Asphalt  walks,  78 
Asphodel,  377 
Aster,  American,  324 

Chinese,  323 
Auricula,  336 
Autumn  colors,  88,  89 
Axe,  45 
Azalea,  18,  242 

B 

Babes-in-the-wood,  18,  305 
Bachelor's  buttons,  269 
Bald  cypress,  15,  200 
Baltimore  Belle,  256 
Barberry,  220 

family,  220 

Basswood,  see  American  linden 
Bearberry,  245 
Bedstraw,  318 
Bee  balm,  346 
Beech,  19,  178 
Beech  fern,  386 
Begonia,  132 
Bell-flower,  Carpatian,  332 

chimney,  331 

Chinese,  333 


392 


of  Common  mantes. 


Bell-flower,  pale,  331 

peach -leaved,  331 
Bignonia  family,  261,  339 
Birch,  cherry,  180 
paper,  180 
poplar-leaved,  180 
weeping,  180 
white,  1 80 

Bird  cherry,  see  Hagberry 
Bird's-eye  primrose,  n,  336 
Bird's-foot  trefoil,  307 

violet,  21,  293 
Birthwort,  356 

family,  233,  356 
Bitter-sweet,  see  Staff  tree 
Blackberries,  153 
Bladder  Ketmia,  301 
Bladder-nut,  224 
Bladder  senna,  225 
Bladder  wort,  339 

family,  339 
Blazing  star,  321 
Bleeding  heart,  284 
Blood-root,  284 
Bluebells,  371 
Blue  bonnets,  320 
Blue  cowslips,  347 
Blue-eyed  grass,  368 

Blue  eyes,  350 

Blue  gum,  127 

Bluet,  13,  318 

Bog-plants,  12,  102 

Bogs,  ii 

Borage  family,  345 

Borders,  128 

Border  plants,  33 

Borning-rods,  43 

Boston  ivy,  225 

Bovvers,  138 

Bowman's  root,  308 

Box,  250 

Box  elder,  170 

Box  thorn,  see  Lycium 

Bracken,  14,  388 

Brambles,  16,  230 

Bridges,  139,  140 

Broom^  224 

Bryony,  259 


Buckeye,  dwarf,  205 

family,  204 

red,  205 

yellow,  205 
Buckthorn,  222 

family,  222 

Buckwheat  family,  357 
Bugbane,  270 
Buildings,  137,  138 
Bulbs,  113 

Burning  bush,  see  Spindle  tree 
Bush  honeysuckle,  236 
Buttercup,  269 
Butternut,  175 
Button-snakeroot,  321 


Cactus  family,  316 
Calla,  wild,  u,  359 
Camellia,  94 
Campion,  red,  296 

Siberian,  296 
Candytuft,  290 
Canterbury  bell,  331 
Cape  Hyacinth,  378 

jessamine,  94 
Cardinal  flower,  25,  330 
Carnation,  294 
Carpatian  bell-flower,  332 
Carpet  bedding,  34,  131 
Carts,  47 
Catchfly,  296 
Cedar,  194 
Cement  walks,  78 
Chamomile,  13 
Cherokee  bean,  306 
Cherry,  19,  151 
Chestnut,  19,  178 
Chimney  bell-flower,  331 
Chinese  bell-flower,  333 

aster,  323 

panther  lily,  368 
Christmas  rose,  271 
Cinquefoil,  229,  310 
Cisterns,  124 
Clay,  for  walks,  75 
Clematis,  253 


of  Common  IRames. 


393 


Cliffs  and  rocks,  26 
Climbers,  18,  85,  252 
Clover,  306 
Cockspur  thorn,  212 
Columbine,  Alpine,  274 

Canadian,  274 

common,  274 

glandular,  274 

golden,  274 

long-spurred,  274 

Siberian,  274 
Columnar  trees,  92 
Comfrey,  349 
Common  harebell,  333 

polygala,  305 

primrose,  335 

wind-flower,  266 
Compass-plant,  327 
Coneflowers,  328 
Congruity,  60 
Coniferous  trees,  185-200 
Convolvulus  family,  261,  352 
Corchorus,  229 
Cornel,  dwarf,  16 
Corn  flag,  368 
Cornflower,  13,  320 
Coronilla,  306 
Cotoneaster,  231 
Cow  parsnip,  13,  317 
Cowslip,  18,  335 
Coxcomb,  93,  357 
Crab-apple,  American,  213 
Chinese,  212 
Japanese,  92,  212 
Siberian,  212 
Cranesbill,  302 
Crape  myrtle,  94 
Creepers,  85,  251 
Crested  mock  orange,  234 
Crocus,  II,  113,  126,  369 
Crossleaved  heath,  244 
Crowbars,  48 
Crowberries,  8 
Crowfoot  family;  217,  252,  2" 5 

buttercup,  268 
Crown  imperial,  375 
Cuckoo  pint,  359 
Cucumber  tree,  204 


Currant,  150-153 
flowering,  232 
Cut-leaved  trees,  92 
Cycads,  93 

D 

Daffodils,  10,  n,  363 
Dahlia,  327 
Daisy,  English,  325 

ox-eye,  25,  327 

yellow,  329 
Dames  rocket,  286     \ 

violet,  286 
Dandelion,  159 
Daphne,  249 
Day-flower,  382 
Day-lily,  381 
Deerberry,  239 
Deodar,  93,  194 
Diadem  flower,  17,  313 
Dimorphanthus,  235 
Docks,  159 
Dogbane,  355 

family,  355 
Dog  rose,  230 
Dog's-tooth-violet,  377 
Dogwood,  170,  235,  318 

family,  170,  235,  318 

flowering,  170,  213 

red  osier,  235 

Double  flowering  plum,  225 
Dovedale  moss,  312 
Drainage,  69-71 
Drives  and  walks,  72-78 
Dropwort,  308 
Dutchman's  breeches,  284 

pipe,  263 
Dwarf  cornel,  318 

mullein,  340 

trumpet-flower,  351 
Dyer's  greenweed,  224 


E 


Eagle  fern,  16,  386 
Ebony  family,  170 
Edging  iron,  46 


394 


of  Common  IRames. 


Eglantine,  see  Rose 
Elder  black,  239 

Canadian,  239 

Hart's,  239 
Elm,  American,  174 

Scotch,   173 

Enclosures,  32,  141-143 
English  rye-grass,  109 

oak,  176 
Evening  primrose,  159,  314 

family,  314 

Evergreen  trees,  93,  185-200 
Everlasting  pea,  307 
Exochorda,  229 


Fair  maids  of  France,  312 
Fairy  primrose,  336 
False  indigo,  225 

mitrewort,  313 

Solomon's  seal,  372 
Farkleberry,  16,  239 
Fastigiate  trees,  92 
Fences,  141 
Fennel  flower,  272 
Ferns,  14,  384 
Figwort,  215 

family,  215 
Fields,  13 
Field  flowers,  13,  14 

plants,  99,  100 
Field  scabious,  13,  320 

stonecrop,  14,  313 
Filmy  ferns,  28 
Fir,  balsam,  191 

silver,  192 

white,  192 
Flag,  Florentine,  366 

German,  366 

Japanese,  367 

Siberian,  367 

water,  367 
Flame  flower,  341 
Fleabane,  325 
Flower  beds,  125-132 

gardens,  129 
Flower  de  Luce,  366 
Flowering  ash,  216 


Flowering  ferns,  390 

raspberry  226 

sPurge,  358 

trees,  201 
Forests,  18-22 
Forget-me-not,  348 
Forks,  45 
Fothergilla,  234 
Four  o'clock,  356 

family,  356 
Foxgloves,  342 
Fraxinella,  305 
French  marigold,  329 

mulberry,  245 
Fringe  tree,  248 
Fringed  polygala,  305 
Fumitory,  18,  86,  284 

family,  284 
Furze,  14,  225 


Gaillardia,  327 
Garden  anemone,  267 
Garden  line,  44 

ranunculus,  269 
Gas  plant,  305 
Gates,  141,  142 
Gentian,  blue,  353 

family,  353 

fringed,  353 

spring,  353 

stemless,  353 
Geranium,  131 

family,  302 
German  iris,  366 
Germander  speedwell,  341 
Ghent  azalea,  249 
Giant  fennel,  317 
Globe  flowers,  271 
Glory  of  the  snow,  379 
Goat's  beard,  93,  308 
Godetia,  315 
Golden  bedstraw,  14,  318 

bells,  246 

chain,  205 

drop,  348 

garlic,  377 


of  Common  IRames* 


395 


Golden  immortelle,  8,  321 

rod,  323 

saxifrage,  313 

senecio,  9,  322 

wind-flower,  266 
Grade-stakes,  67 
Grading,  63-71 
Grape  hyacinth,  379 

vines,  19 

Grass  of  Parnassus,  12,  310 
Grasses,  109,  no,  383 
Gravel  paths,  77 
Great-leaved  magnolia,  204 
Great  ox-eye  daisy,  327 
Green  hellebore,  103 
Groups,  grouping,  79 
Grubbing-hce,  45 
Guava,  94 
Gum  trees,  15 
Gutters,  78 

H 

Hagberry,  209 
Hair-grass,  109 
Hairy  puccoon,  348 
Halesias,  19,  92,  215 
Harebell,  14,  333 
Harmony,  61 
Harrows,  47 
Hawthorn,  92,  210 
Hazel,  250 
Heath,  14 

cross-leaved,  14,  242 

family,  239 

plants,  14,  239 
Heather,  244 
Hedge  bindweed,  261 

flowers,  135,  136 

mustard,  288 

nettle,  347 

plants,  135 
Hedges,  133,  160 
Hemlock,  193 

Herbaceous  plants,  264—390 
Hickory,  19,  175 
Hills,  74 
Hillside  plants,  99,  100 


Holly,  18,  223 
Hollyhock,  300 
Honesty,  291 
Honey  locust,  208 
Honeysuckle,  common,  260 

family,  235,  260 

Japanese,   260 
golden,  261 

sweet-scented,  235 

Tartarian,  235 

trumpet,  260 
Hop  hornbeam,  180 
Hop-tree,  222 
Hornbeam,  180 
Hound's  tongue,  349 
House-leek,  313 
Hungarian  lilac,  247 
Hyacinth,  126,  379 

Cape,  378 

water,  360 

wild,  378 
Hydrangea,  234 
Hypericum  family,  221,  294 
Hyssop,  345 


I 


Indian  pink,  355 
Iris,  366 
Iron  wood,  179 
Ivy,  259,  260 


J 


Jack  in  the  pulpit,  iC 
Jacob's  ladder,  351 
Japanese  cypress,  93,  195 

lilac,  295 

quince,  232 

spindle  tree,  145 

wind-flower,  266 
Jasmine,  245 
Judas  tree,  207 
Juneberry,  231 
Juniper,  14,  199 

K 

Kentucky  blue  grass,  109 
coffee  tree,  208 


396 


Unt>e£  of  Common  IRames, 


Kitchen-garden,  149 

plan  of,  154 
Knolls,  74 
Kcelreuteria,  204 


Lady  fern,  387 
Lady's  slipper,  16,  362 
Larch,  21,  194 
Larkspur,  Chinese,  275 
common,  275 
dwarf,  275 
field,  276 
hybrid,  275 
large-flowered,  275 
red-flowered,  276 
rocket,  276 
showy,  275 

Laurel  family,  172,  249 
Lavatera,  300 
Lavender,  344 
Lawn  flowers,  no 

grass,  109,  in 

trees,  92 
Lawns,  105,  114 
Leadwort,  335 

family,  334 
Lenten  lily,  304 
Lenten  roses,  272 
Leopard's  bane,  323 
Lesser  celandine,  84,  270 
Levelling,  43 
Lilac,  Chinese,  246 

common,  246 

Japanese,  246 

Persian,  246 
Lily,  Canadian,  375 

checker,  375 

day,  381 

family,  369 

orange,  373 

panther,  374 

plantain,  380 

St.  Bernard's,  380 

St.  Bruno's,  380 

scarlet,  374 

tiger,  373 

Turk's  cap,  374 


Turk's  cap,  white,  373 

wood,  370 
Limnanthes,  302 
Linden,  American,  166 

European,  1 66 

family,  166 

silver,  166 
Lobelia,  131,  330 
Locust,  yellow,  206 

clammy,  207 
Logania  family,  355 
Loosestrife,  316 

family,  316 
Lotus,  280 
Love  in  a  mist,  272 
Lungwort,  347 
Lupine,  20,  305 

M 

Madder,  318 

family,  318 
Madwort,  220 
Magnolia,  15 

bay,  203 

Chinese,  202 

evergreen,  204 

large-leaved,  204 

purple,  2O2 
Mahonia,  220 
Maidenhair  fern,  16,  386 

tree,  200 
Maiden  pink,  295 
Male  fern,  388 
Mallow  family,  222,  300 

marsh,  2,  301 

musk,  300 

rose,  301 

tree,  222 
Malope,  300 
Maple,  19 
Maple,  field,  168 

family,  167 

Japanese,  168 

large-leaved,  167 

Norway,  167 

scarlet  or  red,  168 

silver  or  soft,  167 

sugar,  1 68 


of  Common  IRames, 


397 


Maple,  sycamore,  167 

Tartarian,  168 

vine,  168 

Marianna  thistle,  320 
Marigold,  327 

marsh,  9,  270 
Mariposa  lily,  372 
Marsh  crowfoot,  269 

valerian,  319 
Marshes,  9 
Marsh  plants,  9,  10 
May  apple,  278 
Meadow  cress,  10,  291 

foxtail,  109 

grass,  109 

plants,  10,  n,  98,  99 

rue,  10,  14,  268 

rue,  tall,  268 

saffron,  n,  369 

saxifrage,  10,  312 

sweet,  16,  18,  25,  226,  308 
Meadows,  10 
Mignonette,  292 
Milkweed,  13 

family,  356     - 
Milkwort,  305 
Mint  family,  344 
Mock  orange,  18,  233 
Monkey-flower,  342 
Monkshoocl,  276 
Moonseed,  254 
Moricandia,  288 
Mountain  ash,  213 

currant,  233 

fringe,  254 

laurel,  18,  240 

pine,  93 

tobacco,  14,  322 
Mourning  bride,  319 
Mouse  ear,  14,  298 
Mulberry,  175 
Mullein,  340 

dwarf,  340 
Mustard  family,  286 

N 

Narcissus,  peerless,  364 
poet's,  365 


New  Jersey  tea,  224 
Night  violet,  287 

O 

Oak,  chestnut,  176 

English,  177 

family,  250 

fern,  386 
,      live,  177 

pine,  177 

scarlet,  177 

white,  177 

willow-leaved,  177 
Oleaster,  249 

family,  249 
Olive  family,  245 
Orchard,  149 
Orchids,  84,  361 
Orchis,  fringed,  363 

spotted,  1 8,  362 
Oriental  poppy,  93,  281 
Ornamental  cherries,  208 

shrubs,  2 1 7 
Osage  orange,  175 
Ostrich  fern,  388 
Ox-eye  daisy,  25,  328 
Oxlip,  18,  336 
Oyster  shells,  76 


Pagoda  tree,  207 

Palma  Christi,  358 

Palms,  93 

Pampas  grass,  383 

Pansy,  292 

Paper  mulberry,  175 

Parsley  family,  317 

Partridge  berry,  318 

Pasque  flower,  14,  265 

Peaches,  150,  152 

Pea  family,  224,  256,  305 

tree,  225 

Pearl  bush,  see  Exochorda 
Pebbles,  76 
Peerless  narcissus,  363 
Peony,  Chinese,  277 

common,  277 


395 


of  Common  IRames* 


Peony,  cut-leaved,  277 

tree,  219 
Pepper  idge,  170 
Peppermint,  344 
Periwinkle,  262 
Persian  lilac,  247 
Persimmon,  170,  171 
Peruvian  lily,  366 
Petunia,  352 
Phlox,  16,  350 
Pick-axe,  45 
Pickerel  weed,  360 
Picotee,  294 
Pincushion  flower,  319 
Pine,  8,  20    186 

Austrian,  186 

Bhotan,  188 

mountain,  189 

Scotch,  1 88 

stone,  189 

white,  1 88 
Pine  forests,  20 
Pink,  Chinese,  205 

family,  294 
Pipe  vine,  363 
Pipsissewa,  334 
Pitcher-plants,  281 
Plane  tree,  175 

family,  175 
Plans,  48-59 
Plantain,  14 
Ploughs,  47 
Plum,  double  flowering,  92,  210 

red-leaved,  210 

weeping,  210 
Plums,  150,  152 
Poet's  narcissus,  365 
Poke-berries,  13 
Polemonium  family,  352 
Polyanthus  narcissus,  365 
Poplar,  184 
Poppy,  alpine,  282 

California,  283 

corn,  282 

family,  281 

Iceland,  282 

Mexican,  283 

opium,  283 


Poppy,  oriental,  281 

plume,  284 

water,  360 

Welsh,  283 
Prickly  pear,  316 
Privet,  248 
Pruning,  144,  157 
Purple  clematis,  250 

cytisus,  224 
Purslane  family,  297 

showy,  299 
Pyrola  family,  333 

Q 

Quamash,  378 
Quassia  family,  166 
Queen  of  the  Prairie,  256,  308 

R 

Ragwort,  322 

Ramanas  rose,  see  Japanese  rose 
Rammer,  47 
Raspberries,  150,  153 
Rattlesnake  plantain,  362 
Red  bud,  92,  207 
Red  flowering  currant,  232 
Red-leaved  plum,  93 
Red  maple,  167 
Red  osier  dogwood,  235 
Repose,  61 
Rhododendrons,  241 
Rhubarb,  358 
Rivers  and  lakes,  23,  25 
Riverside  plants,  23,  101 
Rocket,  286 
Rock  cress,  289 

plants,  102 

rose,  8,  221 

rose  family,  22 1 

tunica,  295 
Rocks,  26,  29,  115-119 

erosion  of,  27 

Rocky  Mountain  bramble,  230 
Rods,  43,  44 
Rose  acacia,  226,  266 

bay,  241 

bramble,  230 

family,  225,  256,  308 

of  Sharon,  222 


Unfcej  of  Common  IRames. 


399 


Roses,  230 

climbing,  256 
Rosemary,  346 
Royal  fern,  390 
Rue,  222 
Rural  scenery,  29 


S 


Sainfoin,  306 
St.  John's  wort,  221,  294 
Sage,  345 
Salpiglossis,  340 
Sand,  clover,  9 

myrtle,  20,  245 

pink,  295 

vervain,  357 

wort,  299 

Sassafras  laurel,  172 
Saxifrage,  311 

family,  310 
Scarlet,  lychnis,  296 

oak,  177 

runner,  256 

thorn,  210 
Scotch  broom,  224 
Sea,  buckthorn,  249 

holly,  317 

kale,  292 

lavender,  9,  334 

pink,  8,  333 

rocket,  292 
Seaside  plants,  8,  100 
Seven  barks,  226 
Shad  bush,  17,  see  Juneberry 
Shade  trees,  165-183 
Shell,  flower,  343 

walk,  77 
Sheepberry,  239 
Sheep  laurel,  12 
Shield  fern,  388 
Shooting  star,  18,  337 
Shovels,  45 
Silk  vine,   262 
Silk  weed,  366 
Silver-bell  tree,  215 
Silver-berry,  262 
Smilnx  family,  263 
Smoke  tree,  222 


Snapdragon,  342 
Snow-ball,  237 
Snowberry,  236 
Snowdrop,  365 

tree,  215 
Snowflake,  365 
Soapwort,  298 
Sods,  107 
Sod-cutters,  107 
Solomon's  seal,  17,  373 
Sorrel-tree,  240 
Spades,  44 

Spanish  silver  fir,  93,  192 
Speedwell,  340 

germander,  341 
Spice  bush,  249 
Spiderwort,  382 

family,  382 
Spindle-tree,  223 

family,  223 
Spleenwort,  387 
Spring,  adonis,  268 

beauty,  299 

bulbs,  125 
Spruce,  20 

black,  190 

blue,  190 

Himalayan,  190 

Norway,  189 

white,  190 
Spurge  family,  358 
Spurred  valerian,  319 
Squills,  9,  378 
Staff-tree  family,  255 
Stagger  bush,  240 
vStar-grass,  336 
Star  of  Bethlehem,  377 
Stone  crop,  313 

family,  313 
Stone  drains,  70 
Storax  family,  215 
Storksbill,  304 
Subsoiler,  47 
Subsoiling,  69 
Sumach  family,  222 
Sundews,  II 
Sunflowers,  328 
Sun-rose,  see  Rock  rose 


4QO 


of  Common  IRames 


Swamp  honeysuckle,  16,  242 
Swamps,  15 
Swan  River  daisy,  325 
Sweet,  alyssum,  290 

bay,  203 

briar,  230 

Cicely,  317 

gale,  9 

gum,  170 

pea,  307 

Sultan,  320 

William,  295 


Tamarisk  family,  221 
Tansy,  321 
Tape-line,  35 
Teasel  family,  320 
Ten-week  stocks,  288 
Terraces,  ic8 
Thermopsis,  307 
Thickweed,  327 
Thinning,  144,  158 
Thistles,  159 
Thorn,  apples,  13 

black,  2ii 

cockspur,  212 

evergreen,  212 

narrow-leaved,  21 1 

scarlet,  212 
Thorns,  210 
Thrift,  334 
Tiger  flower,  368 
Tiger  lily,  373 
Timothy  grass,  109 
Toad-flax,  341 
Tcbacco,  253 
Tools,  35 
Toothwort,  291 
Touch-me-not,  304 
Trailing  arbutus,  17,  245 
Traveller's  joy,  252 
Tree  mallow,  see  Rose  of  Sharon 
Tree  of  heaven,  166 
Tree  peony,  219 
Trees,  166,  216 
Trumpet-flower,  261 
Trumpet-weed,  322 


Tuberose,  366 
Tufted  hair-grass,  109 
Tulip,  common,  375 

wood,  376 
Tulip  tree,  202 
Turf  beater,  ^7 

iron,  46 

Turk's  cap  lily,  18,  274 
Twin  flower,  20 
Twin-leaf,  277,  372 

U 

Umbrella  pine,  93,  199 
tree,  204 

Usefulness,  Co 

V 

Valerian  family,  319 
Variegated,  leaves,  93 

orchard  grass,  383 
Variety,  60 

Vegetable  garden,  see  Kitchen-garden 
Venus'  looking-glass,  330 
Vervain  family,  248 
Viburnum,  237 
Violets,  292,  293 
Virginian,  cowslip,  347 

creeper,  255 
Virginia  stock,  288 
Virgin's-bower,  16,  252 

W 

Wake  robin,  17,  370 
Wallflower,  288 
Walnut,  175 
Water,  119-124 

anemone,  270 

avens,  309 

flag,  367 

hawthorn,  361 

hyacinth,  360 

lilies,  278,  279 

-plantain,  360 

family,  359 

poppy,  360 

trefoil,  355 

violet,  339 


of  Common  IRames 


401 


Water-leaf  family,  350 
Water-level,  39 
Wayfaring  tree,  239 
Weeping  trees,  92 
Wheelbarrows,  47 
White,  alder,  244 

beam,  213 

cedars,  19,  195 

clover,  in 

corchorus,  229 

silver  fir,  93 
Whitlow-grass,  289 
Wild,  black  currant,  233 

bergamot,  346 

calla,  359 

cucumber  vine,  258 

gardening,  31 

hyacinth,  378 

thyme,  8,  345 

vines,  255 
Willow,  183 

herb,  314 

Wind-flower,  blue,  266 
Wind-flowers,  84,  265-267 
Window  boxes,  146 
Winter  aconite,  272 
Wintergreen,  333 


Wood-anemone,  97 
Woodbine,  260 
Woodland,  flowers,  95-98 

scenery,  85 

Wood  meadow-grass,  109 
Woodruff,  18,  318 
Wood  sorrel,  302 
Wormwood,  13 


Xanthorhiza,  217 


Yellow,  anemone,  18,  266 

daisy,  329 

flag,  367 

root,  217 

wood,  207 
Yew,  200 
Y-level,  42 


Zebra,  grass,  383 
Zinnia,  329 


\ 


INDEX  OF  BOTANICAL  NAMES. 


A 

Abies,  balsamica,  igi 
Cephalonica,  192 
concolor,  192 
grandis,  193 
nobilis,  193 
Nordmanniana,  193 
pectin  ata,  191 
pichta,  191 
Pinsapo,  93,  192 

Abronia  umbellata,  357 

Abutilon,  130 

Acacia  lophanta,  130 

Acalypha,  130 

Acanthus  mollis,  344 

Acer,  campestre,  168 
circinatum,  168 
dasycarpum,  167 
Ginnala,  168 
Japonicum,  168 
macrophyllum,  167 
palmatum,  168 
Pennsylvanicum,  168 
platanoides,  167 
Schwedlerii,  167 
variegatum,  167 
pseudo-platanus,  167 

laciniatum,  167 
rubrum,  168 
saccharinum,  168 
spicatum,   1 68 
Tartar  icum,  168 

Achillea,  Clavennae,  326 
Ptarmica,  326 
serrata  plena,  326 
tomentosa,  326 


Aconitum,  Napellus,  276 

variegatum,  276 
Actsea,  270 
Adiantum,  Capillus  Veneris,  386 

pedatum,  386 
Adlumia  cirrhosa,  254 
Adonis,  sestivalis,  268 

autumnalis,  268 

vernalis,  268 
^sculus,  hippocastanum,  204 

rubicunda,  204 

Agave,  see  American  Aloe,  146 
Ageratum,  130 
Agrostis,  stolonifera,  109 

vulgaris,  109 

Ailanthus  glandulosa,  166 
Aira  Ccespitosa,  109 
Akebia  quinata,  254 
Alisma,  Plan  tago,  359 

natans,  360 
Allium  Moly,  377 
Alnus,  182 

Alopecurus  pratensis,  no 
Alstrcemeria,  366 
Alternanthera,  130 
Althaea  rosea,  300 
Alyssum,  alpestris,  290 

saxatile,  290 
Amaranthus,  357 
Amelanchier,  alnifolia,  231 

Botryapium,  231 

Canadensis,  231 

oblongifolia,  231 

vulgaris,  231 
Amorpha,  225 
Ampelopsis,  quinquefolia,  255 

Veitchii  (tricuspidata),  255 


403 


of  JBctanical  "names 


Amsonia  Tabernaemontana,  355 
Amygdalus  nanus,  226 
Anchusa,  Ttalica,  349 

myosotidiflora,  349 

tinctoria,  349 
Andromeda,  floribunda,  290 

Japonica,  290 

Mariana,  290 

speciosa,  290 
Androsace,  alpina,  337 

carnea,  337 

Laggeri,  337 

lanuginosa,  337 
Anemone,  Apennina,  267 

coronaria,  267 

fulgens,  267 

Hepatica,  267 

Japonica,  266 
alba,  267 

nemorosa,  266 

patens,  266 

Nuttalliana,  266 

Pulsatilla,  265 

ranunculoides,  266 

sylvestris,  266 
Anthemis  tinctoria,  326 
Anthericum,  Liliago,  380 

Liliastrum,  380 

ramosum,  380 

Anthoxanthum,  odoratum,  109 
Antirrhinum  majus,  342 
Apocynum  an  drosse  mi  folium,  355 
Aponageton  distachion,  361 
Aquilegia,  alpina,  274 

Canadensis-,  273,  274 

chrysantha,  274 

coerulea,  274 

glandulosa,  274 

Siberica,  274 

vulgaris,  274 
Arabis,  289 
Aralia,  Chinensis,  130,  235 

Mandschurica,  see  Diraorphanthus 

papyrifera,  130 

spinosa,  235 
Araucaria,  94 
Arenaria,  Balearica,  299 

graminifolia,  299 


Groenlandica,  299 

laricifolia,  299 

montana,  299 
Argemone,  283 
Aristolochia,  clematitis,  356 

Sipho,  263 
Armeria,  Cephalotus,  334 

Laucheana,  334 

plantaginea,  334 

vulgaris,  334 
Arnebia  echioides,  348 

Griffithii,  348 
Arnica  montana,  322 
Artemisia,  130,  321 
Arum,  Italicum,  359 

maculatum,  359 
Asclepias,  incarnata,  356 

quadrifolia,  356 

rubra,  356 

tuberosa,  356 
Asperula  odorata,  358 
Asphodelus,  albus,  377 

Villarsii,  377 
Aspidium,  aculatum,  388 

acrostichoides,  388 

angulare,  388 
Asplenium,  Adiantum-nigrum,  387 

ebeneum,  387 

Filix-fcemina,  387 

Ruta-muraria,  387 

Trichomanes,  387 
Aster,  alpinus,  324 

Amellus,  324 

Bessarabicus,  324 

grandiflorus,  324 

Novse-Angliae,  324 

Novoe-Belgice,  324 
Aubrietia,  deltoidea,  289 

Eyrei,  289 

Grseca,  289 

grandiflora,  289 

Leichtlini, 
Azalea,  amoena,  242 

calendulacea,  242 

mollis,  242 

nudi  flora,  242 

Pontica,  242 

viscosa,  242 


ot  Botanical  IRames 


405 


B 

Begonia,  132 
Bellis  perennis,  325 
Berberis,  aquifolia,  220 

Darwin ii,  220 

repens,  220 

Thunbergii,  220 

vulgaris,  220 
Betula,  alba,  182 
varieties,  182 

lenta,  182 

nigra,  182 

papyracea,  182 

populifolia,  182 
Bignonia  capreolata,  261 
Bocconia,  93,  284 
Brachychome,  325 
Broussonetia,  174 
Bryonia  dioica,  259 
Buxus  sempervirens,  250 


Cakile  maritima,  292 
Calceolaria,  130 
Calla  palustris,  359 
Callicarpa  purpuiea,  245 
Callistephus,  323 
Calluna,  244 
Calochortus,  372 
Caltha  palustris,  270 
Calycanthus,  232 
Calystegia,  261 
Camassia,  378 
Campanula,  caespitosa,  332 

carpatica,  332 

garganica,  332 

glomerata,  331 

grandiflora,  see  Platycodon 

lactiflora,  331 

medium,  331 

persic?efolia,  331 

pusilla,  332 

pyramidalis,  331 

Kainerii,  333 

rapunculoides,  333 

rotundifolia,  333 


Waldsteiniana,  333 
Canna,  131 
Caragana,  arborescens,  225 

frutescens,  225 

spinosa,  225 
Cardamine,  291 
Carpinus  betulus,  180 
Carya,  alba,  175 

amara,  175 

aquatica,  175 

olivceformis,  175 

sulcata,  175 
Castanea,  178 
Catalpa,  215 
Ceanothus,  224 
Cedrus,  deodara,  194 

Libanotica,  194 
Celastrus,  255 
Celosia,  357 
Celtis,  175 
Centaurea,  ragusina,  130 

candidissima,  320 

Cyanus,  320 

montana,  320 

moschata,  320 

suaveolens,  320 
Centhranthus,  319 
Cerastium,  arvense,  298 

Biebersteinii,  299 

tomentosum,  298 
Cerasus,  avium,  209 

Padus,  209 

pendula,  see  Prunus 

Pennsylvanica,  209 

semperflorens,  208 

serotina,  209 

serrulata,  208 
Ceratostigma,  335 
Cercis,  207 
Chamaecyparis,  Lawsoniana,  195 

Nootkaensis,  196 

obtusa,  196 

thuyoides,  197 
Chamapeuse,  131 
Cheiranthus,  288 
Chelone,  see  Pentstemon 
Chimaphila,  334 
Chimonanthus,  232 


406 


of  JBotanical  IKtames 


Chionanthus,  248 

Chionodoxa,  379 
Chrysosplenium,  313 
Cimicifuga,  270 
Cineraria  maritima,  130 
Cladrastis,  207 
Claytonia,  299 
Clematis,  coerulea,  253 
patens,  253 

Flammula,  252 

florida,  253 

Jackmanni,  252 

Virginiana,  252 

vitalha,  252 

viticella,  252 
Clethra  alnifolia,  244 
Colchicum,  alpinum,  370 

autumnale,  369 

montanum,  370 

speciosum,  370 
Coleus,  130 
Colutea,  225 
Commelina,  382 
Conoclinium,  322 
Convallaria,  371 
Convolvulus,  352 
Cordyline,  130 
Coreopsis,  327,  328 
Cornus,  Canadensis,  318 

Florida,  214 

sanguinea,  235 

stolonifera,  235 
Coronilla  varia,  306 
Corydalis,  bracteata,  286 

cava,  286 

nobilis,  286 
Corylus,  250 
Cotoneaster,  231 
Cotyledon,  see  Echeveria,  131 
Crambe  maritima,  292 
Crataegus,  coccinea,  211 

Crus-galli,  212 

Oxyacantha,  210 

Fyracantha,  212 

spathulata,  212 

tomentosa,  21 1 
Crocus,  aureus,  369 

nudiflorus,  369 


Crocus,  sativus,  369 

speciosus,  369 

vernus,  369 
Cryptomeria,  195 
Cuphea,  132 

Cupressus,  see  Chamagcyparis 
Cyclamen,  Europeum,  338 

Graecum,  338 

Neapolitanicum,  338 

repandum,  338 
Cydonia,  Japonica,  232 

Maulei,  232 
Cynoglossum,  379 
Cynosurus,  109 
Cypripedium,  acaule,  362 

pubescens,  363 

spectabile,  363 
Cytisus  alpinum,  see  Laburnum 

purpureus,  224 


I) 


Dactylus,  109,  383 
Dahlia,  327 

Daphne  mezereum,  249 
Delphinium,  Ajacis,  276 

Chinense,  275 

consolidea,  276 

exaltatum,  275 

formosum,  275 

grandiflorum,  275 

hybridum,  275 

nudicaule,  276 

tricorne,  276 
Dentaria,  291 
Deutzia,  crenata,  234 

gracilis,  234 

scabra,  234 
Dianthus,  alpinus,  295 

barbatus,  295 

caryophyllus,  294 

Chinensis,  295 

deltoides,  295 

plumarius,  294 
Dicentra,  cucullaria,  284,  285 

eximia,  284 

formosa,  284 

spectabilis,  284 


of  Botanical  IRames 


407 


Dicksonia  punctilobula,  388 
Dictamnus  Fraxinella,  305 
Diervilla,  grandiflora,  236 

hortensis,  237 

hybrida,  237 

rosea,  237 
Digitalis,  342 

Dimorphanthus  Mandschuricus,  239 
Diospyrus,  170,  171 
Dodecatheon,  integrifolium,  337 

Meadia,  337 
Doronicum,  323 
Draba,  Aizoon,  289 

Aizoides,  289 

Mawei,  289 

pyrenaica,  289 
Dracena,  131 


Echinacea  purpurea,  329 
Echinocactus,  316 
Echinocystis  lobata,  258 
Eichornia,  360 
Elaeagnus,  argentea,  249 

hortensis,  249 

angustifoliam,  249 
Epigaea  repens,  245 
Epilobium,  314,  315 
Epimedium,  277 
Eranthis  hyemalis,  272 
Erianthus  Ravennae,  383 
Erica,  carnea,  244 

tetralix,  244 
Erigeron,  alpinum,  325 

aurantiacum,  325 

speciosum,  325 
Ercdium,  alpinum,  304 

macradenum,  304 

Manescavi,  304 
Eryngium,  317 
Erysimum,  alpinum,  288 

Perofskianum,  288 

pulchellum,  288 
Erythrina,  306 
Erythronium,  albidum,  377 

Americanum,  377 

dens-canis,  377 

grandiflorum,  377 


Eschschoitzia,  283 

Eulalia,  383 

Euonymus,  Americanus,  223 

atropurpureus,  223 

Europeus,  223 

Japonicus,  224 

radicans,  224 
Eupatorium,  322 
Euphorbia  corolata,  358 
Exochorda,  229 


Fagus,  sylvatica,  179 
varieties,  179 

ferruginea,  179 
Ferdinandia,  131 
Ferula  communis,  317 
Festuca,  109 
Ficus,  131 
Forsythia,  Fortunei,  246 

suspensa,  246 

viridissima,  246 
Fothergilla  alnifolia,  234 
Fraxinus,  excelsior,  171 

Ornus,  216 
Fritillaria,  imperialis,  375 

Meleagris,  375 

pallida,  375 

pallidiflora,  375 
Funkia,  Fortunii,  380 

grandiflora,  380 

marginata,  380 

ovata,  380 

sub-cordata,  380 


Gagea  lutea,  377 

Gaillardia,  327 

Galanthus,  365 

Galium,  318 

Galtonia,  378 

Gaultheria,  245 

Genista,  tinctoria,  224 

Gentiana,  acaulis,  354 
Andrewsii,  354 
angusti folia,  354 


408 


of  Botanical  IRames 


Gentiana,  crinita,  354 

Pneumonanthe,  354 

verna,  354 
Geranium,  argenteum,  302 

maculatum  (illustration),  303 

pratense,  302 

sanguineum,  302 

sylvaticum,  302 
Geum,  coccineum,  309 

montanum,  309 

rivale,  309 

ursinum,  309 
Gillenia,  308 
Gingko,  200 
Gladiolus,  cardinalis,  368 

Colvillei,  368 

communis,  368 

Gandavensis,  368 

psittacinus,  369 
Gleditschia,  208 
Gnaphalium,  130 
Goodyera  pubescens,  362 
Grevillea,  131 
Gymnocladus,  208 
Gynerium,  383 
Gypsophila,  298 

H 

Habenaria,  chlorantha,  362 

conopsea,  362 

fimbriata,  362 
Halesia  tetraptera,  215 
Hamamelis,  234 
Hedera,  Helix,  259 
Canariensis,  259 
conglomerata,  260 
Rcegneriana,  259 
Helianthemum,  221 
Helianthus,  228 
Helichrysum,  arenarium,  321 

bracteatum,  321 
Heliopsis,  328 
Heliotropium,  131 
Helleborus,  colchicus,  272 

niger,  271 
altifolius,  272 

Olympicus,  272 

orientalis,  272 


Hemerocallis,  flava,  381 

fulva,  381 

minor,  381 

Heracleum  giganteum,  317 
Hesperis,  matronalis,  286 

tristis,  286 

Heuchera  sanguinea,  311 
Hibiscus,  coccineus,  301 

grandiflorus,  301 

Moscheutus,  301 

Syriacus,  222 

Trionum,  301 
Hippophse,  249 
Hottonia  palustris,  339 
Houstonia  crerulea,  318 
Ilyacinthus,  379 
Hydrangea,  234 
Hypericum,  221 
Hyssopis  officinalis,  345 


Iberis,  amara,  290 
coronaria,  290 
saxatilis,  290 
sempervirens,  290 
umbellata,  290 

Ilex  opaca,  223 

Impatiens,  flava,  304 
fulva,  304 

Incarvillea  Olgse,  339 

Ipomoea,  261 

Iris,  Florentina,  366 
Germanica,  366 
hybrida,  367 
laevigata,  367 
pseudo-acorus,  367 
pumila,  367 
sambucina,  366 
Siberica,  367 
variegata,  367 
versicolor,  367 


J 


Jacaranda,  131 
Jasminum  nudiflorum,  245 
Jeffersonia  diphylla,  277 


of  Botanical  IRames 


409 


Juglans,  175 

Juniperus,  Chinensis,  199 

communis,  199 

Sabina,  199 

Virginiana,  199 

K 

Kalmia,  angustifolia,  241 

latifolius,  240 
Kerria  Japonica,  229 
Kniphofia,  381 
Koelreuteria,  204 
Koeniga,  291 


Laburnum  alpinum,  205 
Larix  Europaea,  194 
Lathyrus,  grandiflorus,  307 

latifolius,  307 

odoratus,  307 

pratense,  307 

rotundifolius,  307 

sylvestris,  307 
Lavandula  vera,  344 
Lavatera,  131 

trimestris,  300 
Lea  amabilis,  131 
Leiophyllum,  245 
Leucoium,  365 
Liatris,  pychnostachia,  321 

spicata,  321 

squarosa,  321 
Libonia,  132 
Ligustrum,  ovalifolium,  243 

vulgare,  243 
Lilium,  bulbiferum,  373 

Canadense,  375 

candidum,  373 

croceum,  373 

Martagon,  574 

pardalinum,  374 

tenuifolium,  374 

tigrinum,  373 
Limnanthus,  302 
Limnocharis,  360 


Linaria,  alpina,  341 

cymbalaria,  341 

macrocana,  341 

vulgaris,  341 
Lindera,  249 
Linum,  301 
Liquidambar,  170 
Liriodendron,  202 
Lithospermum,  348 
Lobelia,  erinus,  131 

cardinalis,  330 

fulgens,  330 
Lolium  perenne,  109 
Lomaria,  alpina,  386 

spicant,  387 
Lonicera,  brachypoda,  261 

Caprifolium,  260 

coerulea,  236 

fragrantissima,  236 

Halleana,  260 

Japonica,  260 

Periclymenum,  260 

sempervirens,  260 

Standishii,  236 

Tartarica,  236 
grandiflora,  236 

Xylosteum,  236 
Lotus  corniculatus,  307 
Lunaria,  291 
Lupinus  mutabilis,  306 

nan  us,  306 

perennis,  305 

polyphyllus,  305 
Lychnis,  alpina,  296 

Chalcedonica,  296 

diurna,  296 

fulgens,  296 

varieties,  296 
Lycium,  262 
Lysimachia,  nummularia,  339 

vulgaris,  338 
Lythrum  Salicaria,  316 

M 

Maclura,  174 
Magnolia  acuminata,  204 
conspicua,  2O2 


410 


of  Botanical  IRames 


Magnolia,  glauca,  203 

grandiflora,  204 

macrophylla,  204 

purpurea,  202 

stellata,  202 

umbrella,  204 
Malcolmia,  288 
Malope,  300 
Malva  moschata,  300 
Mamillaria,  316 
Mathiola,  288 
Matricaria,  326 
Meconopsis,  283 

Megasea,  see  Saxifraga  crassifolia, 
Melianthus,  131 
Menispermum,  254 
Mentha,  344 
Menyanthes,  355 
Mertensia  Virginica,  347 
Mesembryanthemum,  130 
M ilium  effusum,  in 
Mimulus,  342 
Mirabilis,  356 
Mitchella  repens,  318 
Mitella,  313 
Monarda,  346 
Moricandia,  288 
Morus,  174 
Musa,  130 

Muscari,  botryoides,  379 
Comosum,  379 
moschatum,  379 
racemosum,  379 
Myosotis  dissitiflora,  348 

palustris,  348 
Myrrhis  odorata,  317 

N 

Narcissus,  363 
bulbocodium,  365 
incomparabilis,  364 
monophyllus,  365 
nivalis,  365 
odorus,  364 
poeticus,  365 
pseudo-narcissus,  364 

varieties,  364 
Tazetta,  365 


Negundo  fraxinifolium,  170 
Nelumbium,  luteum,  280 

speciosum,  280 
Nemophila,  350 
Nephrodium  Filix-tnas,  388 
Nicotiana  affinis,  132 
Nigella,  272 
Nuphar,  280 
Nymphaea,  alba,  278 

Devoniensis,  279 

flava,  279 

odorata,  278 

Sturtevanti,  279 

Zanzibarensis,  279 
Nyssa  multiflora,  170 

O 

(Enothera,  eximia,  315 

Fraserii,  315 

Missouriensis,  315 
Omphalodes,  Lucilise,  349 

verna,  349 

Onobrychis  sativa,  306 
Onoclea,  Germanica,  388 

sensibilis,  388 
Onosma  stellulatum,  348 
Opuntia,  316 
Orchis,  foliosa,  361 

maculata,  361 

mascula,  361 

spectabilis,  361 
Ornithogalum,  377 
Osmunda,  cinnamomea,  389 

Claytoniana,  390 

regalis,  390 
Ostrya  Virginica,  180 
Oxalis,  302 
Oxydendron,  240 


Poeonia,  albiflora,  277 

Moutan,  219 

officinalis,  277 

tenuifolia,  277 
Papaver,  alpinum,  282 

Hookerii,  283 

laevigatum,  283 


of  Botanical  IRames 


411 


Papaver,  nudicaule,  282 

orientalis,  281 
bracteatum,  281 

Rhoeas,  282 

somniferum,  283 
Pardanthus,  368 
Parnassia,  Caroliniana,  311 

palustris,  310 
Paulownia  imperialis,  215 
Pavia,  flava,  205 

parviflora,  205 

rubra,  205 
Peltandra,  359 
Pentstemon,  barbatus,  343 
Torreyii,  343 

Coboea,  344 

grandiflorus,  344 

Hartwegii,  344 
Perilla,   130 
Periploca,  262 
Petunia,  130,  353 
Phaseolus,  256 
Philadelphia,  coronarius,  233 

Gordonianus,  233 

grandiflorus,  233 

inodorus,  233 

latifolius,  233 
Phleum  pratense,  109 
Phlox,  amcena,  350 

divaricata,  351 

Drummondi,  351 

maculata,  351 

paniculata,  351 

reptans,  350 

subulata,  350 
Physalis,  352 
Picea,  alba,  190 

excelsa,  189 

Morinda,  190 

nigra,  190 

pungens,  190 
Pinus,  Austriaca,  188 

cembra,  189 

excelsa,  188 

Mughus,  189 

rigida,  188 

Strobus,  1 88 

sylvestris,  188 


Platanus,  174 
Platycodon,  333 
Plumbago  Larpentae,  335 
Poa,  in  species,  109 
Podophyllum,  278 
Polemonium,  coeruleum,  351 

reptans,  351 
Polianthes,  366 
Polygala,  305 

Polygonatum,  in  species,  373 
Polygonum,  357 
Polypodium,  Dryopteris,  386 

Phegopteris,  386 

vulgare,  385 
Pontederia,  360 
Populus,  alba,  184 

balsamea,  184 

dilatata,  184 

monolifera,  184 
Portulacca,  299 
Potentilla,  fruticosa,  229 

Nepalensis,  310 

nitida,  310 

Hopwoodiana,  310 

Russeliana,  310 
Primula,  Auricula,  336 

elatior,  336 

farinosa,  336 

veris,  335 

vulgaris,  335 
Primus,  Pissardii,  210 

Simonii,  210 

Sinensis,  210 

subhirtella,  210 
Pseudotsuga  Douglasii,   193 
Psidium,  94 
Ptelea,  222 
Pteris,  386 
Pterocaria,  176 
Pulmonaria,  347 
Pyrethrum,  326 
Pyrola,  334 
Pyrus,  Americana,  213 

Aria,  213 

aucuparia,  213 

baccata,  212 

coronaria,  213 

floribunda,  212 


412 


of  JBctanical  Barnes 


Pyrus,  sambucifolia,  213 
spectabilis,  212 


Quercus,  alba,  177 
coccinea,  177 
palustris,  177 
phellos,  177 
prinos,  177 
robur,  177 


R 


Ramondia  pyrenaica,  340 
Ranunculus,  aconitifolius,  269 

acris  fl.  pi.,  269 

amplexicaulis,  269 

Asiaticus,  269 

aquatilis,  270 

Ficaria,  270 

Lingua,  269 

parnassifolius,  269 
Reseda,  292 
Rhamnus,  catharticus,  222 

Frangula,  223 
Rheum  palmatum,  358 
Rhododendron,  Catawbiense,  241 

maximum,  241 

Ponticum,  241 
Rhodotypus,  229 
Khus,  222 
Ribes,  alpinum,  233 

aureum,  233 

floridum,  233 

Gordonianum,  233 
.     sanguineum,  232 
Ricinus,  131 
Robinia,  hispida,  206 

Pseudacacia,  206 

viscosa,  207 
Rosa,  alba,  230 

canina,  230 

lutea,  231 

multiflora,  231 

rugosa,  231 

setigera,  256,  258 
Rosmarinus  officinalis,  346 


Rubia,  318 

Rubus,  Canadensis,  230 

deliciosus,  230 

fruticosus,  230 

Nutkanus,  230 

occidentalis,  230 

odoratus,  229 
Rudbeckia,  fulgida,  329 

hirta,  329 

speciosa,  328 
Ruta  graveolens,  304 


Sagittaria,  360 
Salix,  alba,  184 
vitellina,  184 

Babylonica,  184 

pentandra,  184 

viminalis,  184 
Salpiglossis,  340 
Salvia  bicolor,  345 

coccinea,  346 

fulgens,  346 

officinalis,  345 

patens,  346 

pratensis,  345 

splendens,  346 
Sambucus,  239 
Sanguinaria,  284 
Santolina,  130 
Sanvitalia,  329 
Saponaria,  ocymoides,  298 

officinalis,  298 
Sarothamnus,  224 
Sarracenia,  281 
Sassafras,  172 
Saxifraga,  aizoides,  311 

Burseriana,  31 1 

caesia,  311 

Camposii,  311 

Cotyledon,  312 

crassifolia,  312 

Fortunei,  312 

granulata,  312 

hypnoides,  312 

longifolia,  312 

nivalis,  312 


lubes  of  ^Botanical  IRames 


413 


Saxifraga,  oppositifolia,  312 

peltata,  313 

Rocheliana,  312 
Scabiosa,  319,  320 
Sciadopytis,  199 
Scilla,  in  species,  378 
Sedum,  acre,  313 

Aizoon,  314 

album,  314 

Anglicum,  314 

coeruleum,  314 

glaucum,  314 

Maximowiczii,  314 

pulchellum,  314 

spectabile,  314 

Telephium,  314 
Sempervivum,  calcaratum,  313 

soboliferum,  313 

tectorum,  313 
Senecio,  322 
Silene,  alpestris,  298 

compatca,  296 

pendula,  298 

Pennsylvanica,  297 

Schafta,  296 

Virginica,  296 
Silphium  laciniatum,  327 
Silybum,  320 
Sisyrinchium,  368 
Smilacina,  371,  372 
Smilax  rotundifolia,  263 
Solanum,  in  species,  352 
Solidago,  Canadense,  323 

lanceolata,  323 

serotina,  323 

speciosa,  323 

virga-aurea,  323 
Sophora  Japonica,  207 
Spigelia,  355 
Spirea,  arisefolia,  228 

Aruncus,  308 

Billardii,  228 

Bumalda,  228 

callosa,  228 

Cantoniensis,  228 

filipendula,  308 

hypericifolia,  328 

lobata,  308 


Spirea,  Opulifolia,  226 

Reevesiana,  see  Cantoniensis 

salicifolia,  228 

sorbifolia,  228 

Thunbergii,  228 

trilobata,  227,  228 

Ulmaria,  308 

ulmifolia,  228 

Van  Houttii,  228 
Stachys,  347 
Staphylea,  224 
Statice,  in  species,  334,  335 
Symphoricarpus,  236 
Symphytum,  349 
Syringa,  Chinensis,  246 

Japonica,  247 

josikaea,  247 

Persica,  247 

vulgaris,  246 


Tagetes,  329 
Tamarix,  221 
Tanacetum,  321 
Taxodium,  200 
Taxus,  200 
Tecoma,  grandiflora,  261 

radicans,  261 
Thalictrum,  anemonoides,  268 

Cornuti,  268 

dioicum,  268 
Thermopsis  fabacea,  307 
Thuya  gigantea,  198 

occidentalis,  197 

orientalis,  198 
Thuyopsis,  dolabrata,  199 
Thymus  Chamsedrys,  345 

Serpyllum,  345 
Tiarella  cordifolia,  313 
Tigridia,  368 
Tilia,  Americana,  166 

argentea,  166 

Europea,  166 

heterophylla,  166 
Torenia,  132 

Tradescantia  Virginica,  383 
Trifolium,  306 

repens,  109 


414 


ot  JBotanical  IRames 


Trillium,  erectum,  370 

erythrocarpum,  370 

grandiflorum,  370 

nivale,  370 
Tritoma,  381 
Trollius,  Asiaticus,  271 

Europeus,  271 

laxus,  271 
Tropseolum,  304 
Tsuga,  Canadensis,  193 

Hookeriana,  193 
Tulipa,  Gesneriana,  376 

Greigi,  376 

suaveolens,  376 

sylvestris,  376 
Tunica  saxifraga,  295 

U 

Ulex,  Europeus,  225 

nanus,  225 
Ulmus,  Americana,  173 

campeslris,  173 

montana,  173 
Ultricularia,  339 
Uvularia,  flava,  371 

grandiflora,  371 


Vaccinium,  arboreum,  239 

stamineum,  239 
Valeriana,  dioica,  319 

officinalis,  319 
Veratpum  viride,  103 
Verbascum  Phoeniceum,  340 
Verbena,  130 
Veronica,  chamaedrys,  341 

longifolia,  340 

subsessilis,  341 


Viburnum,  Lantana,  239 

Lentago,  239 

molle,  238 

Opulus,  237 

plicatum,  237 

prunifolium,  238 

pubescens,  239 
Vinca,  major,  262 

minor,  262 

rosea,  132 
Viola,  Canadensis,  293 

cornuta,  293 

cucullata,  293 

odorata,  292 

pedata,  293 

tricolor,  293 
Vitis,  255 

W 

Waldsteinia,  309 
Weigelia,  see  Diervilla 
Wigandia,  130 
Wistaria,  Japonica,  256 

multijuga,  256 

Sinensis,  255 

.  X 

Xanthorhiza  apiifolia,  219 

Y 

Yucca,  filamentosa,  381 
flaccida,  382 
maxima,  382 
orchioides,  382 


Zauschneria  Californica,  315 
Zinnia,  329 


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This   work  presents  upwards  of  308 

drawings  of  American  wild  flowers,  and 

careful    descriptions   of   the  flowers  so 

depicted,  and  covers  ground  which  has 

not  been  covered  by  any  previous  botani- 

cal  publication.      In   every    case  great 

care    has    been    taken    to    depict   the 

peculiar  traits,  the  average  size,  and  all 

the  details  of  each  individual  plant. 

Among  the  Moths  and  Butterflies. 

By  JULIA   P.    BALLARD,    author  of 

"  Building    Stories,"  etc.     8vo.,  pp. 

xxxiv.  +  237,  $1.50. 

"  The  book,  which  is  handsomely  illustrated, 
s  designed  for  young  readers,  relating  some  of 
the  most  curious  facts  of  natural  history  in  a 
singularly  pleasant  and  instructive  manner."  — 
jV.  V.  Tribune, 

The  Trees  of  Northeastern  Am- 
erica. By  CHARLES  S.  NEWHALL. 
With  an  Introductory  Note  by  NATH. 
L.  BRITTON,  E.M.,  Ph.D.,  of  Co- 

1  umbia  College.  With  illustrations 
made  from  tracings  of  the  leaves  of 
the  various  trees.  8vo,  pp.  xiv.  + 
250,  $2.50. 

The  trees  described  include  all  the 
native  trees  of  Canada  and  the  North- 


ern  United  States  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River.  Mention  has  also  been 
made  of  the  more  important  of  the  in- 
troduced and  naturalized  species. 

"  We  believe  this  is  the  most  complete  and 
handsome  volume  of  its  kind,  and  on  account 
of  its  completeness  and  the  readiness  with 
which  it  imparts  information  that  everybody 
needs  and  few  possess,  it  is  invaluable.  No 
lover  of  country  scenery  and  rambles  should  be 
without  this  volume,  for  with  it  observations 
which  have  been  amusing  and  refreshing  will 
become  entertaining  and  highly  instructive." — 
Binghamton  Republican. 

The  Leaf  Collector's  Handbook 
and  Herbarium.  An  aid  in  the 

preservation  and  in  the  classification 
of  specimen  leaves  of  the  trees  of 
Northeastern  America.  By  CHARLES 
S.  NEWHALL.  Illustrated.  8vo,  pp. 
xv.  4-  203,  $2.00. 

By  the  aid  of  this  volume,  the  charac- 
teristic leaves  of  the  trees  can  be  classi- 
fied and  preserved,  the  illustrations  and 
directions  making  it  an  easy  task. 

"  The  idea  of  the  book  is  so  good  and  so 
simple  as  to  recommend  itself  at  a  glance  to 
everybody  who  cares  to  know  our  trees  or  to 
make  for  any  purpose  a  collection  of  their 
leaves."—^.  Y,  Critic. 

The  Shrubs  of  Northeastern  Amer- 
ica. By  CHARLES  S.  NEWHALL, 
author  of  "  The  Trees  of  Northeast- 
ern America,"  etc.,  etc.  Fully  illus- 
trated. Large  8vo,  $2.50. 

u  This  volume  is  beautifully  printed  on  beau- 
tiful paper,  and  has  a  list  of  116  illustrations 
calculated  to  explain  the  text.  It  has  a  mine 
of  precious  information,  such  as  is  seldom 
gathered  within  the  covers  of  such  a  volume." 
— Baltimore  P'aruier. 

The  Vines  of  Northeastern  Amer- 
ica.    By    CHARLES    S.    NEWHALL. 
Fully  illustrated.     Large  8°,  $2.50. 
The  Wonders  of  Plant   Life.     By 
Mrs.  S.  B.  HERRICK.     i6mo,  beauti- 
fully illustrated,  $1.50. 
The  only  thing  aimed  at  is  to  give  the 
more  important  types  in  a  popular  way, 
avoiding  technicalities   where  ordinary 
language   could    be    substituted,    and, 
where  it  could  not,  giving  clear  expla- 
nations of  the  terms. 

"  A  dainty  volume  .  .  .  opens  up  a  whole 
world  of  fascination  .  .  .  full  of  informa- 
tion."— Boston  Advertiser. 


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